MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CE 300 SUMMER PRACTİCE REPORT

Name, Surname : Çoruh Durmuş

Student ID : 1736479

Section No : 2

Surveying Group No : 8

Surveying Group Members:

Gökben Demir 1736370 Kemal Doğan 1736446 Meril Çiğdem Durmuş 1736461 Mehmet Mete Erdem 1622067 Yusuf Duman 1669548

Date of Complitation of Report : 17.09.2012

Date of Summer Practice : 11.06.2012 – 06.07.2012

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TABLE OF CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………….....4

2. MAIN PARTS………………………………………………………...5

2.1 Technical Trips…………………………………………………...5

1.1.1. Kurtboğazı Dam and Ivedik Water treatment Plant……………..5

1.1.2. KAM Concrete…………………………………………….6

1.1.3. ATAK Engineering – Steel Structure…………………………7

1.1.4. ÇİMSA Concrete Highway Construction……………………...8

1.1.5. ESER Green Building………………………………………9

1.1.6. Landslides………………………………………………..10

1.1.7. Excavations………………………………………………11

2.2 Computer Applications in Civil Engineering – MATLAB...........12

1.1.1. MATLAB Session 1……………………………………....12

1.1.2. MATLAB Session 2……………………………………....12

1.1.3. MATLAB Session 3……………………………………....13

2.3 Selected Research Topics in Civil Engineering………………...14

1.1.1. Computational Fluid Dynamics…………………………….14

1.1.2. Building Information Modeling…………………………….15

1.1.3. Green Building Materials………………………………….16

1.1.4. Modeling Traffic…………………………………………17

1.1.5. Computational Modeling of Materials………………………17

1.1.6. Earthquake Reconnaissance………………………………..18

2.4 Surveying………………………………………………………18

1.1.1. Angle and Distance Measurements…………………………18

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1.1.2. Leveling………………………………………………...20

1.1.3. Curve and Building Layout…………………………….….21

1.1.4. Traversing………………………………………………21

2.5 Oral Presentation Techniques………………………………….22

2.6 Presentations……………………………………………….…..22

3. COCLUSION…………………………………………………….…23

4. REFERANCES……………………………………………………..25

5. TABLE OF FIGURES……………………………………………...26

1. INTRODUCTİON

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CE 300 is the name of the summer practice that a second year civil engineering

student must attend. In this summer practice one have an idea of the fields where civil

engineers work, areas that have been researching, computer programs which are been

using and using total station for surveying applications.

First of all, it contains seven field trips;

1. A dam and a water treatment plant – Kurtboğazı Dam and Ivedik

Water Treatment Plant,

2. Precast Concrete Manufacturer – KAM Concrete,

3. Steel Structure Manufacturer – ATAK Engineering,

4. Concrete Highway Construction– ÇİMSA ,

5. Green Building – ESER,

6. Landslides – Akyurt,

7. Two excavation fields – Ford TUR Oto, Bayraktar Plaza and

Shopping Centre.

In those field trips we observe working conditions of our collegues and the areas they

have been working. Engineers informed us about process of working as a civil

engineer at those fields

Secondly, we were enlightened by our lecturers about some research topics

they have been studying. They present us,

1. Computational Fluid Dynamics

2. Building Information Modeling

3. Green Building Materials

4. Modeling Traffic

5. Computational Modeling of Materials

6. Earthquake Reconnaissance

Those are methods that have been using and developing in civil engineering.

Thirdly, we did surveying and learned using total station. Instructors informed

us about four application in surveying, then we went to do field practice.

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We also learned some basics in matlab and how to use it in computation. It

involves three interactive lessons in computer lab.

Finally, we informed a bit about oral presentation skills and do a presentation

in class. At last week we use those skills to present a topic that have been given us.

2. MAİN PARTS

1.1. Technical Trips

1.1.1. Kurtboğazı Dam and Ivedik Water treatment Plant

Kurtboğazı Dam had been constructed on Kurt Stream in four years between

1963-1967. It has been using as a supply for drinking water and irrigation. It is an

earth-filled dam with a volume of 834.000 m3. The fresh water gathering from

Kurtboğazı Dam is transported by channels to the Ivedik Water Treatment Plant.

Figure 1. Kurt Stream Figure 2. Kurtboğazı Dam

Ivedik Water Treatment Plant is the biggest water treatment plant in Turkey. It

has got two treatment plants and has a capacity of 1.128.000 m3. First plant started

working at 1984 and second one at 1992. It supply water for Ankara with the help of

three dams; Kurtboğazı, Kesikköprü, Çamlıdere.

