Case Study of Viet Nam: Promote local actions for climate-resilient and low emission development

Dr. Nguyen Quang,

UN-Habitat Vietnam

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

Myanmar

Thailand

Cambodia

Laos

Vietnam

China

Yangon

Hanoi

HCMC

Bangkok

Vientiane

Da Nang

Hoang Sa

Truong Sa

• Located in Southeast Asia

• Total land area of 331,698 km2

• A coast line of approximately 3,200 km

• Population: 90 million (2017)

• Urban population in 2016: 34% (GSO 2016)

• 63 provinces/centrally managed cities divided within 6 economic regions

• Administrative structure with 4 levels of government: (i) central; (ii) provincial; (iii) district/city under provincial authority; and (iv) commune/ward

POVERTY • Higher poverty density • Emerge of low-income pockets in residential areas in all cities (30% area population) • Urban social problems increase • Farmers lose their land

WATER & SANITATION • Poor access to clean water in district towns • Serious lack of wastewater collection and treatment, drainage system • No sewerage or drainage surcharges) •Environmental degradation •Flooding and pollution are most severe in largest cities

TRANSPORT • Congestion • Air pollution • Serious accidents • Insufficient inner city roads • Little attention to parking areas • Lack of land for transportation

HOUSING • Serious hosing shortage • Uncontrollable self-built activities • Sub-standard and temporary housing • Widespread of speculation practices • Low-income households cannot access to affordable housing

SOLID WASTE • Disqualified landfills

• Conflict between service quality and subsidized budget • Challenges to maintain and upgrade or expand the services properly

INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES

CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT

CLIMATE CHANGE AND PRESSURES ON URBAN SECTOR

CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGES

Between 1993- 2012, the country ranked 6th worldwide in terms of impacts of climate-related losses, averaging about 420 fatalities a year and 0.91% losses per unit GDP

By 2100, average temperature will increase about 2-3oC; sea level will rise by 57-73 cm

With approximately 75% of Viet Nam’s urban population living in the Low Elevation Coastal Zones, many urban dwellers will be affected by rising sea levels.

The probability of flooding will increase in many parts of Viet Nam, including cities

Besides economic costs, climate change has direct effects on the key urban infrastructure (transportation, water supply, and energy)

• Fossil fuels in Vietnam provided more than 75% of total final energy consumption (UNESCAP, 2008)

• Energy consumption in Viet Nam’s transport sector is rising, with an annual growth rate of 7.6%

• Major cities such as Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City are embracing renewable energy in order to meet their growing demands for energy

CC impacts on urban areas in Vietnam

• The vulnerability of urban poors to pollution and climate change impacts

URBAN POVERTY

Mekong River Delta is one of the most severely affected region by climate change and sea level

rise globally

Erosion, landslides decrease area of land

National Urban Policy and Strategy • National Socio-Economic Development Strategy 2011-2020

• Orientation Master Plan for Urban System until 2025

• National Urban Development Program + National Urban Upgrading Program

• Capacity Building Program for Urban Managers 1961

• Viet Nam Urban Forum for policy dialogues and experiences’ sharing

• New promulgated Planning Law initiated by Ministry of Planning and Investment

• Preparation of Law on Urban Development and Management

• Preparation of Policy Scheme (enabling framework) and guideline for urban development

• National Urban Development Strategy in process of preparation (National Urban Policy Review / Dyno

• The need to upgrade Construction Law, Urban Planning Law, Housing Law in response to Climate Change implication

National Green Growth

Strategy(VGGS)

National Target Program and

National Strategy for

Climate Change Response

•Action Plan in Response to Climate Change developed by Sectors and Provinces / Cities •Financial resources mobilized in response to Climate Change impacts •International Support to Climate Change / Green Growth Research and policy formulation

1. Reduce intensity of GHG emissions, promote clean & renewable energy

2. Green production (clean industrialization with efficient use of resources )

3. Green lifestyle & promoting sustainable consumption

Viet Nam’s climate change policies

• National Target Programme to Respond to climate change (NTP-RCC) … Action Plans … Strategy

• Disaster risk management strategy

• NTP on Energy Efficiency

• Forestry policies: Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+)

• Green Growth Development Strategy

• Mainstreamed into Social Economic Development Strategy (SEDS 2011-2020) and SED Plan (2015-20)

• Paris agreement and roadmap to meet NDC

• Mainstreaming into Viet Nam SDGs Agenda

Climate Change Mitigation Promoting low emissions and climate-resilient development through - Building capacity for low emission development strategies (LEDS) and related

nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) - Supporting in designing, preparing and submitting Intended Nationally

Determined Contributions (INDC), which allow governments to determine what effort they will make to reduce emissions

- Promoting Low-Emissions Urban Development - Promoting International Cooperative Initiatives (ICI) and encouraging low-

emission development pathways in key sectors like energy efficiency, renewable energy or the reform of energy subsidies

