ch 12 energy and climate planning

8/3/2019 Ch 12 Energy and Climate Planning

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Community Energy and Climate Action Planning


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What is the Sustainable Community?

Green:

Restore and protect natural waters, biodiversity, air quality

Use land, energy, water, materials efficiently

Reduce carbon emissions

Resilient: Mitigate natural hazards

Adapt to environmental change

Livable:

Stable economy

Livable, affordable, accessible community

Healthy environment

Engaged public


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Why do we need theSustainable Communities?

To respond to non-sustainable trends:

The Water Imperative The Ecological Imperative

The Energy-Climate Change Imperative

The Land Use Sprawl Imperative The Affordable Livability Imperative


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The Energy-Climate Change Imperative Unsustainable patterns of energy use

Carbon-based fossil fuels cause global warming, climatechange and expected impacts:

increased human deaths from heat waves, floods, hurricanes,droughts, malnutrition, and infectious diseases;

water supply shortages;

spatial shifts of ecosystems and agricultural systems;

species extinction; and

coastal sea level rise and flooding

The Imperative:

Mitigate climate change by reducing GHG and carbon energy

Shift to more efficient, more secure, low-carbon energy options

Prepare for and adapt to the consequences of climate change


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Climate Change Scientific Consensus

Must have less than 2o

C global temperature increase or bust This requires maximum atmospheric 400-450 ppm CO2 Requires global emissions 50% of todays or less by 2050,

more (80%) for developed countries

But emissions trends are up, not down Its all about energy (mostly).

Per capita emissions: best indicator of change, most equitableindicator of contribution to climate change.

In US 80% reduction by 2050, means 88% per capita to makeup for population growth

the 12% solution: per capita emissions just 12% of todays


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Global Land-Ocean Temperature Index

2010 was hottest year on record!!

NASA, Jan 12, 2011


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Increase in Atmospheric CO2, 1958-20042007: 387 ppm


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390.6


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Needed decline inemissions to achieve400-450 ppm and75% probability that

we will have lessthan 2oC increase.


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But emissions continue to rise


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Lesson: Impact per capita is best,most equitable indicator


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Recent trends: Recession drop in developednations offset by rise in developing nations


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Its about energy

Global energy growing and still 86% carbonfossil fuels

Growth expected to continue without newpolicies, 45% more by 2030 still 80% fossil fuelsestimated 33 billion tons in 2010

International Energy Agency (IEA) also projectsa 450 ppm Scenario

Many argue that we need 350 ppm to keepwithin a 2oC rise (we are now at 390.6 ppm)


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International Energy AgencyReference, 550 and 450 Scenarios


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Even if we can keep T to 2oC

We need to adapt to significant climateinduced environmental changes byincreasing our resilience to

Extreme weather

Sea level rise

Water resource constraints

Agricultural economies

Ecosystem changes

Resulting mass migration and relocation?


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Climate change and extreme weather:Is the last year and the last month a sign of things to come?

Australia floods


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19/111Midwest floods May, June 2011


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Urban Heat Island (UHI) andExtreme Heat Events (EHE)

Georgia Tech UCL Data Cities


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Oh, by the way, we have otherenergy problems

Oil 40% of our energy still comes from petroleum,

reserves are concentrated in the volatile Middle East, and

the date when global oil production will peak looms closer.Carbon

global climate change is upon us, and

we are still 80% dependent on carbon-emitting fossil fuels

Global Demand Growth the developing world needs energy;

China's energy use is doubling every 9 years


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The End of Cheap Oil Oil Reserves


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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 2075 2100 2125

BillionBarrelsperYear

History

Mean

USGS Estimates of Ultimate Recovery

Ultimate Recovery

Probability BBls

-------------------- ---------Low (95 %) 2,248

Mean (expected value) 3,003High (5 %) 3,896

7.8% Growth1963-1973

2% Growth

& DeclineHigh Prices CanAffect Demand4.1% Decline

1979-1983

2016

U.S. EIA Estimate of Global Oil Peak based on USGS mean ultimate recovery(sharp peak postpones peak but would be fatal to the economy)


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Coal:MountaintopRemoval

Mining


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our energy problem is complicated bythree factors:

Slow Progress toward Alternatives to oil, carbon, and demand growth

Change is Hard because of uncertainty, social norms, and

vested interests

Time is Short the time to act was yesterday.


