The site at Fresh Kills tells an extraordinary story of evolution and change. Just as its historybegan long before its use as a landfill--now covered-- its next incarnation will likely not be itslast. In fact. at the moment, this ever-shifting landscape is measurable and even visible in thesettlement of the mounds themselves. Our design approach is conceived to accommodate notonly the inevitable ecological changes that accompany a project envisioned to have such a longlife span, but also political and economic ones, and the alteration of priorities and agendas thesecan bring. Our proposal for this latest re-making of Fresh Kills, to be re-named rePark, intendsto make change itself the theme, experience and lesson of the place. We propose to do thisby first extrapolating a series of diverse "ecologies" from the differing regions of the site, andthen projecting upon these a "Transect", or schedule of programs--each with its own timeframe--in order to provide for not one, but many possible sets of contingencies and itineraries. Theresult is that this "new" ground (above the landfill cover) becomes a programmable surfacewhose occupants—plants, animals, people—and appearance might change according to both theevolving state of the site (i.e. the landfill, the tides, etc.), economic conditions, and ideas ofleisure (i.e. lifestyle, etc.). Visitors from all walks of life would have reason to visit the groundsall year round, as the site would neither look nor function the same from year to year, seasonto season—sometimes even day to day.

The first of the 2 principal organizational premises are the 8 ecologies: 1) Walking Wetland; 2)Roadside; 3) Woodland; 4) Tidal Wetland; 5) Freshwater Wetland; 6) Commercial Berm; 7) LandfillMounds; and 8) World Trade Center Memorial Forest. All but the last are derived from therange of habitats found on the site, and are projected to evolve and change as natural systemswith minimal maintenance practices. The last is intentionally comprised of non-native plantspecies chosen for their relation to the multi-cultural origins of the people who perished. Ingeneral, the ecologies act both as background for and are affected by the second site organizingdevice: that of the transect. The transects, of which there would be many at any given timein the life of the park, are conceived of as both temporary and longer term sites of events andprograms created through the employment of installation practices not unlike those that mightbe used in the creation of an environment for a traveling exhibition at a museum or art gallery. These practices follow the uniquely American agrarian tradition of tending and working theland toward productive use rather than, as in most parks, being directed toward themaintenance of a single, static appearance. Instead, at rePark maintenance is scheduled andused to create change, the device by which the park as a cultural institution allows itself andultimately encourages us to recycle, recollect and recreate.

CentralPark

DevelopedLandscape

DevelopedLandscape & Site

EcologiesDeveloped transects at rePark provide program,circulation, and funding. They respond to cultural andrecreational changes over time.

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New YorkSubway

Transit Lines,Transfers andConnect ions

Landscape Transects,Connections, Destinationsand Alternate Itineraries

Alternative energy "farms"Our team, with Dr. John Ingersoll of HeliosInternational, Inc. has devised severalstrategies for implementing alternativeenergy production aimed at taking re-park"off the grid". In the form of “energy farms",the park will demonstrate in a holisticfashion, environmentally sustainable,renewable and alternative energy harvestingtechnologies that the US can employ acrossthe country to eliminate dependency onimported oil. These are:

Biomass FarmA biomass farm would produce energy byharvesting certain native plants that havef i n i shed t he i r u se fu l ne s s fo rphytoremediation (see listing) andprocessing them through anaerobicdigestion to convert them to bio-gas. Thismethod of gas production could, using thesame facility as will be processing thelandfill gas, continue to provide power tothe city long after the landfill gasproduction ceases, but by employing thesame facility. This biogas may be used toproduce power at a rate of 20 million kWhper year or used to power natural gasvehicles such as the park's ReBus line.Generate efficient, clean, and renewableupgraded biogas (pipeline natural gasequivalent) motor fuel for the City of NewYork, including vehicles operated in theFresh Kills area and Staten Island as well asferry-boats from Staten Island to otherboroughs. The annual biogas yield from thisoperation will 10 million cubic meters ofbiogas per year (65% methane, 35% carbondioxide; equivalent to 250 million cubic feetof pipeline quality natural gas) and about 16thousand metric tons of high quality soilconditioner, which can in part be applied tothe landfill surface to improve soilproductivity and in part be sold (or evengiven) to New Yorkers as a potting soil fortheir plants and for their gardens. Thewastewater from the biogas plant will beprocessed at the existing LeachateTreatment Plant.

Wind Farm

A wind energy farm will integrate 34 large(50M-66M) wind turbines into the landscapeof re-park, dramatically lining the west edgeof the 440 as it sweeps through the site. Itwill exemplify and demonstrate how

machines can be made to fit into thenatural environment and at the same timeproviding for some of their energy needs.The U.S. Department of Energy NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory indicates a

“good” wind potential for the site area. A750 kW wind turbine such as is being beingproposed will have an average annualelectricity generation of 1.9 million kWh andwill be sufficient to supply electricity up to400 households. The wind farm would havea project life of 30 years, generating anincome, based upon a rate of 11 cents/kWh,of $22,000,000/yr.

Solar Canopy Farm

The solar voltaic canopy will provide climateprotection, particularly shading of vehiclesand people in the summer time, as a meansof energy efficiency (avoiding fuel use tocool building) and of improved humancomfort. The solar canopy will be placed inthe Roadside Ecology, and covers an area ofapproximately 100 acres. The “thin film”variety of solar cell technologies is proposedhere due to sustainability issues. The annualrevenue generate from this system will beon the order of $3.74 to $4.4 million; theCity of New York would most likely to ownand operate the facility. The output from thesolar farm system may be used to offsetpower use at the rePark for public lightingas well as of the various structures andbuildings. No electricity storage, i.e.,batteries, at the site is envisioned due tocost, efficiency and environmental reasons.The grid will act as a temporary storage ofthe excess power not needed at the reParkat the time of generation.

Artists involvementAt rePark, art plays both cultural artifactand interpretive device. The transectswhich cross through the site not onlybecome sites for art objects but asopportunities for the artists themselves tobe "curators" of those landscape installations.That is the role assumed by the four artistson our team:

Almond Zigmund

In keeping with the idea of an ever shiftinglandscape and the contingent nature of time,Almond proposes portable, yet site specificsculpture. Depending on the duration of atransect, the pieces can be conceived anddesigned to be more or less permanentdepending on the material out of whichthey are fabricated. For example, moretemporary mounds, executed in wood,would activate and integrate a part of thetransect not yet developed into the overallplan, whereas pieces executed in stonewould be expected to exist "permanently",i.e. sculpture garden.

Greg Lock

Greg's proposal regards the ability of art todemonstrate the land's dynamic energy andits release over time, so specific to thechanging nature of this site. His project,which consists of several pieces, containsliving, growing elements which will alterover time, and in doing so remind us thatwe live in times of change and that ouractions today have consequence on theactions of tomorrow.

Martine Kaczynski & Matthew Bakkom-These multi-media artists have proposed re-use of decommissioned subway cars tocreate an interiorized, traversable transectwhich uncannily juxtaposes the urban andthe pastoral.