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They informed us about how this treatment facilities works. Firstly, the water

gathered from those three dams are aeration then they chlorinate for decontamination.

After that, its pH is arranging by sulfuric acid. And after some chemical processes

water goes to filter tanks. Then it is ready to be distributed to Ankara.

Figure 3. Ivedik Water Treatment Plant

1.1.1. KAM Concrete

Second field trip is to the KAM Concrete Company which is a precast and

prefabricated concrete manifacturer is established at 1979. KAM is the shortening of

the Turkish words Quality, Research, Modernization.

At the beginning of the trip we informed about KAM and the precast concrete

manufacturing. Then we made a field trip to the construction site. An employee; who

is a physics engineer; explain all the machines and the process in site.

Figure 4. KAM Concrete

Precast concrete has lots of benefits. Firstly; because of close environment they

can produce concrete structures all of the year. Secondly, concrete has more strength

because they can control whole process. Finally they can strenghten concrete with

prestress. Although it is more expensive it is a good way to build a structure.

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1.1.2. ATAK Engineering – Steel Structures

ATAK Engineering established at 1988. They are working on design, project,

production, montage for steel structures.

In this trip we have been informed about steel structures that have been using

in civil engineering and they give information about how steel structures made.

Moreover they notice a machine that they have its patent.

We saw the whole process with an employee from there. Our guide explains us

cutting, drilling, cold forming etc.

Figure 5. ATAK Engineering

Figure 6. An engineer from ATAK Engineering

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1.1.3. ÇİMSA Concrete Highway Construction

This trip is quite long, we made a 3 hours bus trip to get ÇİMSA Cement

Production Plant. When we first arrive, two engineers informed us about the plant and

a little bit about concrete. They explain the process of cement production and give

information about concrete road.

After that, we had a trip to cement plants. We saw the mixture of concrete, and

the mixing machines of it. Concrete need aggregates, cement, water and some

chemicals. The portions of materials in this mixture must be computed delicately.

Figure 7-8. ÇİMSA Cement Plant

Later, we went to see the concrete road. Before going to site they warned us

about bees. They destruct a bee hive while constructing the road so there might have

been bees. However we could not see any. The road is not too long but enough to

observe process. They use concrete, steel and an industrial fabric to build it. A

machine pour concrete in a straight line in a divide, they use steel cage to protect the

distances between divides, after that they cover it with fabric. Lots of workers are

control and fix the failures in concrete.

Figure 9. Industrial Fabric Figure 10. Pouring Machine Figure 11. Steel Cage

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Finally, we saw the new technology for producing cement. It requires too much

heat to produce cement and ÇİMSA build a new technology for it. In this place it is

forbidden to take pictures.

1.1.4. ESER Green Building

ESER is a civil engineering company established in 1986. The purpose that

they has built a green building wanted to show the development in engineering.

ESER Green Building has a Platinum LEED Certificate which is the best

certificate for a green building. To get this certificate a building must satisfy some

conditions about efficiency of consuming energy, water, heat and building material.

In ESER Green Building, they use solar panels, wind generator for producing

electricity. They use stone wool for insulation the building and use a pipe system,

which is using the heat of the earth surface, to steady temperature. They use waterless

urinals and rain water to decrease water consumption. There are efficient air

ventilation systems.

On the other hand, some solar panels are just for decorative purposes and some

other things to. It involves a little show-off in it but it is good to see such a building in

Ankara.

Figure 12. ESER Green Building

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1.1.5. Landslides

We went to Akyurt to see the landslide at the old Çankırı – Ankara Highway. It

is called old because they cannot prevent the landslide on that region. The new one is

just going near old one. It has some landslide issues to but too much better than the old

one.

Landslide is a ground motion under influence of gravity. It can be slow or fast

but in both cases it is destructive. In Akyurt region one can observe the damage of it.

There are one person wide cracks on the road. Some parts of the road decline. They

make some walls, plant trees but they cannot prevent it. Moreover road is still sliding.

It does not stop. Old Ankara – Çankırı sliding slowly to the new highway.

Figure 13. Decline at the road Figure 14. Cracks on the road

Figure 15. Person-wide cracks Figure 16. New highway

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1.1.6. Excavations

Excavation is the process that move land from the construction site to build

there a foundation. Before visiting the excavation site our lecturer informed us about

excavation and types of excavation.