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Solutions?

Improve efficiency of energy use to reducedemand growth

Replace oil with other sources

Increase carbon-free energy sources Reduce fossil fuel use and/or sequester carbon

emissions


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Pacala & Socolow (2004) Carbon Stabilization Wedges

Need Seven 1-GtC/year wedges by 2054 to be on road to stabilization Possible sources of wedges:

4 - energy efficiency4 - renewable energy

3 - CO2 capture & storage2 - forestry and agricultural soils1 - nuclear power


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What about non-carbon sources?

Nuclear (after Fukushima?)

Coal with carbon capture and sequestion ? Renewable energy

Wind

Solar photovoltaics (PV) Solar thermal electric

Biofuels

Hydroelectric Geothermal

Other: tidal, wave

Energy efficiency


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Nuclear Power is stagnant

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

CapacityGW

World Nuclear Capacity, 1980-2008


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U.S. Nuclear capacity and generation


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MIT Study on Future of Nuclear Power

Costs are key factor: private investors arenot willing to make risks without largegovernment backing

Safety in the age of terrorism

Proliferation of radioactive materials andweapons

Radioactive Wastes must be stored andmonitored for longer than we can imagine


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How to achieve Sustainable Energy?

Advance sustainable energy Technologies

Consumer and community Choice for

efficiency, conservation, non-carbon energy

Public Policies to

Advance sustainable energy technologies

Enhance consumer and community choice


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Some big questions remain Oil and natural gas: how much (resource), how much (cost)?

Hydro-fracking natural gas impacts? Coal: not just carbon problems. Mining and AQ impacts. Carbon capture and storage: Technically feasible on large scale?

When and how much will it cost? What cost carbon? Carbon cap & trade vs. carbon tax. When? If?

What impact?

Nuclear: Safe? Acceptable? Next generation when? cost? Wind: how much, how fast? Photovoltaics: when can we bring the cost down to $1/W? 2020? Biofuels: benefits & impacts of cellulosic ethanol & algal biodiesel Smart grid: what is it? cost and barriers to achieve it? Electric batteries: energy density, cost, when? Electricity transmission needs and constraints Energy Efficiency:cheapest, fastest, cleanesthow come we

havent achieved the potential? Energy Conservation: comes down to consumption. Can we be

satisfied? Can we adopt conserving behavior?

Energy Policy?


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Energy Policy?Obama on Energy 3/30/11

In the face of Japans nuclear disaster, the Gulf oilspill, Mideast unrest, $4/gallon gas by this summer,coal mine impacts, natural gas hydro-frackingdebate, to say nothing of climate change.

What he said:

Cut oil imports by 1/3 by 2025

Generate 80% of electricity from clean energy sources by

2035 1 million electric vehicles by 2015, more natural gas

vehicles, advanced biofuels

Auto efficiency standards for 2017-25

Production from existing federal leases for oil & gas

Th S t i bl C it


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The Sustainable Community Planning, design and construction applied at

different scales from building to site toneighborhood to community to region

Resilience objectives:

Natural hazard mitigation and adaptation

Environmental objectives:

Energy, water, land and material efficiency;renewable energy; climate change mitigation

Water and air quality protection, waste minimization

Biodiversity preservation

Affordable Livability objectives:

Affordable housing

Accessible mobility


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Start small: Building Scale

Energy efficiency technologies

Thermal envelope efficiency

HVAC system efficiency

Whole Building electricity: lighting, equipment

Building size

Water efficiency devices

Retrofit existing buildings

Affordable comfort

Building Scale: Thermal Envelope: still basis for codes


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Inside Ti

Ta

qwalls

qdoors

qceiling

qwindows

qfloor

qinfiltration

qtot= q walls+ q windows+ q ceiling+ q floor+ q doors+ q infiltration

Ambient

Building Scale: Thermal Envelope: still basis for codes


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Thermal/HVAC energy efficiency