Atlantic Flywayshore bird migratory path which providesvital stopping areas for feeding. Prolificfruiting bushes and surfeit of bird housesare provided within the Woodland ecologyto support this migratory path, in additionto the “tree bridge” which links the 2principal pre-existing portions of woodlandinto a continuous path.

BargeA flat-bottomed boat usually moved bytowing. Trash barges were used to deliverwaste to Fresh Kills from marine wastetransfer stations located throughout the fiveboroughs. These trash barges have becomerecognizable as a symbol of New YorkCity's waste issues. At such time in thefuture when the NYC Dept. of Sanitationwill no longer require them, re-parkproposes re-use of these barges as floatinggardens which will act as “ambassadors”,allowing the site to “give back “ to the city-at-large.

1: Barges are moored at repark to providegarden rooms along the waterfront.

2 : Barges are planted to bring parklandscapes back to the boroughs wherethey once collected trash.

BicycleThe bike paths at rePark link to the largernetwork of routes that lace Staten Island.The park itself provides a range of types ofpaths to address a variety of kinds of biking.Mountain biking will be provided throughtransects. Casual biking will occur on themulti-use paths that the service accessroads provide around the landfill mounds.The roadside ecology would be theoccasional site of extreme biking and bikeracing events.

BoatingSmall, non-motorized boats such as kayaks,canoes and small sailboats may be launchedat designated launch locations in thewalking wetland, and may travel throughoutthe site, including both the Tidal andFreshwater Wetland areas, portions ofwhich link via Richmond Creek to LaTourette and beyond. At a future time, nosooner than the beginning of Phase 3,motorized pleasure boats cruising New YorkHarbor will be allowed to dock along theArthur Kill at the western edge of mound1/9, south of the proposed ferry landing.At that point in time, when the leachateplant at the southern tip of 1/9 would bedecommisioned, that structure would beconverted into a Harbormaster’s Building forthe launch, which would also include theuse of the leachate facility parking lot,thereby enabling intermodal transfers (boat: car, boat : bicycle) .

CampingrePark's camp sites are located throughoutthe ecologies. Siting them in distinctlydifferent environments produces theopportunity for different nature experiencesduring subsequent camping visits to rePark.

Central Park-Less than one-third the size of rePark.

Center for Land UseInterpretation (CLUI)

One of our team members, CLUI is a non-profit research organization dedicated to theincrease and diffusion of information abouthow the nation's lands are apportioned,utilized and perceived. It has designed aninterpretive transect which concerns itselfwith the observation and demonstration ofphysical characteristics of the site and thelandfill's history and dynamic conditions inparticular.

ClosureSee phasing.

Community Outreach

The community outreach process will beginwith a series of community workshops andbrainstorming sessions to solicit ideas forthe transects, as well as to poll prospectivevisitors as to which of the proposedactivities and events they would be mostwilling to pay for admission. These sessionscould be conceived of not unlike the focusgroups which advertisers and privatecompanies conduct in order to test-marketideas and to profile the needs of theaudience(s) they seek to attract. Thesewould be held not only in advance of theinitial planning of the park, but periodicallythroughout its ongoing operation (say a fewmeetings every 2 years) in order to keep the

park programming up-to-date with emergingcultural trends. Outreach would alsoextend to the school system, where many ofthose likely to use the park might be askedto draw or paint what they would like tosee at the site. Another means of outreachinvolves the use of the Center for Land UseInterpretation’s (CLUI’s) Field Office, amobile exhibit space, which could travelthroughout the 5 boroughs to inform awider public audience about the history ofthe site, as well as to exhibit plans for itsfuture development.

Con Ed EasementOne of the first 2 transects on the sitealready exists in the form of the Con Edeasement which passes across the tidalmarsh in the northeast quadrant of the site,just south of the W.T. Davis Wildlife Refuge. It consists of wood trestles that either markthe line of electricity below the marsh orwhich used to carry its lines above it.

Context, relation toDuring the first phase of development,rePark will effectively consist of threeseparate local parks. The programs and thedesigns of these parks are responsive toboth the needs and physical characteristicsof the communities in immediate proximityto them, and will continue to operate assuch even after they eventually coalesceinto one larger facility attracting the widerNew York metropolitan area. The NorthPark, which includes Section 3/4, isdedicated to serving the Travis / Chelsea /Bullshead / Bloomfield neighborhoods;activities there are proposed to include skytheatre, an outdoor performance/movievenue; 1 or 2 hole 3-par extreme golfcourse/driving range; sportsfields; a picnicarea; and exercise circuit that makes doubleuse of the theatre steps as a “stairmaster”. The key physical link between the newpark and context here is the introduction ofa new site entry, parking area and drivewaywhich connects eastward from the EastService Drive to Schmul Park, forming acirculation loop between rePark and theadjacent area. A number of the transectsin the park as a whole launch from orconnect to this parking area. The East Parkincludes the Freshwater Wetland andincrementally-developed Commercial Berm;it will serve the Richmond/LaTourettePark/Lighthouse Hill area as well asvisitors to the Staten Island Mall andadjacent retail centers. This park will offerflycasting, small (non-motorized) boating andfishing, and water (demonstration) gardensin the wetland. In the winter months,certain shallow ponds could be used as iceskating rinks, conveniently located is yearround restaurant/warming house with aprojecting deck for outdoor dining in thewarmer months. In the initial phases ofdevelopment, limited portions of the existingberm will be replaced with outdoor sports

enclosures for tennis and basketball courts,batting cages, golf driving range, etc. Thecommercial development of the berm isimagined to continue incrementally over aseries of phases covering several decades.Transforming this important edge of the sitefor more active use and development is bothconsistent with the mission of the park--which is to reach out and engage thesurrounding community--and with the City’sdesire to generate revenue which cansubsidize the park’s construction andoperation. Its mix of nature and commerceis an expression of its location at the marginbetween a major commercial district on oneside and a park on the other.

The South Park would primarily service theArden Heights / Greenridge / VillageGreens / Huguenot / Rossville /Woodrow neighborhoods. This largelywooded area would offer a sculpture garden,fields for soccer and baseball, a woodedcampground, and a walking trail, an ATVcourse and a corn maze on differingportions of Section 2/8, which it includesand is publicly accessible in the first Phase.The sportsfields would line the entirewestern edge of the south park along the440 to provide a noise buffer from thequieter activites occuring in the woodlanditself. All would be screened from ArthurKill Road by existing trees. Parking andrestrooms would be provided in all threepark locations, and it is envisioned thatsmall to medium-sized garden restaurantswould be added in most by the end of thesecond Phase, in addition to that at re-treat,in the heart of the park.

Corn MazeA wide transect consisting of a freestanding maze built from walls of livingcornstalks. The corn is to be planted inearly Spring so that the maze will be in useall summer into the early fall. Admission ischarged at the entrance; the maze can alsobe rented for fundraising and other events.