We went to two excavation sites, Ford TUR Oto and Bayraktar Plaza and

Shopping Centre. Both of them are running by Toker Company.

To move a land mass properly from a site an engineer must calculate the slope

of the banks or construct piles to prevent land slide. If there is nothing near

construction area an engineer can calculate slope and prevent landslide. However, if

there is a building near the site, piles must be constructed.

While constructing piles, engineers dig a deep hole into ground and fill it with

reinforced concrete. There are types of piles like fore pile, micro pile etc. Micro piles

are smaller than fore piles. They are both members to prevent landslide.

Figure 17. Fore piles Figure 18. Constructing piles

Figure 19. Excavation with slope Figure 20. Digging machine

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1.2. Computer Applications in Civil Engineering – MATLAB

In today’s world, engineers compute, draw and design with the help of

computers. The programs developing by computer engineers ease all engineering

works for all types of engineering profession as MATLAB, Autocad, Netcad, Google

Sketch-up, SAP 2000 etc. In summer practice we have learnt one of them name as

MATLAB. With MATLAB one can develop algorithm, analyze and visualize data,

make numeric computations and then publish them. In our MATLAB session we

were informed basically.

1.2.1. MATLAB Session 1

With our instructor Onur Pekcan we were getting started to MATLAB. First of

all, Mr. Pekcan enlightened us about the using interface of MATLAB which is divided

into four parts; working memory, working path, command history and command

window. After that, we have learnt how to create a column and row vector. And then

we have seen some operators and commands like; length command to return the

number of elements in a vector, “; “ operator for separating rows from each other,”:”

colon operator for extract entire row or column of the matrix etc.(MATLAB Session

1,2012). We also have seen matrix inverse and plot function of MATLAB.

After lesson part, we moved on with a practice to improve our skills at

MATLAB. Our mission was completing three tasks for CE300 ltd. First task was

solving an A.X=B matrix system by using MATLAB. Second task was changing the

signs of a given matrix. Final task was finding the critical unknown in the unknown

matrix.

1.2.2. MATLAB Session 2

We started session 2 with a useful icon on the MATLAB; help icon. It is a

guide for us to find something we need to use. After that we learn how to use M-files

that are the files that contain computer codes. M-files grouped in two parts: Script files

and function files.

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Script files do not take the input arguments and return the output arguments.

We use scripts to edit or use variables, that create remain in workspace. On the other

hand, function files may take input arguments and return output arguments. We use

function files to operate on variables within their own workspace that is separate from

the MATLAB base workspace (MATLAB Session 2, 2012).

After that, we learnt debugging, some relational operators like “==”, “~=” etc.,

and if-else-end statement to control command flow. And then we practiced what we

had learnt. We had again work for the same company and again had three tasks about

the same project. This time we were trying to find whether one of the column can

carry the load safely. Firstly, we wrote a function that calculates the allowable force on

the column. Secondly, we wrote a function to calculate factor of safety for a given

value. Finally, we wrote if-else-end statement to give us the right values for designing

this column.

1.2.3. MATLAB Session 3

In third session of MATLAB we started the lesson how to take inputs. Then we

move on by getting data from excel and csv files and then we informed about loops

and learnt how to use “for” loop.

After lesson part, we were given three tasks to handle. In task one, we tried to

find total load acting on the floor at the project that we had worked on. We used “for”

loop and given data set. In task two, we tried to find unsafe columns under

compressive forces. We use “for” loop and data set again and also use “fprintf”

command to display the unsafe one. In task three, we tried to find the total moment

acting on the structure with respect to x and y axes with the same methodology as we

do in the first two tasks.

After those tasks, we learnt surface plot and types of it, bar chart and scatter

plot. Then we made an exercise about making bar chart.

We finalize MATLAB sessions with learning different ways to save data we

have found in MATLAB.

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1.1. Selected Research Topics in Civil Engineering

Aim of this presentation series was to introduce us the fields that a civil

engineer can research and work in. Our lecturers gave brief information about their

fields.

1.1.1. Computational Fluid Dynamic

First topic of the presentation series was given by Asst. Prof. Dr. Mete Köken.

Fluid is a word covering all gasses and liquids and “Computational Fluid Dynamics

(CFD), is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to

solve and analyze problems involve fluid flows.”(Wikipedia, 2008).

At this branch of fluid mechanics researchers and engineers use computers to

handle the problems. They generate simulations to observe behavior of the fluid like

air around an airplane or water around a submarine.

