The GOLGI Apparatus (body) consists of about a dozen large flattened sacs. It acts a bit like

a shipping and receiving warehouse. Vesicles from the Smooth and Rough E.R. come in on one side to drop off their contents. The proteins that are

dropped off are then slightly modified, sorted, and then re-

packaged and shipped to where they need to go. They are

either sent to various parts of the cell or they are packaged into secretory vesicles which then empty their contents out

of the cell.

The Endoplasmic Reticulum along with the Golgi and the Cell Membrane work together to form the main transport system through the

cell.

One larger special type of vesicle formed off of the Golgi, is a LYSOSOME.

Lysosomes contain Hydrolytic Enzymes that

break things down.“Lyse” = Break/Dissolve

“Some” = Body/Structure

They act to break down incoming macromolecules

into their respective

monomers, as well as to break down foreign things like germs. They are also used by the

cell to break down old cellular

components that need to be recycled.

Cells wrap up stuff in small membrane-bound vesicles

These vesicles can be made

off of ER, Golgi or the

cell membrane

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvfvRgk0MfA

Chloroplasts – Don’t need to know their structure, just need to identify them and know that they are found in plants and that they perform

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

To produce ATP – (energy molecule for the cell) all cells

will have Mitochondria to run a special type of reaction called “Cellular Respiration”. The hardest working cells in the body, like muscle, kidney,

pancreatic, and sperm cells, will be loaded with mitochondria.

Each mitochondrion, will have a double membrane. The inner

membrane folds up and down to create more surface area to hold

more enzymes. These extra enzymes are required to run all

the reactions of “Cellular Respiration”

Cellular Respiration

Throughout the cytoplasm region of the cell, there is a vast network of

microscopic filaments and

tubules that give support and

structure to the cell. This

Cytoskeleton also creates an

infrastructure that organelles can fasten onto

and move up and down.

The Cytoskeleton can help with:A)StructureB)AnchoringC)Movement

Two common types of Microfilaments include : Actin (thin) muscle filament

Microtubules are much larger and have a column-like structure and are used to build bigger structural

components of the cell’s cytoskeleton

Microfilaments found

throughout the cytoplasm

region of a cell. Like an invisible set of scaffolding

Create track-like pathways that organelles can be pulled

along.

Some of the larger cytoskeletal structures in the cell form from special arrangements of microtubules. One of these larger structures is called a

CENTRIOLE. Centrioles consist of 27 microtubules arranged in 9 triplets. This formation is known as a “9 +0” arrangement.

A couple other larger cytoskeletal structures include: Basal Bodies, Cilia and Flagella.

Basal Bodies – Used for anchoring cilia and flagella into cytoskeleton. They also

possess the “9+0” arrangement.

Flagellum – Forms long whip-like tail on sperm cell to create locomotion. They consist of 20 microtubules; 9 doublets with 2 central microtubules. This is known as a “9 + 2” Arrangement.

Cilia – Are shorter whip-like oars that stick out of a cell. They whip back and forth to push stuff like mucous over the

surface of the cell. They possess the same “9 + 2” Arrangement as the

Flagellum.

Fig. 3.12

Tap. 65

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