CreditsAmy S. Greene Environmental Consultants

Curtis Helm

ArtistsAlmond Zigmund Matt BakkomMartine Kaczynski Greg Lock

Center For Landuse InterpretationCindy Hooper Matt CooldigeSarah Simons Steve Rowell

The Garbage ProjectDr. William Rathje Kathy CiscoScott Eberle

Geto and DeMillyJoyce Baumgarten

Helios International, Inc.Dr. John G. Ingersoll

Margie Ruddick Landscape

Rios Associates, Inc.Bob Hale Danielle LangstonDonna Stia Elizabeth Benbrooksfrank clementi Ichiro KakamiIsrael Kandarian Jennifer GabrysJennifer Williams Jennifer SchabJohn Colter Leslie BarrettClancy Pearson Mark RiosMark Tessier Nicholas ChoySamantha Harris Tony Paradowski

Roger Sherman Architecture and UrbanDesign

Dan Riley Jeff McKibbanGreg Kochanowski

Wallace, Roberts and Todd, LLCLaura Burnett

URS CorporationWalter E. Gross C. Duane Seaman, P.E.

Curatorial ManagementThe management of re-park will be dividedamongst 3 positions: a program andDevelopment Curator, a Design Curator, andan Environmental Curator. The Program &Development Curator for re-park will behired in October of 2002 to begin planningfor the opening of the park's first transectin spring 2003. They will be responsible forfunding and other park development issues. The Design Curator will come aboard atthe same time. They will be responsible forhiring landscape architects, architects,graphic designers and artists to designdifferent transects and installations on site,maintaining the high design standards forthe park's subsequent development. TheEnvironmental Curator with a backgroundin ecology and environmental sciences willwork in conjunction with the other curatorsto insure that each transect being proposedcomplies with all applicable local, state andfederal regulations (see environmentalcompliance). The Environmental Curatorwill also enforce the park's mandate tofurther environmental research andeducation.

DaytripThe design of the transects andprogrammatic facilities at re-park arepredicated on the fact that with a park solarge, visitors will spend widely varyingamounts of time there. Their lengths arecalibrated according to the time that eachtakes to travel in its entirety: i.e. a one-hourwalk, a 3-hour mountain bike tour.Community parks on the park’s northern,eastern and southern perimeter areavailable for a quick playground trip, gameof tennis or pick-up basketball. Visitorsfrom Manhattan would likely consider thepark a destination for a full day's worth of

activities, perhaps staying for an eveningperformance. Boaters, such as members ofthe Hudson River Water Trail, can dock atthe public boat launches along the ArthurKill and spend the night at the park's retreator at a choice of campsites along the 2creeks. Other activities to indulge induring a daytrip at re-park include: playinga round of Extreme Golf, horseback riding,taking the Garbage Tour, any of which incombination with lunch or dinner at re-treator, in Phase 3, at any of the re-cafesthroughout the park at the sites of theformer flare stations.

Differential settlement

2010 2019 2027 2045Mound 6/7Refers to the gradual, uneven decrease inheight of landfill mounds, due to the non-uniform composition of buried wasteresulting in different rates of decomposition. Our team is proposing that this dynamicprocess be revealed through a specialmaintenance practice wherein at the timethat the DOS refills the resultantdepressions in each mound due todifferential settlement (in order to avoidponding of stormwater), that the new fill bereplanted with; Bearberry (Arctostaphylosuva-ursi), Pasture Rose (Rosa carolina), andlow bush blueber ry (Vaccin iumangustifolium) material different from thebluestem grass (Andropogon gerardii), andswitch grass (Panicum virgatum) with whicheach mound was/is to be initially planted.Visitors would be able to thereby witnessthe gradual transformation in the surfaceand texture of the mounds in a way thatdramatically reflects the changes below thecover that might ordinarily go on unnoticed.

"Dump Heap" TheoryA theory of the origin of agriculture positedby Edgar Andersen in 1952. Piles of refusenear ancient communities may haveprovided a perfect environment for thediscarded seeds of fruits and vegetablebrought from afar to the community tosprout. Species that had neverencountered one another would have beenable to intermingle to create hybrids thatwould have been be eaten and eventuallyreplanted leading to the infancy ofagriculture.

Dynamic landscapeThe ecosystems at re-park create changesresponding to a combination of internalphysical processes such as ecologicalsuccession and differential settlement (seedefinitions below and above) and culturalchange, such as would be reflected in theprogrammatic content of the transects.

"Ecologies"Ecology is the relationship of living thingsto one another and their environment, orthe study of such relationships. At re-park,One of the 2 principal site organizationalpremises are the 8 ecologies. All but the lastare derived from the range of habitats (seehabitat) and native species found on the site,and are projected to evolve and change asnatural systems with minimal maintenancepractices. In general, the ecologies act bothas background for and are affected by thesecond site organizing device, that of thetransect:

1) Walking Wetland- some of the existingbuildings and docks in this area will beremoved, with the exception of the woodpier and walkway structures at which thebarges currently are docked alongsideSection 1/9. The salt marsh here will befully restored and significantly expanded,along with the network of boardwalk pathsgive this ecology its name. Most will be nomore than the 4’-0” in width that ispermitted by local and state environmentalregulations. Research buildings, a SanitationMuseum and a Museum of Marine Artifactsare housed in semi-enclosed structures thathover on piles above the reconstructedwetlands.

Aesculus x carnea Ruby Red HorsechestnutBetula nigra ‘Heritage’ River BirchCeltis occidentalis ‘PrairiePride’ HackberryGymnocladus dioicus Kentucky CoffeetreeOstrya virginiana Amer. HophornbeamQuercus palustris Pin OakQuercus phellos Willow OakTaxodium distichum Bald Cypress

2) Roadside- exits from both the north andsouthbound 440 lead, together with localaccess roads from Arthur Kill Rd. (Muldoon)and from Richmond Ave. (Yukon) into aparking lot that is the park’s largest. This isthe flattest ecology and its groundplane iscomprised of asphalt, crushed stone, lawngrass, and painted graphics. Photo-voltaicpanels of a Solar Farm serve as shadestructures for automobiles as well as forshelters for the monthly flea market thatwill take place here. The 34 turbine towersof the Wind Farm line the 440 expressway,collecting energy and providing shade. Thisecology is the principal area for track andfield sports, tennis, basketball and handball.The skate park and waterpark are alsolocated here.

Acer saccharum ‘Legacy’ Sugar MapleCercis canadensis Eastern RedbudCornus sericea Redosier DogwoodFothergilla major Large FothergillItea virginica Virginia SweetspireMetasequoia glyptostroboides Dawn RedwoodPinus strobus Eastern White PineTilia cordata Littleleaf Linden

3) Woodland- "Tree rooms" are laid out on a50’ x100' grid to provide open clearings forcampsites, picnic areas and parking lots.Paralleling the 440 bridge, a forested landbridge spans Fresh Kills and unites thepreviously separate northern and southernportions of this ecology, creating acontinuous canopied “highway” to attractmigrating birds and at the same timefurther connecting re-park to thesurrounding Greenbelt.

