Case Study of Viet Nam: Promote local actions for climate-resilient and low emission development
Dr. Nguyen Quang,
UN-Habitat Vietnam
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
Myanmar
Thailand
Cambodia
Laos
Vietnam
China
Yangon
Hanoi
HCMC
Bangkok
Vientiane
Da Nang
Hoang Sa
Truong Sa
• Located in Southeast Asia
• Total land area of 331,698 km2
• A coast line of approximately 3,200 km
• Population: 90 million (2017)
• Urban population in 2016: 34% (GSO 2016)
• 63 provinces/centrally managed cities divided within 6 economic regions
• Administrative structure with 4 levels of government: (i) central; (ii) provincial; (iii) district/city under provincial authority; and (iv) commune/ward
POVERTY • Higher poverty density • Emerge of low-income pockets in residential areas in all cities (30% area population) • Urban social problems increase • Farmers lose their land
WATER & SANITATION • Poor access to clean water in district towns • Serious lack of wastewater collection and treatment, drainage system • No sewerage or drainage surcharges) •Environmental degradation •Flooding and pollution are most severe in largest cities
TRANSPORT • Congestion • Air pollution • Serious accidents • Insufficient inner city roads • Little attention to parking areas • Lack of land for transportation
HOUSING • Serious hosing shortage • Uncontrollable self-built activities • Sub-standard and temporary housing • Widespread of speculation practices • Low-income households cannot access to affordable housing
SOLID WASTE • Disqualified landfills
• Conflict between service quality and subsidized budget • Challenges to maintain and upgrade or expand the services properly
INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT
CLIMATE CHANGE AND PRESSURES ON URBAN SECTOR
CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGES
Between 1993- 2012, the country ranked 6th worldwide in terms of impacts of climate-related losses, averaging about 420 fatalities a year and 0.91% losses per unit GDP
By 2100, average temperature will increase about 2-3oC; sea level will rise by 57-73 cm
With approximately 75% of Viet Nam’s urban population living in the Low Elevation Coastal Zones, many urban dwellers will be affected by rising sea levels.
The probability of flooding will increase in many parts of Viet Nam, including cities
Besides economic costs, climate change has direct effects on the key urban infrastructure (transportation, water supply, and energy)
• Fossil fuels in Vietnam provided more than 75% of total final energy consumption (UNESCAP, 2008)
• Energy consumption in Viet Nam’s transport sector is rising, with an annual growth rate of 7.6%
• Major cities such as Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City are embracing renewable energy in order to meet their growing demands for energy
CC impacts on urban areas in Vietnam
• The vulnerability of urban poors to pollution and climate change impacts
URBAN POVERTY
Mekong River Delta is one of the most severely affected region by climate change and sea level
rise globally
Erosion, landslides decrease area of land
National Urban Policy and Strategy • National Socio-Economic Development Strategy 2011-2020
• Orientation Master Plan for Urban System until 2025
• National Urban Development Program + National Urban Upgrading Program
• Capacity Building Program for Urban Managers 1961
• Viet Nam Urban Forum for policy dialogues and experiences’ sharing
• New promulgated Planning Law initiated by Ministry of Planning and Investment
• Preparation of Law on Urban Development and Management
• Preparation of Policy Scheme (enabling framework) and guideline for urban development
• National Urban Development Strategy in process of preparation (National Urban Policy Review / Dyno
• The need to upgrade Construction Law, Urban Planning Law, Housing Law in response to Climate Change implication
National Green Growth
Strategy(VGGS)
National Target Program and
National Strategy for
Climate Change Response
•Action Plan in Response to Climate Change developed by Sectors and Provinces / Cities •Financial resources mobilized in response to Climate Change impacts •International Support to Climate Change / Green Growth Research and policy formulation
1. Reduce intensity of GHG emissions, promote clean & renewable energy
2. Green production (clean industrialization with efficient use of resources )
3. Green lifestyle & promoting sustainable consumption
Viet Nam’s climate change policies
• National Target Programme to Respond to climate change (NTP-RCC) … Action Plans … Strategy
• Disaster risk management strategy
• NTP on Energy Efficiency
• Forestry policies: Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+)
• Green Growth Development Strategy
• Mainstreamed into Social Economic Development Strategy (SEDS 2011-2020) and SED Plan (2015-20)
• Paris agreement and roadmap to meet NDC
• Mainstreaming into Viet Nam SDGs Agenda
Climate Change Mitigation Promoting low emissions and climate-resilient development through - Building capacity for low emission development strategies (LEDS) and related
nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) - Supporting in designing, preparing and submitting Intended Nationally
Determined Contributions (INDC), which allow governments to determine what effort they will make to reduce emissions
- Promoting Low-Emissions Urban Development - Promoting International Cooperative Initiatives (ICI) and encouraging low-
emission development pathways in key sectors like energy efficiency, renewable energy or the reform of energy subsidies
- Promoting the development and transfer of climate relevant technologies