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Whole Building Energy

Whole Building: Goes beyondEnvelope + Infiltration + HVAC

to include

ElectricityAppliances & equipment

Lighting

The Great Story of Refrigerator Efficiency


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Source: David Goldstein

New United States Refrigerator Use v. Time

and Retail Prices

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000

1947 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002

AverageEnergyUseorPrice

0

5

10

15

20

25

Refrigeratorvolume(cubi

cfeet)

Energy Use per Unit

(kWh/Year)

Refrigerator

Size (cubic ft)

Refrigerator Price

in 1983 $

$ 1,270

$ 462

The Great Story of Refrigerator EfficiencySince 1975, 25% bigger, 1/3 the energy, 1/3 the cost

1st State Standards (CA)

1st Federal Standards

More stringentStandards


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Building Retrofit: Weatherization

Energy use depends on building design, size, location, consumer choice


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Energy use depends on building design, size, location, consumer choice

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Suburban

Average

Suburban

Green

Urban SF

Average

Urban SF

Green

Urban MF Urban MF

Green

12571 50

2150

21

108

56 90

4527

18

184

92

147

74 61

49

MillionBtu/yr

Typical Residential Energy Use by Design Type

Primary Electric

Heating

Transport

219

297

140 138

88

417


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Site Scale

On-site generation: produce electricityon-site

Low Impact Development: manage storm-water on-site

Rainwater harvesting: produce water on-site

Effi i O it ti


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Efficiency + On-site generation =Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB)


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Rooftop Photovoltaics:Building and Sites as Powerplants


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Rooftop PV in Munich


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My 4.3 kW PV System


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Neighborhood Scale

Neighborhood/community energy systems Combined heat & power

Neighborhood solar

Sustainable land use Compact, Mixed use, Walkable Design

5 Ds: Density, Diversity, Design, Destinationaccessibility, Distance to transit

Neighborhood LID: Light Imprint Design

Green Infrastructure

Affordable housing and mobility

Neighborhood Energy: Mannheim


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Neighborhood Energy: MannheimCHP & District Heating: 5 t-CO2/cap


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Mannheim Coal Co-Generation


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SonomaMountain

Village


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Sonoma Mountain Village 1.14 MW PV system, enough to power 1000 homes

Eco-districts:


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Eco-districts:focus on one neighborhood at a time

Portlands 5 Eco-districts

P tl d E di t i t


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Portland Eco-districtDesigns and Technologies


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The Land Use Sprawl Imperative Sprawl: land consumptive, dispersed, auto-dependent

land development made up of homogeneous segregatedland uses heavily dependent on collector roads.

Consumes natural habitat and agricultural land

Drives up vehicle miles traveled, oil consumption, GHG emissions

Social impacts of isolated, auto dependent, sedentary lifestyles

Unsustainable patterns of land use

The Imperative:

manage land use and development and arrest sprawl to protect water, agriculture, habitats

to conserve energy and materials and reduce GHG emissions

design and plan livable and healthy communities

reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) & oil & GHG emissions


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Urban Sprawl & the Environment:

converts and fragments farmland fragments wildlife habitat impacts watersheds and streams consumes energy and resources


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Baltimore-Washington


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Highway & Development Patterns through 1960


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Highway & Development Patterns through 1997

U S Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)


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U.S. Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)1960-2005, projections to 2025

Millions

Growth at 2.3%/yr, doubling every 30 years

Energy and Land Use, Building size, Consumer choice


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0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Suburban

Average

Suburban

Green

Urban SF

Average

Urban SF

Green

Urban MF Urban MF

Green

12571 50

2150

21

108

56 90

4527

18

184

92

147

74 61

49

MillionBtu/yr

Typical Household Energy Use by Design Type

Primary Electric

Heating

Transport

219

297

140 138

88

417

Boston: vehicle CO2/acre & CO2/household


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Boston: vehicle CO2/acre & CO2/household

Lessons:1. Impact per capita is best, most equitable indicator2. Urbanism and density are keys to reducing impact per capita

Sustainable Land Use


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Sustainable Land Use

Smart Growth (neighborhood scale):

Grow where infrastructure exists Infill development and redevelopment

New Urbanism Design:

Compact, mixed use, walk-able neighborhoods Neo-traditional neighborhoods

5 Ds of Sustainable Land Use: Density: population/employment per acre

Diversity: mixed use residential/commercial/jobs

Design: aesthetics, sidewalks, street connectivity

Destination accessibility: ease of trip from pt. of origin

Distance to Transit: 1/4 to mile from home or work


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The NeighborhoodThe optimal size of a neighborhood

is a quarter-mile from center toedge. For most people, a quartermile is a five-minute walk. For aneighborhood to feel walkable,many daily needs should besupplied within this five-minute

walk. That includes not only homes,but stores, workplaces, schools,houses of worship, and recreationalareas.