Acer rubrum Red MapleAmelanchier canadensis ServiceberryCarya ovata Shagbark HickoryCornus florida Flowering DogwoodDiospyrus virginiana PersimmonJuniperus virginiana Eastern Red CedarLindera benzoin SpicebushQuercus rubra Red Oak

4) Tidal Wetland - This ecology is createdthrough restoration efforts, beginning witha phragmites eradication campaign.Monitoring stations will be built, some forresearch purposes and some for publiceducation.

Spartina alterniflora Saltmarsh CordgrassAster tenuifolius Saltmarsh AsterBaccharis halmifolia Groundsel treeDistichlis sipcata Spike GrassAmmophila breviligulata Beach grassAronia melanocarpa Black ChokecherryHudsonia ericoides Golden HeatherMyrica pensylvanica Bayberry

5) Freshwater Wetland- a series of shallowpools in this ecology will allow for creationof a water garden nursery. Some of thedeeper pools will stocked for fishing while1 or 2 shallow pools will be piped to befrozen in the winter for ice skating.

Amelanchier nantucktensis JuneberryCephalanthus occidentalis Button bushEupatorium purpurem Joe-Pye WeedOsmunda cinnamomea Cinnamon fernPeltandra virginica Arrow arumChamecrista fasciculata Partridge peaPontederia cordata Pickerel weedRosa palustris Swamp RoseVeronica noveboracensis N.Y. Ironweed

6) Commercial Berm- This ecology is phasedto be implemented over the next 50 years.Commercial sports facilities with plantedrooftops will be inserted into the berm

creating an integration of building andlandscape. The first building will be acommunity gymnasium facility.

Cornus racemosa Gray DogwoodIlex opaca American HollyIlex verticillata WinterberryIlex glabra InkberryJuniperus virginiana Eastern Red CedarKalmia latifolia Mountain LaurelPinus strobus Eastern White PineSymphoricarpus albus Common Snowberry

7) Upland Mounds- This ecology is plantedmainly with meadow grasses. The landfillmound ecology not have an inherentprogram. The mounds receive their programfrom the various transects which cover them.

Andropogon gerardii Big BluestemSorgastrum nutans Indian grassSchizachyrium scoparium Little bluestemPanicum virgatum SwitchgrassAsclepias tuberosa Butterfly weedChamecrista fasciculata Partridge peaEchinacea purpurea ConeflowerRudbedkia hirta Black eyed susan

8) World Trade Center Memorial Forest- Thisecology is envisioned as a serene space onthe highest mound with a view to lowermanhattan where the towers stood. Familiesof those lost in the tragedy will each beinvited to plant one of 4 distinctive types offruit-bearing or flowering trees in honor oftheir loved one. The Memorial forest is aplace for people to hold memorial servicesand remember loved ones.

Ecological successionthe observed process of change in thespecies structure of an ecologicalcommunity over time. In any ecosystemsome species may become less abundant oreven vanish over time. Similarly, otherspecies within the community may becomemore abundant, or new species may invadethe community from adjacent ecosystems.

Ecosystemthe interacting system of a biologicalcommunity and its non-living environmentalsurroundings.

Educationre-park is dedicated to promoting intensiveresearch and education for all ages andlevels. The landscape at re-park isdeveloped to be understood as transparentlyas possible: what you see is what you get. Educational programs such as the siteinterpretative tour (CLUI) and the GarbageTour of the landfill samply borings, will dealwith the subject matters of; the history ofthe site, its past landfill usage, and landfilldynamics. Contemporary recyclingtechniques, and display and demonstrationprojects of various commercially available

renewable and alternative clean energytechnology will also be explored, includinggrey- and wastewater pond/gardens outsideany park facility that has a roof and/orcontains plumbing facilities inside.Curricula for K-5 could be included as anaddendum to NYC Teacher's RRResource kit- RRR You Ready?, as well as the Center forland Use Interpretation’s Mobile Field Officepublic exhibition space

Environmental CompliancerePark is designed to conform with theCoastal Zone Management Program, andthe rules of the City State and Federalwetland protection programs. The practicesproposed, such as wetland enhancement,the installation of open pile walkwayswithin select wetland areas for passiverecreation, and rehabilitation of waterfrontstructures to uses that are compatible withpark design, will result in minimaldisturbance to Tidal Wetlands or AdjacentAreas. Any activities proposed in TidalWetlands or Adjacent Areas are consideredto be “Generally Compatible” and totherefore qualify as Minor Projects under theTidal Wetland Program. These sameactivities should also be authorized underthe ACOE Nationwide Permit program.RePark is not proposing any impacts tofreshwater wetlands; the construction ofvernal pools or of walking paths for passiverecreation would occur outside of the edgesof the freshwater wetlands, in unregulatedareas, or via floating pontoons in the pondsthemselves.

Extreme golfA speed based golf game based on ferventstrokes through exotic, quirky and difficultterrain. Played at breakneck speed, thegame allows a round of play in around anhour, and lets you get in a workout at thesame time!

Ferry (Interborough)A ferry boat system is proposed for RePark.Beginning in Phase 2, ferry landings will beprovided in each of New York’s 5 boroughs,

such as, in Manhattan, at the southern endof Hudson River Park. The ferry isintended to provide an easy and pleasantjourney to begin and end a day trip to re-park. re-park's ferry landing is located onthe Arthur Kill, along the western edge ofSection 1/9, and largely utilizes the existingwood pier walkways that presently servicethe barges in what will become the walkingwetland. Yet further to the south, a smallboat marina would eventually be located inphase 3, with adjacent parking andHarbormaster’s structure in a reuse of thethen decommissioned leachate processingplant

Flare StationsLocation where collected landfill gas ispiped to and burnt off. After theirdecommission, the flare stations will bereused as refreshment areas, housing cafes(recharge) and restrooms(refresh) .

Flower & Garden Show (transect)The New York Horticultural Society hasteamed up with Home and GardenTelevision (HGTV) to reinvent the famousannual Flower Show into a semi-enclosedFlower and Garden Show transect at rePark.

Fresh KillsThe name of the landfill located on the siteof re-park that was in use from 1948- 2001.Fresh Kills is the name of the creek whichruns through the site, "Fresh Kills" means"fresh stream" in Dutch.

GarbologyTerm coined by Prof. William L. Rathje andThe Garbage Project, begun in 1973, todescribe his research concerning thearcheological study of garbage.

Garbage Dig Tour TransectThe Garbage Project has proposed a

“Garbage Tour” transect based onarcheological core samples taken from FreshKills in the years before its closure. The"Garbage Dig Tour " would involve seven (7)excavation sites, each with its own messageabout garbage, New York, and AmericanSociety. Each group of sites would also haveschematics of the garbage underfoot aswell as displays of dozens of excavatedremains, with questions posed to the visitorthat the artifacts beg to be asked:

Wells 1&2 (70's and 80's garbage)What is garbage? Where does garbagecome from? How is it collected andtransported? How is it buried at a landfill?What happens to it in the ground?