Figure 21. Submarine Figure 22. Airplane

In civil engineering they use CFD for similar purposes. Engineers try to

calculate the wind force on a skyscraper or water force on a dam. Due to its ease of use

and it is more economic to apply; CFD is being used more and more and broadening

itself in more different fields.

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1.1.2. Building Information Modeling

Second topic of presentation series was Building Information Modeling (BIM)

which was given by Asst. Prof. Dr. Aslı Akçamete. “BIM is a process involving the

generation and management of digital representation of physical and functional

characteristics of a facility.” (Wikipedia, 2011). BIM offers an opportunity to

engineers for discussing, changing their projects without wasting time and money.

In the area of civil engineering, BIM is an indispensible application. It involves

all the phases of a construction project. An engineer can calculate expenditure,

necessary strengths of beams and other elements, and can also design the structures

geometry with it.

Figure 23-24. Factuality of BIM

With usage of BIM in civil engineering, projects are being more accurate and

fast. The application also is beneficial for researchers too. They can experiment their

theories and ideas just with a computer application, they do not need huge labs to

observe the effects, and defects of their research.

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1.1.3. Green Building Materials

Third topic is green building material. Dr. Sinan Turhan Erdoğan informed us.

Green building refers to sustainability of the used materials and efficient use of heat,

water and electricity. Mr. Erdoğan enlightened us about the selection of materials that

should be use in a green building.

To conserve the heat in the building, it must cover with isolation materials. The

materials that will be used in building must be sustainable and endemic materials.

Figure 25. Insulation Foam

Mr. Erdoğan showed us some microscopic pictures of materials like a Velcro

which is an example how nature influence engineers and scientist. How they create

new technology by observing the nature. The solutions that evolution has found are

being used to ease our life.

Figure 26-27. Microscopic pictures of Velcro

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1.1.4. Modeling Traffic

Fourth topic is modeling traffic was given by Asst. Prof. Dr. Hediye Tüydeş

Yaman. Modeling traffic is a method by using some algorithms and mathematical

applications for understanding the behavior of traffic. Computer is the main device to

help interpreting about the traffic at junctions, highways, roads, etc.

There are some methodologies for modeling traffic as macroscopic,

microscopic models. Those are help engineers and researchers to provide solutions for

traffic congestion.

1.1.5. Computational Modeling of Materials

Fifth topic is computational modeling of materials by Asst. Prof. Dr. Serdar

Göktepe. “Computational materials science is an approach to predicting the behavior

of materials using computational methods to solve realistic models of relevant

mechanisms and processes.”(UNT). Material engineers and researchers are using this

technology for answering their unknowns about the material they are working on.

Mr. Göktepe informed us about some projects modeling was applied for

example rubbers. They construct a rubber beam that can carry all structures load and

can resist and absorb the earthquake force.

He also mentioned about a project that he was involved. With a research team

they modeled a human heart. He showed us an open-heart surgery of a sheep.

Figure 28. Model of a human heart

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1.1.6. Earthquake Reconnaissance

Last topic is earthquake reconnaissance given by Prof. Dr. Altuğ Erberik and

Asst. Prof. Dr. Zeynep Gülerce. Earthquake reconnaissance is important to keep the

records of the earthquakes that had happened to understand the mechanism of

earthquake. To keep those records an exploration team including civil and geology

engineers go to the place where earthquake happened and get observations from there.

Lecturer also showed us liquefaction of a soil. When soil liquefies its capacity

to carry load disappear. Thus, even if the structure is strong, building will tumble. We

also saw some pictures how an earthquake can damage. Lecturer showed us the weak

parts of the building on the pictures.

1.3. Surveying

At this part of the summer practice, we went to field to practice of using the

total station. Our field is our campus; we practiced it at Devrim Stadium and the pitch

using by the players of American Football Team with our team, in my team there were

six people. Before we went out, assistances from our department were informing us

about the work we would do and the features of the device about our work.

In the field we were doing the tasks that they had given us. There were four

feature and lots of tasks for each of it. Ali and the assistances also guided us at the

field.

1.3.1. Angle and Distance Measurements

At this part of the surveying, we took an introduction to the total station and

learnt some terms; like zenith angles, bearing, azimuth etc.; at the class DR-2. Also

our assistance explained us how setting the bubble and the units using for angle

measurement.

