cell structures
TRANSCRIPT
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Swazi Nontobeko Mhlongo
Grade 10
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Cell unit structure of life
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What is Biology?
Biology is the study of all living things
Living things are called organisms
Organisms include bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, & animals
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All Living Things Share Common Characteristics
1. Basic Unit is the Cell
2. They Reproduce
3. All Based On Universal Genetic Code (DNA)
4. Grow & Develop
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Characteristics of Organisms
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All Organisms are made of Cells
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Facts About Cells
Cells are the smallest living unit of an organism
All cells contain living material called cytoplasm
All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane that controls what enters & leaves the cell
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More Cell Facts More complex cells are called
Eukaryotes
These cells DO have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Plants, animals, protists, & fungi are examples
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Number of Cells
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Organisms may be:• Unicellular – composed of one cell• Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize
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Types of CellsTypes of Cells
Prokaryotes - Bacteria
Eukaryotes – Animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
10Eukaryotic CellProkaryotic Cell
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Prokaryotes
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Nucleoid region contains the DNA
•Cell membrane & cell wall
• Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteins in their cytoplasm
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Two Types of Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Involves 2 parents
Egg fertilized by sperm to make a ZYGOTE
Offspring DIFFERENT from parents
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Cells Have a Genetic Code
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Genetic Code
DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) carries the genetic code for all organisms
All organisms contain DNADNA codes for the proteins
that make up cells & do all the work
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Cells Require Food & Energy
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Food RequirementsAutotrophs can make
their own foodPhotoautotrophs use
sunlight to make food (photosynthesis)
Chemoautotrophs use chemicals such as iron & sulfur as their energy
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Food RequirementsHeterotrophs can NOT
make their own foodThey must consume other
organismsHerbivores eat plantsCarnivores eat meatOmnivores eat plants &
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Basic Structure of a Cell
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Eukaryotic Cell
Contain 3 basic cell structures:
NucleusCell MembraneCytoplasm with
organelles
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Golgi Bodies Stacks of Stacks of flattened flattened
sacssacs Have a shipping Have a shipping
side & a receiving side & a receiving sideside
Receive & Receive & modify modify proteinsproteins made by ERmade by ER
Transport vesiclesTransport vesicles with modified with modified proteins pinch off proteins pinch off the endsthe ends 20
Transport vesicle
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Lysosome Contain digestive Contain digestive
enzymesenzymes Break down food Break down food
and worn out cell and worn out cell parts for cells parts for cells
Programmed for Programmed for cell death (lyse & cell death (lyse & release enzymes to release enzymes to break down & break down & recycle cell parts)recycle cell parts)
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Nucleolus Cell may have Cell may have 1 1
to 3to 3 nucleolinucleoli Inside nucleusInside nucleus Disappears when Disappears when
cell dividescell divides Makes ribosomes Makes ribosomes
that make that make proteinsproteins
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Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & makes proteins USED In the cell
Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORt
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In Animal Cells:In Animal Cells:
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Active cells like muscles have more mitochondriaBurn sugars to produce energy ATP
Mitochondria
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Cell or Plasma MembraneCell or Plasma Membrane
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Living layerControls the movement of materials into and out of the cell
Selectively permeable
Cell membrane
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Cell WallCell Wall
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Nonliving layerGives structure and shape to plant and bacterial cells
Cell wall
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Cytoplasm of a Cell Cytoplasm of a Cell
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Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place
Cytoplasm
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Control Organelle
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Controls the normal activities of the cell
Contain the DNABounded by a nuclear membrane
Contains chromosomes
Nucleus
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Plant CellPlant Cell
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Dead layerLarge empty spaces present between cellulose fibers
Freely permeable
Cell wall
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Plant CellPlant Cell
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Protect and support the enclosed substances (protoplasm)
Resist entry of excess water into the cell
Give shape to the cell
Cell wall
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Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles
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Have a large central vacuole
Surrounded by tonoplast
Contains cell sapSugars, proteins,
minerals, wastes, & pigments
Vacuole
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Animal cellAnimal cell
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mitochondrion
nucleus
glycogen granule
cell membrane
cytoplasm
No cell wall or chloroplastStores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy
vacuole
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Animal Cell Organelles
Near the nucleus
Paired structures
Help cell divide
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There are different kinds of There are different kinds of plant cellsplant cells
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Onion Epidermal Cells
Root Hair Cell
root hair
Guard Cells
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Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells)TISSUES (muscle, epithelium)ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach)
SYSTEMS (circulatory system)ORGANISM (human)
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There are different kinds of There are different kinds of “animal” cells“animal” cells
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white blood cell
red blood cell
cheek cellssperm
nerve cell
muscle cell
Amoeba
Paramecium
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TissueTissue
A group of similar cells to perform a particular function
Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular tissue, nervous tissue, and connective tissue
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Similarities between plant cells Similarities between plant cells and animal cellsand animal cells
Both have a cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and DNA
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Both share many organelles,
including mitochondria
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More Differences between Plant More Differences between Plant Cells and Animal CellsCells and Animal Cells
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Animal cells Plant cells
Vacuoles small or absent
Glycogen as food storage
Nucleus at the center
Large central vacuole
Starch as food storage
Nucleus near cell wall
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The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ)
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Stoma
Air Space
Spongy Mesophyll Cell
Chloroplast
Palisade Mesophyll Cell
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The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ)
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OrganOrgan
Different tissues group together to carry out specialized functionsHeart : consists of muscles,
nervous tissue and blood vessels
Leaf : consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue
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References
This presentation is a mashup of 3 different sources. They are:
Nardella .M.(2010) Cell structure
http://www.slideshare.net/mnardell103/cell-structure-5702506
Accessed 05 March 2014
Mcnewbold. S. (2012) Cell structure
http://www.slideshare.net/mcnewbold/cell-structure-11143207
Accessed 05 March 2014
Tas11244 .v. (2011) Characteristics of lifeii
http://www.slideshare.net/tas11244/characteristics-of-life-ii
Accessed 05 March 2014
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