Wells 9, 10 & 11 (early 1970's garbage)The Seventies- Garbage and theEnvironmental Movement.

Wells 12 & 13 (70's and 80's garbage)The "Garbage Barge" and the "Garbage

Crisis"- How have our attitudes ofresponsibility towards our garbage and theenvironment changed?

Wells 5,6, and 7 (60's and 80's garbage)How is garbage related to our increasingstandard of living and more consumerconvenience? Does a higher standard ofliving and more convenience mean moregarbage.

Well 14 (70'S and 80's garbage)Educating our children- integrating andsummarizing messages 1-4.

Well 8 ( 1988 garbage)The closing of the landfill 1988- the lastexcavated garbage.

Wells 3&4 (70 &80's garbage & view of NewYork Skyline)

The latest garbage- World Trade Centerremains. What do they say about theAmerican Spirit?

Garbage Rodeo

A rodeo based on the cowboy prototype,but which features contests judgingsanitation maintenance skills for cash prizes. For example, garbage truckdrivers competeto see how nimbly they can weave betweengarbage cans or how quickly they canspeed down a simulated alley to pick upand empty dumpsters. Bulldozers race topick up an egg from the top of a trafficcone with their shovels.

GreenbeltThe 2,500 acre Staten Island Greenbelt is anecologically rich portion of open space inStaten Island. The greenbelt includeswetlands, woodlands, stream corridors, andponds. It borders re-park on the north andeast and is continued throughout the parkvia the woodland, tidal and walkingwetland ecologies on site, the sameecologies that link it to local wildlifecorridors.

Habitatthe place or environment where a plant oranimal naturally occurs.

HarvestingThe gathering of economic crops grown atrePark. Also, the collection, on site, of

alternative energy from naturally occuringphenomena. (see alternative energy-biomass)Grass will be harvested, dried and formedinto hay bales, or large bundles. Thehaybales will also be used in the park astransect formwork and as buffers for themore extreme sports.

InfrastructureInfrastructure is the underlying and at timesinconspicuous framework for a system ofpublic works such as a city sewer system.At rePark there are two main sets ofinfrastructural systems at work:

1) Landfill infrastructureFresh Kills Landfill leaves behind acomplicated and specif ic landfi l linfrastructural system. This infrastructureincludes the final cover drainage system, theactive recovery system for landfill gasemissions, the landfill gas migration controlsystem (see vent pipes), the leachate (seeleachate) control and treatment system, thestormwater management system and themonitoring systems that observe them.

2) Park InfrastructurerePark will contain new or improvedinfrastructural systems which are more orless standard for most large parks roadways,landscape drainage, lighting/electricitydistribution, phone/ data network, water,sanitary sewage, lighting, biogas processing(from the harvested grass), parking, signage,and waste processing and renewal.

Isle of MeadowsHarvested for salt hay until the end of the19th Century. Upland habitat was createdfrom decades of dumping dredge spoils onthe island. Today, the Isle of Meadows isunder NYC Parks and Recreation jurisdictionand its restricted access is in part due to itsextremely valuable heronry habitat.

ItineraryThe itineraries at re-park that the crossingtransects allow are analogous to the use ofNew york City’s subway system. Thougheach of them defines one selected path,they can be used in multiple in forming amyriad of unique itineraries if one transfersbetween them. As one follows any onetransect as it passes through variousecologies, one confronts a constantlychanging succession of experiences. At anygiven crossing point, one may switch to an adjoining transect, affording a choice ofpark experiences and destinations.

Landfill Cover CanopyThe name of the canopy cover for theGarbage Dig Tour Transect. This overheadstructure provides a shaded route to explorethe park and to reinforce itinerary shiftsonto different transects. The coveringmaterial is made from the same liner whichencloses the landfill mounds

Landfill Gas

A by-product of naturally occurringdecomposition of a landfill. Landfill gas iscomprised of 50 - 60% methane, 40 - 50%carbon dioxide, and less than 1% hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen, and other trace gasses.Methane is the major component of landfillgas: a colorless, nonpoisonous, flammablegas created by anaerobic decomposition oforganic compounds. Methane is also foundin large proportion in the natural gas usedin the home as well as in Bio-Gas (seeentry). The production of landfill gas on siteis likely to be negligible after 30 years.

LinoleumvilleAfter the civil war, The American LinoleumCompany established a factory and thecompany town of Linoleumville, whereinnovative linoleum products as well as floorcloths, ground cork and linseed oil wereproduced. Linoleumville was located to thenorth of re-park, where the community ofTravis is today.

Living Ads (transect)This transect, which lines the 440expressway along the west slope ofSections 3/4 and 2/8, and east slope of 1/9,is available for rent to companies toadvertise certain renewable technologies,resources, and environmentally relatedissues.

Maintenance PracticesRefers specifically to the performance of theservice work necessary to keep the parkfunctioning at a certain state. Themaintenance operations at re-park aregenerally of two types. The ecologiesrequire a minimal level of maintenanceoperation once established. For the mostpart, they will be left to evolve on their own.The transects are relatively temporary innature and require installation, upkeep anddisassembly. during their duration. Thesepractices could include such operations asplanting, mowing, furrowing, dredging andharvesting.

MallStaten Island Mall is the only regional malllocated on Staten Island. Staten Island’sextensive road network places the centerwithin 15 minutes of every resident on theisland.

Marketing / Merchandise

RePark‘s easily identifiable and memorablename is intended to associate thisdistinctive place with a marketable productdevelopment. The ReStore at RePark carriesa line of products which can also changewith respect to the changing programs andevents at the site, much in the way thatMoMA capitalizes upon its visitingexhibitions to spur continued demand forproduct. See image of the re-parkAcidRaincoat.

MemoryThe history of rePark is written in the earth.But history can be easily ignored, lostthrough erosion, or planted over. In thesame way that people fight our ownforgetfulness through mnemonic devicessuch as writing histories or songs, at reParkthis is accomplished through severalmaintenance practices which animate theground surface through devices such as sitegauges and differential settlement plantingpatches. (see education, Greg Lock,diferential settlement)

MitigationThe method by which actions are taken toavoid, reduce, or compensate for the effectsof environmental damage. At re-park, theactions taken are those that restore,enhance, create, or replace damaged orcompromised wetlands.

Native NurseryRePark will enter into contract growing withthe Department of Parks and RecreationGreenbelt Native Plant Center to cultivatemuch of the plant material to be used in therestoration of the wetland areas.

Olmsted, Frederick LawOlmsted’s small intervention in the tidalmarshland of the northeast quadrant of thesite was in part the inspiration behind thenotion of the transects we have developed.Although more associated with maintenancepractices than with program or circulation,

the system of parallel lines which markedhis dredging of the marsh around 1930 bothgive measure to the landscape and at thesame time ease the flow of water in themarsh, preventing the water from becomingstagnant and posing what was at the timea possible threat of malaria.