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In this application of total station we used Devrim Stadium as our filed. First

task was an easy one. We tried to set our total station getting ready to work. We made

bubble adjustment and learnt how to open our device. Each person in the team tried

this one time.

Figure 29. Total Station Figure 30. Features of Total Station

After that we picked two edge points at the view of landscape to measure the

angle between them. To do this, we learnt how to set a point zero. Then with turning

the device we measured the angle between them. Each group member tried it. This

task taught us how to use angle function of total station.

In third task, we use again the angle function of the total station. We compared

direct measuring and piecewise measuring. First of all, we took three points A,B,C.

Then we measured angle between A-B and B-C. After that we measured the angle

between A-C. We wrote down all the measurements and calculate the error by doing

piecewise and direct measuring.

Then, we moved on with task four. We picked five points. By measuring the all

between all points we tried to achieve the angle of 360 degree. Each group member

tried this task after that we calculated the error.

We finalize our first surveying session with learning reverse mode and hold –

release application of the total station. We again picked two points and measure the

angle between them by using reverse and normal mode. Then we compared our results

and find the error. Every grouped member tried this one by using the same two points.

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1.3.2. Leveling

The aim of this surveying application is for obtaining the elevation of ground

points relative to a reference. We also learnt the leveling methods; which are

Barometric Leveling, Indirect Leveling, GPS Leveling and Direct Leveling. Then our

assistant taught how to apply Direct Leveling and some terms about it like;

benchmark, foresight reading, back sight reading etc.

To apply leveling around the Devrim Stadium we had got two equipments, a

level and a leveling rod. We began our leveling from a datum which is on the top of

the stadium. We measured the distance between rod and level with our footsteps in

order to put rod at a same distance from the level for getting the most accurate data

while getting the back and fore sight readings. We wrote down every reading to

confirm our readings at the checkpoints and the point where we had started. While

getting the readings we were again setting bubble for both rod and the level.

Figure 31. Application of leveling Figure 32. Leveling Device

When we had finished our tour around the stadium, we moved on to the second

task. It is about calculating the error at our devices. We put our device to point C

which is at the middle of two selected points A and B. We got readings from both

points. After that, we put level to point A and get reading from point B and C. we

finalize our second session after showing the error values to our assistant.

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1.3.3. Curve and Building Layout

In this session we were using total station for making a curve and tried to find

where our total station was. First we were informed about the field work that we

would do. We learned some terms about it and understood the process. We used two

devices at those applications; a reflector and total station.

First of all, we walked to the American Football Pitch. All groups had a

specific point to set up. We used plumb bob to put our total station the exact point.

Then a team mate from our group tried to put reflector to the exact distance that we

were given. We set to first point as zero set and put a pin to that point. After that we

put three more pins through our curve according to the given angle. To finalize the

task we showed our results to assistant.

Our second task is about building layout. We put our total station at a random

point. Then we put our reflectors three specific points that were determined before and

they were inserted to the device. We measured the distance from those three points

and get our exact location.

1.3.4. Traversing

At this session we learnt control surveying which provides a framework of

surveying points. Our lecturer informed us about methods of control surveying and the

process we would go in. It has got various methods and traversing is one of them.

First we set our total station to a random point and then we look all traverse

points. When we had completed our round, we showed our values to the assistant.

After first task we put our total station to an exact point. Then we measured the

distances for each traverse point. Each group member did it with two methods reverse

and normal methods. To finalize our work we took the average of the values and

showed it to our assistant.

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1.1. Oral Presentation Techniques

We were taught some oral presentation techniques in summer practice. This

part was given by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşegül Askan Gündoğan. It had two sessions; first

Prof. Gündoğan gave us a presentation about preparing a good slide show. In the

second session, we divided into groups to prepare a presentation about a course that

we had taken in a limited time.

Good presentation can change the opinions of the people on a project or

subject. To present a good presentation there are two necessaries; well organized slide

show and oral presentation skills. A well organized slide should involve pictures about

the topic, the letters should be legible from far. It also should include fancy transitions

between slides.

Oral presentation techniques consist of strong compellatton and using relevant

body language. In order to get attention of the audience; one should emphasize

correctly, talk at the right volume and use passive voice. And also one should use body

language enough, not too much and not too little.

After learning those techniques we practiced about oral presentation skills with

little presentations. After each presentation Prof. Gündoğan criticize us.

1.2. Presentations

At this part of the summer practice, we all divided into groups and prepared a

presentation about a given topic. We allocated subtopic; every person prepared and

presented this subtopic at the last week. Our group’s topic is traffic engineering.