Transit Oriented Development (TOD)


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TOD Arlington County VA


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TOD Arlington County, VA


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Community to Metro Scale

Smart Growth (metro scale)

Transit options: light rail commuterrail, express bus

Transit oriented development (TOD)

Urban Growth Boundaries

Regional Green Infrastructure Regional waste management, recycling

Regional wastewater reclamation


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TheRegionalContext

for TOD

Regional


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gSmart

Growth:the Urban

GrowthBoundary

Necessaryto Arrest

Sprawl?

Portland


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Portland


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Portland MAX Light Rail

The 20-minute Complete Neighborhood Concept


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Beyond the Region:


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Beyond the Region:Vehicle Technology & Fuels

Game changing technologies to reduce oil,GHG emissions, urban air pollution, allwithout reduction of VMT:

Biofuels

Vehicle electrification

Vehicles-to-grid in distributed energysystem

Whole Community Energy and Vehicles:


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Plug-in Hybrids

All electricvehicles

Flex-fuel Plug-in Hybrid

Less gasoline, lower cost, lower emissions

Whole Community Energy and Vehicles:Vehicle Electrification and Biofuels

Tesla Model S, 2011Nissan LEAF, 2010

Prius Plug In,2012

GM Volt, 2011

Regional Wind and Cellulosic Biofuels


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Regional Wind and Cellulosic Biofuelsto fuel flex-fuel/hybrid/electric vehicles


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or Plug-in cars

Electric Drive Vehicles:


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ect c e e c es Gas-equivalent Price per Gallon and CO2 Emissions

One-quarter the cost ofgasoline

(12/kWh, $3.50/gal)

One-half the CO2 emissions asgasoline

(average U.S. electricitysources: 50% coal)

PNW Lab National Study (Kintner-Meyer, et al, 2007):G id i f 73% VMT b BEV/PHEV


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Grid capacity for 73% VMT by BEV/PHEV

AREA AND COST OF PHOTOVOLTAICS FOR PRIUS+

The PV Garage could easily charge a vehicle for 30-45 all-electric miles per day


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ASSUMPTIONS: 9 kWh/day from grid PV kW STC-to-Grid AC efficiency 75% PV Solar-to-kW efficiency 14% PV south-facing, Lat-15o tilt PV @ $4/W dc STC

Small 1-car garage 14x22 = 310 ft2

CITY Hr/day 1-sun kW STC AREA (ft2) PV ($)

Atlanta 5.0 2.40 184 9,600$

Boston 4.5 2.67 205 10,667$

Boulder 5.4 2.22 171 8,889$

Los Angeles 5.5 2.18 168 8,727$

Madison 4.1 2.93 225 11,707$

Phoenix 6.4 1.88 144 7,500$

Power

Conditioning

Unit

DC

AC

AC

PVs

Utility

Grid

QuickT ime and aTI FF( U ncompr essed) decompr essor

ar e needed t o see t hi s pict ur e.

Area and cost ofRooftop photovoltaicsto charge Plug-in Priusfor 30-45 miles per day

in selected cities (Randolph & Masters, 2008)

M PV G 4 3 kW 4 b k


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My PV Garage: 4.3 kW, 4-yr payback

Vehicles-to-Grid (V2G) Electricity Storage


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Fleet of plug-in vehicles enable a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) power storagesystem.

Vehicles batteries (charged primarily at night) provide a bank of storage forthe grid when parked and plugged in at parking decks during the day whenpeak power is needed most.