ParkingParking at RePark may be found duringPhase One throughout the North and SouthWoodland Ecology and intermittentlyalong/in the Commercial Berm. In Phase2, the park’s main parking lot will belocated in the Roadside Ecology, shaded bythe field of Photo Voltaic Panels whichconstitute the Solar Farm.

Phasing:The process of designated occasions in theclosing of FreshKills as a landfill. Thesemilestones, which dictate the succession ofsteps upon which the end use is to bedeveloped, are based essentially on thedynamic process of decomposition of thelandfill mounds themselves:

Phase 1: Final Closure (6-8 years)During this period, Re-Park would effectivelyoperate as 3 separate local parks, each ofwhose programming would be directedtoward serving the communities withinimmediate proximity to them. Parking andrestrooms would be provided in all 3 parklocations. A special set of transects will beinstalled during this phase: those whichmonitor and explain the changes takingplace on the mounds and in the tidalwetlands. As requested by the community,certain of the chief existing landfill accessroads will, during this phase be selectivelyopened up to public use, pending theapproval of variances to make certainrestricted access areas available for thispurpose. These would include the crossingof Section 6/7 and the frontage roadrunning between Section 3/4 and the WestShore Expressway (440). . The creation ofdedicated entry/exit to and from the 440and the park will be facilitated by theintroduction of a new frontage roadbetween the 440 and Section 2/8, whichwill tie into the existing access road thatruns across Richmond Creek and joinsYukon heading east, making it possible toreach Richmond from either the north orsouthbound 440 without having to useeither of the 2 local arteries that edge thesite. ). Finally, though it will not yetconnect to its existing counterpart to thenorth or to the 440 until the next phase,Muldoon Ave. will during Phase 1 beextended southward to provide access toSouth re-park from Arthur Kill Road. Duringthis first phase, improvements would alsobe make to the existing road, whichincludes the renovation of the bridges

Phase 2: Post-Closure (after 8 years)During this phase, certain new ecologies(Walking Waterfront, Roadside, World TradeCenter Memorial Forest) and portions ofothers which were initiated in Phase 1(Landfill Mounds 6/7 and 1/9, the TidalWetland and the Tree Bridge connecting the2 portions of the Woodland ecology) wouldbe installed. It is the expansion of thetransects during this phase, however, whichties the actual experience of the larger sitetogether. (The Museum of Sanitation is alsocommissioned at this time, as the keystoneof both the Landfill Operations Transect andthe later Interpretive Site Transect).Vehicular circulation through and within thesite all but completes itself during thisperiod, with the lone exception of theMuldoon Ave., which must remain operativein 2 separate segments, north and south ofthe DSNY Garage and LFG Recovery Plant,until the area around the latter is opened topublic access in Phase 3 (see below).Access to the new main parking area, in theRoadside ecology, is provided by means ofan exit off the southbound 440 which loopsback around to the north and merges withMuldoon just north of the LFG Plant.

Phase 3: After Post-Closure(after 30-40 years)

The north and south sections of Muldoonare finally connected with the completion ofan underpass beneath the 440. The

“decommissioned” f lare stations areconverted for reuse as coffee kiosks andrestrooms (re-charge and re-fresh) under aDept. of Parks and Rec.-licensed franchisee. An intermodal marina is established at thesouthern tip of 1/9, reusing thedecommissioned Leachate Filtration Plantand parking lot as a Harbormaster’s Facilityfor visiting boats from the New York harborarea.

PhytoremediationCertain types of toxics-eating plants maybe planted on a contaminated site as anaesthetically-pleasing, solar-energy driven,passive method of remediating, or cleaningup sites with shallow, low to moderatelevels of contamination. Phytoremediationresearch and demonstration gardentransects at re-park will help to make thisimportant environmental science techniquemore common public knowledge.

Picnic AreaPicnic areas are scattered throughout thepark in tandem with communityplaygrounds, but are also organized into aspectacular extended “5k" picnic table, anexaggerated version of the common picnictable extruded to seat hundreds of people,constituting a transect of its own.

Playgroundsre-park's playgrounds are located at its

edges, where it meets the adjacentcommunities that it will most likely service,namely in the north and south portions ofthe Woodland Ecology and at severalintervals of the Commercial Berm.

Pontoon BridgesSeveral floating wood bridges, stored in theWalking Wetland, will serve as points ofconnection for transects which cannot beserved adequately by the 2 existing bridgesover Main and Richmond Creeks. Theseswing open to also to act as gates tocontrol boating access to adjacentwaterways.

RestorationTo return an ecosystem from a disturbed ortotally altered condition to a previouslyexisting natural condition by some action ofman.

Re-prefix 1:a: for a second time: 2)anew; in anew or different form.

re-bus

a free intra-park amphibious shuttle-buswhich runs on biogas generated from theprocessing of biomass from the harvestingof the mound plant material (see biomass).

recess restaurantMeaning a secret or secluded place, or aplace where business is suspended in orderto rest and relax, at rePark recess is thename of the restaurant adjacent to re-treat(see listing above). Its slatted window wallscreating a "bird blinded" view onto thevibrant surrounding wetlands creating adining environment like no other. Thefacility would provide amenities forcorporate functions and gala celebrations.A terrace on the landward provides foralfresco dining and cocktails in the warmmonths.

Recycled Materials

re-park is committed to the reuse of anyexisting material and facilities on-site thatare not intended to be demolished, relocatedor sold for salvage by NYDOS. Theseinclude the hundreds of electrical power

poles which currently dot the site and arereusable as vertical supports for the extremegolf course are in the construction of cribwalls for the flower and garden show; aswell as the wood docks that currently linethe Walking Wetland along the Arthur Killthat currently receive the landfill barges.The maintenance operation of the site willbe a second source of materials for thetransects, including haybales frommeadowgrass harvested from the mounds.Similarly, the roof water, wastewater andwaste products from all facilities would berecycled in the form of adjacentdemonstration gardens (see wastewater).The use of recycled materials from off-sitewill also be a source of constructionmaterial in the making of the transects,such as recycled newspaper retaining, tiresand plastic lumber, to name a few.

RePark:

The slogan of RePark, which makesreferences to the varied goals of the park.

To recycle is to adapt a thing to a new useor to return to an original condition so thatcondition can begin again (while alsoreferring to cycling as sport). To recollectrefers to remembrance, namely of both theWorld Trade Center victims memorialized inthe special WTC Forest atop mound1/9, butalso to the site's previous incarnations aswell as artifacts buried in its mounds.Recollect also incorporates the connotationof "collecting again", as is done time aftertime in scientific investigation. The wordrecreate derives from the latin word recreare,to create anew. Recreation leads to therestoration of health through leisure activity,thereby referring to both a new life for thelandfill and to the activities it will sponsorfor its visitors.