First, Kemal Doğan introduced our topic. Then Gökben Demir gave

information about traffic components and characteristics. Afterwards Mehmet Mete

Erdem talked about freeways. Later, I informed about intersections. And Meril

Çiğdem Durmuş finalized our presentation with ethic discussions; which had been

prepared by Güven Kazım Altunkaya; and summarized the presentation.

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2. CONCLUSION

In summer practice we had seen lots of new things. However they were not

catchy. I think lots of the part of it unnecessary. Because we had just finished our

finals, I did not intently attend summer practice.

First of all, nearly all the field trips were like advertising of companies. The

four field trips were to the companies such as, ÇİMSA, ATAK, KAM and ESER.

Although we were introduced about the fields they are in, it felt like advertisement

especially in the ESER. They just show us how they succeed in their field. And in

ÇİMSA our bus trip took six hours just to see a little concrete road; it is not a highway

anyway. Other fields were much more informing and enjoyable. In excavation, we saw

all the process and informed just about the excavation nothing more. Kurtboğazı and

İvedik was unnecessary but at least they were just talked about the process. Landslides

are also informing; we had a chance to understand the running mechanism under it

with real examples.

Secondly, we had taken MATLAB courses. They are not satisfying but enough

for an introduction. It is good to learn such programs. Onur Pekcan was a good

lecturer and not to strict about rules, therefore it made sessions more enjoyable.

Thirdly, we made some surveying applications. They were long, tiring but

enjoyable. It was good to do something at the field. We learnt how to use total station,

learnt working as a team at the field. However, I cannot remember using a total station

now.

Fourthly, lecturers from our department presented us some research topics. I

think it could be much more catchier and less boring if they were not too long and too

academic. Lots of us could not understand the presentation, some of us slept during it.

Finally, the oral presentation skills are the most unnecessary one. We got a

whole course about it during the semester. It was enjoyable due to the skills of our

lecturer but really a waste of time.

To conclude, I think the time of the summer practice was wrong. Students did

not have any time to rest, this made us reluctant to attend summer practice. Also some

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parts of the summer practice was unnecessary. If the main parts was organized well, ıt

would not be so much tiring and boring.

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1. REFERENCES

UNT. (n.d). University of North Texas. Retrieved September 13 2012, from:

http://mtse.unt.edu/CMM/

Wikipedia. (2008).Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 13

2012, from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics

Wikipedia. (2011).Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 13

2012, from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_information_modeling

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2. TABLE OF FİGURES

1. Figure 1. Kurt Stream……………………………………………………………………..5

2. Figure 2. Kurtboğazı Dam………………………………………………………………...5

3. Figure 3. Ivedik Water Treatment Plant…………………………………………………..6

4. Figure 4. KAM Concrete………………………………………………………………....6

5. Figure 5. ATAK Engineering……………………………………………….……………..7

6. Figure 6. An engineer from ATAK Engineering………….……..………………………..7

7. Figure 7-8. ÇİMSA Cement Plant…………………………………………………………8

8. Figure 9. Industrial Fabric………………………………………………………………….8

9. Figure 10. Pouring Machine……………………………………………....………………..8

10. Figure 11. Steel Cage………………………………………………………………………8

11. Figure 12. ESER Green Building………………………………………….……………….9

12. Figure 13. Decline at the road…………………………………………………………….10

13. Figure 14. Cracks on the road…………………………………………………………….10

14. Figure 15. Person-wide cracks……………………………………………………………10

15. Figure 16. New highway………………………………………………………………….10

16. Figure 17. Fore piles……………………………………………………………………...11

17. Figure 18. Constructing piles……………………………………………………………..11

18. Figure 19. Excavation with slope…………………………………………………………11

19. Figure 20. Digging machine………………………………………………………………11

20. Figure 21. Submarine……………………………………………………………………..14

21. Figure 22. Airplane……………………………………………………………………….14

22. Figure 23-24. Factuality of BIM………………………………………………………….15

23. Figure 25. Insulation Foam………………………………………………………………16

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24. Figure 26-27. Microscopic pictures of Velcro……………………………………………16

25. Figure 28. Model of a human heart……………………………………………………….17

26. Figure 29. Total Station…………………………………………………………………..19

27. Figure 30. Features of Total Station………………………………………………………19

28. Figure 31. Application of leveling………………………………………………………..20

29. Figure 32. Leveling Device……………………………………………………………….20

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