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The Family

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Becoming a Family

Marriage--Who Benefits Most in

Traditional Marriages?

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Marriage, cont.

Traditional marriage--women are more at

risk if divorce occurs

Emotionally

Financially

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Changing Families

Extended, nuclear families

Alternative lifestyles

Single-parent familiesReconstituted families

Same-sex parents

Other changes

Delayed marriage

Fewer children

Beanpole families

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Demographic Changes

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Critical Thinking Issue:

How important is it that children grow up in a

two-parent family?

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Systems Theory

Ecological approach

Bronfenbrenner

Change/stability

Homeostasis

Bi-directional interactions

in subsystems

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The Systems Model of the Family

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Bronfenbrenner Movie

QuickTime and adecompressor

are needed to see this picture.

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Parents

Parenting styles--Baumrind

Authoritarian

Permissive

Authoritative

Neglectful, uninvolved (added)

Cultural differences

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Patterns of Parenting

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Cognitive influences on

Parenting

Attributions

Own efficacy

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The Attribution Model of Socialization

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Childrens Influences on

Parenting

Temperament Styles

Siblings

Only/first-born children

Sibling rivalry

Negative reinforcement trap

Coercive cycles

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INEPT

DISCIPLINECHILD

COERCION

ANTISOCIAL

BEHAVIOR

Source: Adapted from Patterson, 1986

The Coercive Cycle

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Other Influences

Grandparents

Styles

Remote

Companionate

Involved

Middle Generation Squeeze

Employment

Spillover effects

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Family Problems

Child Abuse

Divorce

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Types of Child Abuse

Physical

Sexual

Emotional/psychological

Neglect

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Child Abuse--Contributing

Factors

Parents abused

Unrealistic expectations Ineffective parenting techniques

Difficult children

Social isolation

Violent society

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Per1000

of

po

pulation

60

50

40

30

20

10

Divorce Rate, 1900-1993

1900

1920

1930

1910

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

0

1990

1993

From Seifert/Hoffnung, Child and Adolescent Development, 5/e, Figure 13.2, p. 404. Used by permission of Houghton Mifflin Company.

Divorce Rate, 1900-1993

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Murphy Brown divorce movie

QuickTime and aMPEG-4 Video decompressorare needed to see this picture.

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Critical Thinking Application:

Should parents stay married for the sake of

the children?

Why or why not?

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Effects of Divorce

Not just one event

Remarriage, blended families

Changes in Parenting

Passage of time

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Effects of Divorce, cont.

Gender differences

Age differences

Parents own adjustment

Discipline styles

Time, energy

Bottom line?

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Family Type and Percentage of Children

Experiencing Problems in School

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Who should have custody?

Financial considerations?

Relation with other parent?

Joint custody?

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Minimizing the Effects of Divorce

Telling the child

Relating to each other

Minimizing change in neighborhood, school

Warm, supportive interactions