ReStore

See product development.

re-treatre-park’s 250-room Lodge, Conference andExhibition Center, which provides retreat

services and educational programs forgroups and individuals in a relaxed setting. Comfortable day use, conference areas andovernight accommodations are available ina "green" building employing the latestsustainable materials and technologies(active and passive), such as newspaperretaining walls, recycled tires, recycledyogurt container sheeting and wastewaterpond/gardens. Also contains world-classresearch and library facilities. re-treatyourself!

Retention BasinsThe small ponds which lie at the base ofthe landfill mounds to collect, clean andreturn stormwater to the surroundingwetlands.

Revenue GenerationrePark is, by design, able to leverage itsnatural resources and unique situationincrementally to financially capitalize itsown development. The strategy ofemploying the power of a naturally evolvingecological succession will be extrapolatedinto the economic development strategy.The total projected income for the project isbased on the anticipation that over theduration of the project, only 50% of thepotential for income will be available tofinance investment in overall park,community, and infrastructure development.

Three broad income producing programs areanticipated to be developed as sitesbecomes available: Energy Generation,Recreation Uses, and compatible commercialUses. These uses will require minimalcapital investment for infrastructure beyondthat which can be incrementally justified onan individual return on investment basis.Theberm at the eastern edge of the site andthe existing roadways provide relativelyeasily developable locations for earlyutilization that require little investment ininfrastructure.A combination of energygeneration, commercial uses and somecommercial recreational uses can bedeveloped with out additional overallinfrastructure investment. Income producedby these early uses will be used to financecapitalization for later phase infrastructureand park improvements, such as bridgeexpansions, ecology establishments,transpor tat ion improvements, etc.

Total Projected (IBITA) Income-(assumed to be 50% of total potential)

$13,658,288

Subtotal of Potential revenue to project$27,316,575

Each use assumes its own capitalinvestment requirements within itsown income, with the exception ofCommunity.

Total Energy Generation Related Income$7,500,000

Wind Energy Farm$6,000,000

Bio-Mass Farm

$700,000

Solar Energy Farm $800,000

Total Commercial Related Uses$12,657,200

Community UsesNon-Commercial $0

Community CommercialSports $200,000

Major Attractions $1,000,000

Water Park $1,200,000

Camping $657,000

Entertainment $2,400,000

Cultural $2,400,000

Parking $5,000,000

Total Commercial Development Uses$7,159,375

Exhibition Center $2,000,000

Conference Center $500,000

ReTreat Center(250 room hotel) $1,779,375

Retail $2,880,000

Available for Park andInfrastructure Capitalrepayment per year $13,658,288

Total Supportable Infrastructure and ParkCapital Investment

$455,276,250

Sanitation MuseumA museum dedicated to the study ofsanitation, landfills and garbology. Thismuseum is entirely built from recycledbuilding material. It is located in thewalking waterfront. There are permanentdisplays regarding the history of the landfilland of New York City's sanitation history.There are also exhibits to help reinforceimportant information about solid householdwaste and question how we can changeour lifestyles to improve our environment.Children love the walls made of compressedcans, the benches made of used tires andgarbage sculpture. There are interactiveexamples of recycling. Museum admission isfree to the public.

SchedulingThe timetable for implementing the parkdesign phases with the landfill closurephases.

SkateparkThis park is really tight yo! Big verts are infull effect. The 'crete is slammin' and thecombo of it's killer lines, righteous spine andsweet hips to hit makes RePark tha bomb!

Sky Theatrean open air movie theatre and performancespace located on the hillside of landfillmound 3/4 which provides a breathtakingvista spanning from the wetlands to theskyline of lower Manhattan.

Subway Map

Inspiration for re-park's network of transects.

TrafficGiven the clear concerns voiced by the localneighborhoods with regard to the possibleincreased traffic demands in connectionwith the new park, community meetingswill be a primary means of ascertaining(together with transportation and planningagency officials) the relative level of comfortwith the way that we have proposedrouting traffic to and through the site (seephasing, and envisioning the introduction ofadditional modes of public transportation toease the private vehicular load.

Equestrian Trail

fencing, soil2

Extreme Golf

3

4

5

Pruning, Netting, Lighting,Mowing, Raking

6

7

Landfill FacilitiesTour, Garbage ProjectBorings8

Flea Market

9

10

photovoltaic shelters,painting

fencing, pruning, erecting,mowing

Exercise Circuit

Sports FieldsSoccer, Baseball, Etc.

Sports CourtsTennis, Handball, Etc.

painting, fencing, asphalt

seeding, mowing, chalking

erecting, mowing, pruning

Wet ZoneWater Slide, WadingPool, Swimming Pool,Skating Rink

Site GaugeTidal ChangeMound Settlement

Picnic Area

wood decking, dredging

Erecting

dredging, painting,fencing, solar panelsto heat pool

May -August:Second

Weekend OfEach Month,

Beginning 2007

May -August:2nd Weekend Of

Each Month,Beginning 2007

AnnuallySpring/Summer/

FallBeginning 2007

Year RoundBeginning 2007

Year RoundBeginning 2007

Year RoundBeginning 2009

AnnuallyJune 21-

September 21Beginning 2010

AnnuallyBeginning

January 1, 2010

Year RoundBeginning 2012

April 17, 2012-October 12, 2020

Connects commercial bermto Arthur Kill road to mainparking area (roadside) andretreat / conference/exhibition center

Loop connects commercialberm (Stables) To restaurantand on to camping/picnic area

Connects ferry landing toroadside (tailgating) and tocommercial berm, alsoconnects restaurant to viewof mound

Connects roadside (mainparking lot) to retreat

Passes through southwoodland park from southshore golf course to richmondcounty country club

Artist 2Greg Locke

Artist 3 & 4Matt BakkomMartine Kaczynski

Subway Cars,Tracks, Blocks

Sowing, Netting/ FencingDredging, Furrowing

ATV/ MotocrossCourse

Mounding, Patching

Corn Maze

11

12

13

14

20

Campground

Planting, Pruning,Wood Decking, Gravel

See Vignette April 1, 2014-October 7, 2020

AnnuallyMay 21-October

21Beginning 2015

May 3, 2018-May 3 2038

August 1-September 31,

2024

March 23, 2009-November 1, 2030

August 27/282031

May 3-November 1,

2035

Spring/Summer/Fall

2039-2044

June 21, 2048-September 21,

2054

August 1-September 31,

2024

Connects main parking lot(roadside) to ferry landing(across 1/9)

Connects mound 6/7 tomain creek

Connects Schmul Park totree ecology

See Vignette

Transect

Schedule of Upcoming EventsPeriod Of Use ConnectionMaterials &

Maintenance

21

22

23

Sky TheaterPart Of Exercise Circuit

24

25

26

Wood Decking, Hay Bales,Retaining/Furrowing,Mowing

Garden Show

Bocce Ball,Lawn Bowling

Decomposed Granite,Wood Sideboards

Planting, Erecting,Painting

X-games Championships

Wood Decking, Hay Bales,Fencing, Furrowing

ExperimentalPlant Research

Sowing, Netting/ Fencing,Dredging, Furrowing

Wind FarmBanner Allee

Erecting, Hanging

September 12-20,2076

September 12-20,2076

AnnuallyFirst Weekend

In July

AnnuallyFirst Weekend

In July

Year Round

Ongoing(Dates Vary)

