cell structures and functions guided notes – part 2
TRANSCRIPT
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Cell Structures and FunctionsGuided Notes – Part 2
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What you should already know…• A prokaryotic cell is a cell
that does not have a nucleus, such as bacteria and archaea.
• Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
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What you should already know…• A eukaryotic cell is a cell
that contains a nucleus, such as plant and animal cells.
• Eukaryotes are organisms made of eukaryotic cells.
• Eukaryotes can be single-celled, but many are multicellular.
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Bacteria
• The most common prokaryotes, and the smallest cells known.
• Bacteria have – ribosomes– web-like cell wall– cell membrane– long, circular DNA– flagellum (for movement)
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Eukaryotic Cells
• Plant cells and animal cells are two types of eukaryotic cells.
• They have many cell parts in common, but also have cell parts that are different.
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Eukaryotic Cells
• A eukaryotic cell has many parts that perform functions to help the cell stay alive.
-cell membrane -cell wall-cytoskeleton -nucleus-ribosomes -mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum -chloroplasts-Golgi complex-cell compartments (vesicles,
lysosomes, vacuoles)
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Cell Membrane
• All cells have a cell membrane, a protective barrier that encloses a cell.
• It separates the cell’s contents from the cell’s environment.
• The cell’s membrane contains proteins, lipids, and two layers of phospholipids.
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Cell Wall
• A rigid structure that gives support to a cell.
• Plants and algae have cell walls made of cellulose.
• Fungi, including yeasts and mushrooms, also have cell walls made of chitin.
• Prokaryotic cells have cell walls, but they are different from plants and fungi.
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Cytoskeleton
• A web of proteins in the cytoplasm, that acts as both a muscle and skeleton.
• It keeps the cell’s membranes from collapsing.
• Made of protein, and helps some cells move
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Nucleus• A large organelle in eukaryotic
cells that contains the cell’s DNA, or genetic material.
• DNA contains the information on how to make proteins, which control the chemical reactions and provide structural support for cells and tissues.
• The nucleus is covered by two membranes.
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Ribosomes
• Organelles that make proteins.
• The most abundant and the smallest of all organelles.
• All cells need proteins to live.
• Proteins are made of amino acids.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum• A system of folded membranes in
which proteins, lipids, and other materials are made.
• The ER is part of the internal delivery system of the cell where substances move through the ER to different places in the cell.
• ER is either smooth or rough.
• Rough ER is covered by ribosomes, which make proteins.
• Smooth ER makes lipids and breaks down toxic materials that could damage the cell.
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Mitochondria
• Organelles in which sugar is broken down to produce energy.
• Energy released by mitochondria is stored in a substance called ATP, which the cell then uses to do work.
• Mitochondria are covered by two membranes.
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Chloroplasts
• Organelles in plant and algae cells in which photosynthesis takes place, the process by which plants and algae make their own food.
• Chloroplasts are green because they contain chlorophyll.
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Golgi Complex• The organelle that packages and
sends out proteins.
• Looks like the smooth ER.
• Lipids and proteins from the ER are delivered to the Golgi complex, where they may be modified to do different jobs.
• The final products are enclosed in a piece of the Golgi complex’s membrane, that pinches off and then transports to other parts of the cell or out of the cell.
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Cell Compartments - Vesicles• Vesicles are small sacs
that surround materials to be moved into, within, or out of the cell.
• All eukaryotic cells have vesicles.
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Cell Compartments - Lysosomes• Lysosomes are vesicles
that are responsible for digestion inside a cell.
• They contain digestive enzymes that destroy worn-out or damaged organelles, get rid of waste materials, and protect the cell from foreign invaders.
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Cell Compartments - Vacuoles• In plant and fungal cells,
some vacuoles act like lysosomes.
• The large central vacuole in plant cells stores water and other liquids.
• Animal cells have small vacuoles that aid in digestion and the release of waste products.
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Organization of Living Things
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Tissues
• A tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a specific job.
• Example – cardiac muscle tissue
• Animals have four basic types of tissues:– nerve tissue– muscle tissue– connective tissue– protective tissue
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Organs
• A structure that is made of two or more tissues working together to perform a specific function.
• Examples – heart, stomach, intestines, brain.
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Organ Systems
• A group of organs working together to perform a particular function.
• Each organ system has a specific job to do in the body.
• Example – digestive system• Plants also have organ
systems – leaf systems, root systems, and stem systems.
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Organisms
• Anything that can perform life processes by itself.
• They can be either unicellular or multicellular.
• Organ systems work together to form organisms.
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Review
• Choose 4 cell structures and describe the function for each.
• Describe 3 ways in which plant cells differ from animal cells.
• Explain why every cell needs ribosomes.
• Identify the levels of organization in living things.