Smart grid system would enable feed-in to grid

Pathways tothe Sustainable Community


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the Sustainable Community Advance sustainable energy & water & land Technologies &

Designs

Transform the Market for sustainable affordable designs attractingPrivate Investment

Enhance consumer and community Choice for sustainabletechnologies and sustainable lifestyle

Community Planning to Remove barriers, Educate public Initiate sustainability plans, climate action plans, community choice,

building and land use regulations & incentives, transit plans, and other

Public Policies to

Advance sustainable technologies into the market Enhance consumer and community choice

Enable Community Sustainability Planning

Create accessible, affordable and livable communities

Education to retool professions, train workforce, and fuel the

social movement for sustainable communities

The Role of Green and


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e o e o G ee a dSustainable Rating Systems

Some clarity, assurance, accountability

Good information to help counter misinformation

Education Motivate action

Green/Sustainability Rating Systems


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Buildings LEED suite for NC, EB, CI, H

ENERGY STAR, Earth Craft, Passiv Haus

New DOE Home Energy Score for retrofits

Neighborhoods

LEED-ND

Community STAR Community (USGBC, ICLEI, CAP)

State programs

Sustainable Jersey

Virginia Green Community Challenge

LEED-ND Neighborhood Development

Title # Credits Points % of total


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Location Efficiency 7 28 25%Reduced Automobile Dependence 2 to 6

Environmental Preservation 13 11%Compact, Complete, & Connected Neighborhoods 22 42 37%

Compact Development 1 to 5Transit-Oriented Compactness 1Diversity of Uses 1 to 3Comprehensively Designed Walkable Streets 2Superior Pedestrian Experience 1 to 2Transit Amenities 1

Access to Nearby Communities 1Resource Efficiency 17 25 22%Certified Green Building 1 to 5Energy Efficiency in Buildings 1 to 3Heat Island Reduction 1Infrastructure Energy Efficiency 1On-Site Power Generation 1

On-Site Renewable Energy Sources 1Reuse of Materials 1Recycled Content 1Regionally Provided Materials 1Construction Waste Management 1

Other 2 6TOTAL 48 114 100%

Certified: 46 56; Silver: 57 67; Gold: 68 90; Platinum: 91 114

Sustainable Community


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yPlanning

Integration into Comprehensive Plans

Climate Action Plans

Community Energy Plans

Sustainability Plans

Sustainable Community


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Codes & Policies Help from above: federal & state policies

Building energy codes

Land use ordinances: UGB, TOD, form-based codes

Land acquisition, banking, transfer of development rights

(TDR) for green infrastructure Tax & financial incentives/disincentives

First-cost investment tax credits and rebates

ROI options: production tax credits, feed-in rates/tariffs (FIT), renewableenergy credits (RECs)

Innovative financing: PACE (property assessed clean energy)-type programs

Municipal utilities: Demand-side efficiency programs

Combined heat & power

Renewable energy incentives: rebates, FIT

The Climate Action Challenge


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The Climate Action Challenge

Technical Basis Global Scale Issue

93

You AreHere

What are climate action plans?


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toreduce

greenhous

e gasemissions.

Strategic plans

94



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Strategic plansto

increasecommunity

resilienceto theimpacts of

climatechange.

95

8 Reasons for Preparing a CAP


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8 Reasons for Preparing a CAP

Globalleadership

Energyefficiency

Greencommunity

Statepolicy

Grantfunding

Strategicplanning

Publicawareness

Communityresilience

96


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97

U.S. Mayors


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yClimate Protection Agreement

1,044 signatories as of 1/10/11 98

CAP Adoption Trends


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CAP Adoption Trends

0

10

20

3040

50

60

7080

90

NumberofCAPs

Year Adopted or Status

99

What is a Climate Action Plan?


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What is a Climate Action Plan?

Both communities following ICLEIs fivemilestone protocol:

1. Conduct a baseline GHG emission inventory

and forecast

2. Adopt an emissions reduction target

3. Develop a local Climate Action Plan

4. Implement policies and measures

5. Monitor and verify results

1. Blacksburg Inventory: End-use Energy,2006


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2006

Blacksburg Inventory: CO2 Emissions,2006


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2006

35%68%

Blacksburgs Energy & GHG Emissions 2006


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Blacksburg s Energy & GHG Emissions, 2006

Transport

Transport

Residential

Residential

2. Town of Blacksburg Goals


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Proposed Virginia Tech Goals