REVIEWING DEVELOPMENT PARTNER PROGRAMMES AND TOOLS FOR ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE IN CITIES
World Bank Climate Resilient Cities – A Primer on Reducing
Vulnerability to Disasters
Asian Development Bank, Ho Chi Minh Adaptation to Climate
Change
Rockefeller Foundation, Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience
Network (ACCRN)
Megacity Research Project TP. Ho Chi Minh - Integrative Urban
and Environmental Planning Framework - Adaptation to Global
Climate Change
HAND BOOK FOR URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN WITH
REFERENCE TO CC ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION
Cities in Climate Change Initiative: CCCI tools - Vulnerability and Adaptability Assessment Toolkit applied in Hoi An City, Vietnam
Hoi An Eco-city Development Strategy
Overview of CC Projects in Vietnam
11
CCCI Mainstreaming CC in
National Urban Policies V-LED Project
Funding Source ROAP Allocation from Norway CCCI HQ Fund
Development Account 9th Tranche Adelphi – IKI/BMUB
Total Budget US$ 10,000 US$ 730,000 for 5 countries
(± 50,000 for VN but largely for AoC) From BMUB: € 348,317.20
Counterpart: € 66,000
Time Frame/Duration
October 2015 – April 2016
March 2015 - 2017 Nov 2015 – Dec 2018
Project Expected Accomplishments /Objectives
Improved Local Climate Change Action Planning
1. Enhanced capacity of national governments in five selected countries to address the urban dimension of climate change through national urban policies/legislative reform
2. Enhanced commitment of national and local governments and other stakeholders in the Asia and Pacific Region to incorporate climate change concerns into national urban policies.
1. Improved enabling conditions (capacities, learning, and knowledge management) for climate resilient low carbon development action at subnational/local level in conjunction with countries’ on-going efforts to meet their overall national climate change objectives.
Urban Policy and Multi-level Governance • Lack of clear authority of city governments for urban
management / planning
• The planning system is not based on a bottom-up, permissive and participatory approach.
• Ineffective tools for urban development control.
• Lack of effective cross-sector coordination and community participation in preparing and implementing urban plans.
• Weak local capacity to deal with the environmental management and financing of urban infrastructure.
• Limited public-private partnership and incentives for private developers
• Need for cities’ self generated revenues by raising user charges for infrastructure
ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE IN CITIES: GAPS AND ISSUES
• Mainstreaming Climate Change and LED issues into the National Urban Policy
• Strengthening Vertical and Horizontal Coordination and Cooperation among different climate related stakeholders and actors
• Strengthening Institutional Capacity Building
• Promoting local financed climate actions
Mainstreaming Climate Change and LED issues into the National Urban Policy
• Facilitating policy dialogues and experiences sharing
through Viet Nam Urban Forum – Contributing to National Urban Policy diagnosis
– Supporting the NUDS assessment (first phase)
• Facilitating policy dialogues and promulgation of guideline in city related LEDs with reference to new decree on NDC
• Supporting the preparation of National Report on Urbanization (including CC review) for Habitat III
• Providing technical support to monitor the climate policy performance in cities (green and climate resilient city indicators)
• Contributing to the Preparation of Planning Law (addressing integrated planning approach)
• Providing technical support to develop City Development Strategy (where climate resilient issues are mainstreamed)
• Facilitating good practices exchanges and pilot applications among cities
• Promoting cities participation in community resilient networking
• Supporting the task force meetings among urban climate related agencies (i.e., MOC, MONRE, MPI)
Strengthening Vertical and Horizontal Coordination and Cooperation
• Supporting the setting up Institute for Urban Development and Management
• Providing technical support to develop curriculum and training toolkits related climate resilience and LEDs
• Supporting the application of LED training toolkits for the preparation of local climate actions
• Supporting the networking and human resources development of the newly established institute
Strengthening Institutional Capacity Building
• Supporting the community climate resilient development piloting (mobilizing the social capital): – Tam Thanh Community Paintings Development in Tam Ky City – Phung Hung Public Space and Contemporary Art in Ha Noi City – Rainwater container and eco-gardening in Can Tho City
• Supporting the multi-sector climate resilient investment program preparation (through CDS preparation)
• Providing information and process on climate finance options
• Supporting cities and agencies to develop proposals financed through international climate funding mechanism
Promoting local financed climate actions
Hoi An Eco-city - Local assets (antique houses, islands,
rivers) are developed for eco-tourism purpose
- Communities are placed central to development plans
- Strong commitment and leadership of city authorities
Case studies Create motivation by providing win-win solutions
Tam Thanh Community Art Project UN-Habitat support to City
Development Strategy including Community Art project in Collaboration with Korea Foundation
V-LED GPE facilitates local climate actions
GPE in Can Tho city in March 2017 with Japanese technology companies’ participation