Connects Schmul Park withpark. Connects ferry landingwith “retreat”/ conference /exhibition center / inn and thenon to South Woodland Park

(Local)

Connects sanitation museum,garbage project, sampleborings (14), (mounds 1/9, 2/8, 3/4, 6/7), to main parking lot(roadside)

Connects freshwater wetlandto section 6/7 and on to tidalwetland

Loop connecting commercialberm to South Woodland Parkto retreat, conference/exhibition center to north park

Connects Schmul Park tocommercial berm (via MainCreek, section 6/7)

(Local)

South

Connects treatment facilitiesto monitoring stations

Connects roadside ecologyto landfill mounds

Connects roadside ecologyto mound topography

View of New York City skyline

Commercial berm tobotanical research facilities

(Local)

Connects botanical researchfacilities to tidal wetland. Alsolocal within freshwater/ tidalwetland

1

Playgrounds

Artist 1Almond Zigmund

Mounding

Sowing, Pruning, Mowing

Sculpture Garden

Mowing, Hay Bales,Resurfacing

Garbage Rodeo

Red Clay, Chalklining,Construction Cones,Netting

Interpretive WalkCenter For LandUse Interpretation

15

Tunneling, MetalShelters, Signage

16

17

18

19

See Vignette

See Vignette

See Illustration

Transect

The second of the two major site organizingdevices (the ecologies being the other), thetransects are conceived of as mostlytemporary but also some longer term sitesof events and programs created through theemployment of installation practices notunlike those that might be used in thecreation of an environment for a travelingexhibition at a museum or art gallery. inmuch the same way as fashion shiftsquickly in our culture, the transect systemleaves the park open to accomodate culturalchange. The transects, of which there wouldbe many at any given time in the life of thepark, employ practices that follow theuniquely American agrarian tradition oftending and working the land towardproductive use rather than, as in most parks,being directed toward the maintenance of asingle, static appearance. Each transectwould be conceived to pay for itself; as witha visiting museum exhibition, funds wouldeither be raised in advance of theinstallation through the contribution ofcorporate sponsors or private benefactors(the job of re-park’s curator of programs anddevelopment); earn the equivalent in gaterevenues; or a combination of both. In-kinddonations of recycled materials bycompanies seeking to market themselves areonly one of a number of other sources ofcreative funding that could be imagined.

Vent Pipes

It is proposed that the methane vents thatgrid themselves across each landfill moundbe fitted with polished stainless steel discs

that will reflect the light and color of thesky. The glimmering field discs will callattention to the roll that the vents play as adevice which orders and regulates the pathsand geometries of the transects.

Wastewater/Greywater Ponds andGardens

Through a combination of settlement,filtration through gravel beds, aeration, andfiltration through reed beds, waste watercan be cleansed sufficiently to use asirrigation water or be returned to thenaturally occurring waterbodies.  With theaddition of moderate bacterial and/orchemical treatment, the water can berendered pure enough to drink.  re-park will,by necessity recycle all of the water usedby any new program to rechargegroundwater, irrigate new plantings, andpotentially supply drinking water. Thiswould incorporate the use of pools/pondsto allow solids to settle out of the water.More noxious materials (human wastes, e.g.)are filtered through below-grade gravel beds.Flow forms, cascades, other devices willalso be used to cause the turbulencenecessary to reoxygenate the water. Forinstance, certain of the ponds whichcomprise the Freshwater Wetlands wouldinvolve the filtration of gray and brownwater from the new buildings inserted intothe berm alongside it. This filtration couldalso be accomplished through the use ofreed beds, since  constructed wetlandscapitalize on certain species' ability tometabolize contaminants, removing heavymetals and other pollutants from the water.

(see phytoremediation)

WaterParkThe superscaled WaterPark will providevisitors with opportunities to splash in mist-sprayed, shallow water play elements,plunge down water slides (down the slopeof 1/9), tan on small beach areas or playwater polo and sand volleyball. It will alsoprovide a place for swim lessons and waterexercise, and the photovoltaic panels thatsurround it serve as giant umbrellas. In thewinter season, the water slide would doubleas a toboggan slide, the wading pool for askating rink.

WetlandAn area that is regularly saturated bysurface or groundwater and subsequently ischaracterized by the prevalence ofvegetation that is adapted for life insaturated soil conditions.

World Trade Center MemorialForest

A stand of approximately 4,000 trees (thefinal number to match the actual number ofvictims) fills the exact outline on Mound 1/9where the debris from the World TradeCenter tragedy of September 11 lies buriedjust below. On this highest of the moundsat re-park, with a distant prospect of thealtered skyline of lower Manhattan, peoplewill come to remember their loved ones orsimply to come to terms with theoccurrence itself. The family of each victimwould be offered a place in the Forest,along with the choice to plant 1 of 4 typesof trees, each of which produces distinctivecones, acorns, flowers, or beautiful leaveswhich each family take home as a mementoof their visit.

White Pines, Tulip trees, Gingkoes (male)and Pin Oaks are all handsome, eleganttrees. While the chosen location for theforest possesses symbolic significance, italso presents environmental challenges forgrowing a traditional forest. 3 to 6 feet ofsupplemental soil depth will enhance thetrees’ rooting capabilities. Winds and SaltSpray blowing in off the Arthur Kill willlend a sculpted "espalier" form to the trees.This quality will infuse the forest with acontemplative solemnity.

Pinus strobus,known commonly as White Pine isevergreen with five bluish-green needles perbundle. Their narrow 6" green cones matureto brown with silvery tips and curve slightlyas they open. These Pine Cones are one ofthe best cones for decorative arrangements.

Liriodendron tulipifera,called Tuliptree, Tulip Poplar, or, YellowPoplar, is deciduous and fast growing. Thelarge, scented, tulip-like flower has greenish-yellow petals, green sepals and a brightorange and yellow corolla encircling a spireof immature aggregate fruits. Tulip Poplaris one of the best trees for yellow to golden-yellow fall color.

Ginkgo biloba(male), called Ginkgo, or, Maindenhair TreePossibly the oldest living seed plant inexistence, Ginkgo is a living fossil datingfrom before the Jurassic era that links thelower and higher plants, ferns and conifers.This ancient tree has long and shortbranches growing at right angles creating adistinctive pattern. Its beautiful, bilobed fan-like light-green leaves catch the breezes inspring and summer then turn a vivid golden-yellow in the fall.

Quercus palustrus,or Pin Oak, is a moderately fast growingtree. The lower branches have a markedlydownward swooping habit, its glossy darkgreen leaves turn yellow, then russet or redin the fall. Pin Oak's acorns are 1/2 inchlong, round, with a thin and saucer-like cap,covered with flat, reddish brown scales.