- Promoting the development and transfer of climate relevant technologies

REVIEWING DEVELOPMENT PARTNER PROGRAMMES AND TOOLS FOR ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE IN CITIES

World Bank Climate Resilient Cities – A Primer on Reducing

Vulnerability to Disasters

Asian Development Bank, Ho Chi Minh Adaptation to Climate

Change

Rockefeller Foundation, Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience

Network (ACCRN)

Megacity Research Project TP. Ho Chi Minh - Integrative Urban

and Environmental Planning Framework - Adaptation to Global

Climate Change

HAND BOOK FOR URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN WITH

REFERENCE TO CC ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION

Cities in Climate Change Initiative: CCCI tools - Vulnerability and Adaptability Assessment Toolkit applied in Hoi An City, Vietnam

Hoi An Eco-city Development Strategy

Overview of CC Projects in Vietnam

11

CCCI Mainstreaming CC in

National Urban Policies V-LED Project

Funding Source ROAP Allocation from Norway CCCI HQ Fund

Development Account 9th Tranche Adelphi – IKI/BMUB

Total Budget US$ 10,000 US$ 730,000 for 5 countries

(± 50,000 for VN but largely for AoC) From BMUB: € 348,317.20

Counterpart: € 66,000

Time Frame/Duration

October 2015 – April 2016

March 2015 - 2017 Nov 2015 – Dec 2018

Project Expected Accomplishments /Objectives

Improved Local Climate Change Action Planning

1. Enhanced capacity of national governments in five selected countries to address the urban dimension of climate change through national urban policies/legislative reform

2. Enhanced commitment of national and local governments and other stakeholders in the Asia and Pacific Region to incorporate climate change concerns into national urban policies.

1. Improved enabling conditions (capacities, learning, and knowledge management) for climate resilient low carbon development action at subnational/local level in conjunction with countries’ on-going efforts to meet their overall national climate change objectives.

Urban Policy and Multi-level Governance • Lack of clear authority of city governments for urban

management / planning

• The planning system is not based on a bottom-up, permissive and participatory approach.

• Ineffective tools for urban development control.

• Lack of effective cross-sector coordination and community participation in preparing and implementing urban plans.

• Weak local capacity to deal with the environmental management and financing of urban infrastructure.

• Limited public-private partnership and incentives for private developers

• Need for cities’ self generated revenues by raising user charges for infrastructure

ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE IN CITIES: GAPS AND ISSUES

• Mainstreaming Climate Change and LED issues into the National Urban Policy

• Strengthening Vertical and Horizontal Coordination and Cooperation among different climate related stakeholders and actors

• Strengthening Institutional Capacity Building

• Promoting local financed climate actions

Mainstreaming Climate Change and LED issues into the National Urban Policy

• Facilitating policy dialogues and experiences sharing

through Viet Nam Urban Forum – Contributing to National Urban Policy diagnosis

– Supporting the NUDS assessment (first phase)

• Facilitating policy dialogues and promulgation of guideline in city related LEDs with reference to new decree on NDC

• Supporting the preparation of National Report on Urbanization (including CC review) for Habitat III

• Providing technical support to monitor the climate policy performance in cities (green and climate resilient city indicators)

• Contributing to the Preparation of Planning Law (addressing integrated planning approach)

• Providing technical support to develop City Development Strategy (where climate resilient issues are mainstreamed)

• Facilitating good practices exchanges and pilot applications among cities

• Promoting cities participation in community resilient networking

• Supporting the task force meetings among urban climate related agencies (i.e., MOC, MONRE, MPI)

Strengthening Vertical and Horizontal Coordination and Cooperation

• Supporting the setting up Institute for Urban Development and Management

• Providing technical support to develop curriculum and training toolkits related climate resilience and LEDs

• Supporting the application of LED training toolkits for the preparation of local climate actions

• Supporting the networking and human resources development of the newly established institute

Strengthening Institutional Capacity Building

• Supporting the community climate resilient development piloting (mobilizing the social capital): – Tam Thanh Community Paintings Development in Tam Ky City – Phung Hung Public Space and Contemporary Art in Ha Noi City – Rainwater container and eco-gardening in Can Tho City

• Supporting the multi-sector climate resilient investment program preparation (through CDS preparation)

• Providing information and process on climate finance options

• Supporting cities and agencies to develop proposals financed through international climate funding mechanism

Promoting local financed climate actions

Hoi An Eco-city - Local assets (antique houses, islands,

rivers) are developed for eco-tourism purpose

- Communities are placed central to development plans

- Strong commitment and leadership of city authorities

Case studies Create motivation by providing win-win solutions

Tam Thanh Community Art Project UN-Habitat support to City

Development Strategy including Community Art project in Collaboration with Korea Foundation

Phung Hung Public Space and Contemporary Art

Before the project

After the project

V-LED GPE facilitates local climate actions

GPE in Can Tho city in March 2017 with Japanese technology companies’ participation

- Time: Jan 2018 - Funding: Daiken company, Can Tho city - Technical support: UN-Habitat V-LED team

V-LED Consortium Meeting, 30th September Hannover, Germany

THANK YOU!