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Virginia Tech GHG emissionsReal data 2000-2006, extrapolated back to 1990, projected forward to 2025

Virginia Energy Plan Goal to 2025, Various Goals to 2050

188

316

461

255

38

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

1990

1993

1996

1999

2002

2005

2008

2011

2014

2017

2020

2023

2026

2029

2032

2035

2038

2041

2044

2047

2050

thousandtons

Trajectory to 80% below 1990 GHG emissions by 2050:Goal of Obama Administration,

Long term Goal of Virginia Climate Change Commission,

Goal of Town of Blacksburg

Virginia Energy Plan

2000 level emissions

BAU: 2%/yr

Virginia Goals


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Virginia GHG Emissions, 1980-2005, with Goals of 2005 Virginia Energy Plan,

2008 Goals of Virginia Climate Change Commission and Governor Kaine

ResidentialCommercial

Industrial

Transportation

Electric Power

177

131

95

124

19

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1980

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

2004

2007

2010

2013

2016

2019

2022

2025

2028

2031

2034

2037

2040

2043

2046

2049

millionmetricton

s

Virginia Energy Plan

30% below 2025 projection

Virginia Climate Commission Goal

Governor Kaine Goal

80% below 1990 by 2050

(5% below 2005)

U.S. CO2 emissions 1949-2006


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U.S. CO2 emissions 1949 2006Cap & Trade Legislation Goals to 2050

Natural gas

Petroleum

Coal

Total

Boxer-Lieberman-Warner

1734

Boucher-Dingall

1196

5981

1002

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

1

949

1

952

1

955

1

958

1

961

1

964

1

967

1

970

1

973

1

976

1

979

1

982

1

985

1

988

1

991

1

994

1

997

2

000

2

003

2

006

2

009

2

012

2

015

2

018

2

021

2

024

2

027

2

030

2

033

2

036

2

039

2

042

2

045

2

048

millionmetricton

Obama


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108

W d A l i C i S i

3. Blacksburg CAP, 2011


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0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

TonsCO2-e

Wedge Analysis -- Conservative ScenariosBio-Energy

Wind Energy

PV - Public Buildings

PV - CommercialPV - Residential

Industrial - All

Commercial - Appliances

Commercial - Water Heating

Commercial - Lighting

Commercial - Heating and Cooling

Residential - New MFH - Appliances and Lighting

Residential - New MFH - Water HeatingResidential - New MFH - Heating and Cooling

Residential - New SFH - Appliances and Lighting

Residential - New SFH - Water Heating

Residential - New SFH - Heating and Cooling

Residential - Existing MFH - Appliances and Lighting

Residential - Existing MFH - Water Heating

Residential - Existing MFH - Heating and Cooling

Residential - Existing SFH - Appliances and Lighting

Residential - Existing SFH - Water Heating

Residential - Existing SFH - Heating and Cooling

Vehicle Efficiency

Alternative Transportation

Remaining Gap Between Projection and Target

2050 Target - 80% Below 1990 Level

Blacksburg CAP, 2011


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0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

TonsCO2-e

Wedge Analysis -- Maximum ScenariosBio-Energy

Wind Energy

PV - Public Buildings

PV - Commercial

PV - Residential

Industrial - All

Commercial - Appliances

Commercial - Water Heating

Commercial - Lighting

Commercial - Heating and Cooling

Residential - New MFH - Appliances and Lighting

Residential - New MFH - Water Heating

Residential - New MFH - Heating and Cooling

Residential - New SFH - Appliances and Lighting

Residential - New SFH - Water Heating

Residential - New SFH - Heating and Cooling

Residential - Existing MFH - Appliances and Lighting

Residential - Existing MFH - Water Heating

Residential - Existing MFH - Heating and Cooling

Residential - Existing SFH - Appliances and LightingResidential - Existing SFH - Water Heating

Residential - Existing SFH - Heating and Cooling

Vehicle Efficiency

Alernative Transportation

Remaining Gap Between Projection and Target

2050 Target - 80% Below 1990 Level

4 Implementation


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4. Implementation

Residential Energy Efficiency Retrofit Blacksburg rebates for home energy audits

community alliance for energy efficiency

(cafe2): facilitates audits and retrofit work

ch 12 energy and climate planning

Documents