Chapter 15

Global Commerce

1450-1750

1600s - Politics and Trade in China and Europe

Corruption, famine, and epidemic led to anti-Ming Revolt

Manchusinvaded and created

Qing Dynasty

last dynasty

Expanded and consolidated the empire

Qing Dynasty

1644-1911

Qing largely tolerant of

religions and ethnic groups

Used Mongols, Muslims, etc. to their advantage

Outlawed foot binding and mandated the queue hairstyle

“Keep your hair and lose your head, or lose your hair and keep your head”

1700s European traders were limited to one area

British Lord George

Macartney(1737-1806)

Refused to kowtow to the

emperor

Western European Absolutism created centralized states

English Constitutional monarchy

Powerful French, Spanish , and Austrian monarchs

Powerful French, Spanish , and Austrian monarchs

Louis XIV(1638-1715) “The Sun

King”Claimed Divine Right of Kings

European and Asian CommerceEuropeans wanted Asian spices, silks, jewels, etc.

Europe more wealthy and stable

Italian merchants traded with Muslim

middlemen until 1500s Oceanic voyages

Asians demanded payment in gold or silver creating a

trade deficit for Europe

Aggressive Portuguese created a

“Trading Post Empire”

Absence of China and mostly unarmed Indian Ocean ships

Pedro Cabral1500, Killed thousands establishing Portuguese presence

1600s Decline - Overextended and challenged by Asians and Europeans

Spain and the PhilippinesHow to sail to Asia without violating the 1494 Treaty of

Tordesillas?

Ferdinand Magellan(1480-1521)

1519 Attempted circumnavigation of the Earth for Spain

5 Ships and 270 Men departed

1 Ship and 18 Men returned 3 Years Later

Magellan’s Voyage 1519-1522

Manila (capital of the Philippines)a center of trade, but also a site of

mass ethnic violence by the Spanish

Spain ruled the Philippines until 1898Created the 5th largest Christian

(3rd most Catholic) nation on earth

East India CompaniesDutch (VOC), British (EIC),

Danish, French, Portuguese, Austrian, Swedish

East India CompaniesPrivate investors chartered by their governments to form monopolies, settlements, and make war

10,000+ Dutch ships traded

around the world

The Dutch dominated the spice islands at the expense of the natives

British dominated IndiaAt first they paid bribes and tributes to the Mughals, but…

1857 The last Mughal emperor was captured

European textile industries suffered--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Indian cotton and Chinese silk

Anglo-Dutch Wars 1652-1781Series of battles for trade routes

Eighteenth Century London was west Europe’s largest and richest city

England

Scotland (1707)

Ireland (1801)

United Kingdom ofGreat Britain

White = Nations the British have not invadedAll but 22 countries

Asian Commerceoverall Europe posed no large threat (yet)

China continued to dominate overland trade

Many Asians and Arabs became rich dealing with Europeans

Silver and Global Commerce1500s large deposits in Japan and Bolivia

Spain produced 85% of the

world’s silver160,000+ lived in

Potosi(largest city in Americas)

Influx of silver hurt the Spanish

economy

America-Asia-Europe trade network established by Spain (silver)

Huge demand in China

Japan hurt byCompetition from

Spanish silverand

Environmental devastation

Late 1400s the Japanese Shogunate Collapsed - Daimyo power struggle

Japan’s Three Great

Unifiers

Oda Nobunaga1534-1582

defeated larger clans

1543 Portuguese traders introduced firearms

Toyotomi Hideyoshi(1536-1598)

Shogun Tokugawa

Ieyasu(1543-1616)

Tokugawa clan ruled until 1868

1614 Tokugawa’s

Christian Expulsion Act

1500s Catholic Jesuit

missionaries came to Japan

Europeans banned

(except the Dutch)

Isolated for 200+ Years

The Global

Fur Trade

Most hunting and trapping done by natives------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

competition and European goods had negative effects

Russian conquest of Siberia introduced a “fur tax” punishable by death

1500-1870 Transatlantic Slave Trade12,500,000 slaves transported

Slave Trade in Context1.Slavery not new

Historically many types2.Most major empires

practiced slavery (not Mughals or Qing)

3.What was different about the Transatlantic slave trade?

Africans captured Africans and sold them to Europeans

Elmina Slave Castle, Ghana

Largest amount shipped by PortugalTop destinations = Brazil and Caribbean

Triangular Trade

1. European goods traded for slaves

2. Africans to the Americas as slaves

3. American materials and products to Europe

PlantationsSugar, Tobacco, Cotton, etc.

What was the Impact of the slave

trade on Africa

societies?

Olaudah Equiano

(1745-1797)

Former slave who wrote of

his experiences

Ending the Slave Trade1794 France (but returned in 1802)1803 Denmark-Norway1807 British1814 Netherlands (Dutch)1818 France again1865 USA1873 Spain1888 Portugal