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  • 7/28/2019 Cascade Control Solar Collector

    1/7

    J. Proc. Cont. Vol. 7, No . 2, pp. 111-117, 1997 1997 E l s ev i e r S c i ence L td

    "~.~ P r in t e d i n G re a t Br i t a in . A l l r i gh t s reserved~LSEVIER 0959-15 24/97 517 .00 + 0,00P II: S 0 9 5 9 - 1 5 2 4 ( 9 6 ) 0 0 0 1 9 - 4

    C a s c a d e c o n t r o l o f a d i s tr i b u te d c o l l e c t o r s o l a rf ie ldR . N . S i l v a , L . M . R a t o , J . M . L e r n o s * a n d F . C o i t oINESC, R. Alve s Redo l 9, 1000 L isboa, P or tuga lRece ived 1 Ap r i l 1996 ; n rev ised fo rm 16 Ju ly 1996

    Thi s pa pe r r epo r t s ex pe r i m en t a l r e su l t s on t he ca scade con t r o l o f a d i s t r i b u t ed co l l ec t o r so l a r fi el d . Thecon t r o l p r ob l em cons i s t s o f k eep i ng con s t an t t he f ie ld ou t l e t o i l t emper a t u r e b y ac t i ng on t he c i r cul a t ingo i l fl ow u sed fo r hea t t r ans fe r . I n t he i nne r l oo p an adap t i ve mod e l b a sed p r ed i c t ive con t r o l l e r ex p lo i t ingt he i n fo r m a t i on con vey ed b y access ib le d i s t u r b ances ( r ad i a t i on changes and i n l e t o il t emp er a t u r e ) is u sed ,w hi l e i n t he ou t e r l oop a PI D i s empl oy ed . The need fo r adap t i ve con t r o l a r i s e s f r om t he t i me va r y i ngb ehav i ou r o f t he p l an t . D u e t o t he gene r a l i t y o f t he me t hods empl oy ed , t he ex pe r i ence r epor t ed i s r e l e -va nt to a wide c lass of indust r ia l processes . 1 997 Elsevier Science L td. Al l r ights reservedKeywords: process control , predict ive control , adaptive control , so lar energy, cascade control

    I n t r o d u c t i o n b e c a u s e i t s h e d s l i g h t o n t h e u s e o f t h e s a m e a p p r o a c ho n o t h e r t y p e s o f i n d u s t r i a l p r o c e s s p l a n t s .

    T h i s p a p e r r e p o r t s e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s o n t h e c a s c a d ec o n t r o l o f a d i s t r i b u t e d c o l l e c t o r s o l a r fi e ld . T h e c o n t r o lp r o b l e m c o n s i s t s o f k e e p i n g c o n s t a n t t h e f ie l d o u t l e t o i l Control of the solar f ie ldt e m p e r a t u r e b y a c t i n g o n t h e c i r c u l a t in g o i l f l o w u s e df o r h e a t t r a n s f e r . S i n c e t h e p l a n t p r e s e n t s t i m e v a r y i n g Plan t descr ip t iona n d n o n l i n e a r b e h a v i o u r , a d a p t i v e c o n t r o l m e t h o d s a re T h e s o l a r f ie ld c o n s i d e r e d is p a r t o f t h e P l a t a f o r m a S o la re m p l o y e d , d e A l m e r i a ( P S A ) , l o c a t e d i n t h e d e s e r t o f T a b e r n a s , i nT h e p l a n t c o n t r o l l e d h a s b e e n t h e s u b j e c t o f s e v e r a l t h e S o u t h o f S p a i n . I t i s m a d e o f 4 8 0 c y l in d r i c a l c o l l e c t o r sf e a s ib i l it y s t u d ie s o n t h e u s e o f a d a p t i v e c o n t r o l . I n R e f . o f p a r a b o l i c t y p e g r o u p e d i n 2 0 r o w s o r i e n t e d a l o n g th el , a s e l f - tu n i n g p o l e p l a c e m e n t c o n t r o l l e r b a s e d o n t h e E a s t - W e s t a x i s , f o r m i n g l 0 l o o p s , a s s h o w n i n Figure 1 .e s t im a t i o n o f t h e p a r a m e t e r s o f a f ir st o r d e r p lu s p u r e T h e m i r r o r e d p a r a b o l i c s u r f a c e o f t h e c o l le c t o r s c o n -d e l a y m o d e l h a s b e e n t r i e d s u c c e s s f u l l y . I n R e f . 2 a n c e n t r a t e s t h e s o l a r r a d i a t i o n i n a m e t a l l i c t u b e l o c a t e da d a p t i v e g e n e r a l i z e d p r e d i c t i v e c o n t r o l l e r ( G P C ) w i t h a l o n g t h e i r f o c u s , c o n t a i n i n g o i l u s e d f o r h e a t t r a n s f e r .p r e c o m p u t e d g a i n s s el e ct e d d e p e n d i n g o n t h e v a l u e o f T h e c o l d o il is e x t r a c t e d f r o m th e b o t t o m o f t h e s t o r ag et h e e s t im a t e d p l a n t p o l e w a s u s e d, a g a i n w i t h g o o d r e su lt s, t a n k a n d f o r c e d a c r o s s t h e fi e ld b y a p u m p . A f t e r b e i n g

    I n R e f . 3 p r e l i m i n a r y r e s u lt s o n t h e u s e o f M U S M A R , h e a t e d i n t h e c o l l e c t o r s , t h e f l u id is r e i n t r o d u c e d i n t h ea p r e d i c t i v e a d a p t i v e c o n t r o l l e r * , f o r w h i c h t h e r e i s e v i - u p p e r p a r t o f t h e s t o r a g e t a n k . F r o m t h e s to r a g e t a n k ,d e n c e o f r o b u s t b e h a v i o u r w i t h r e s p e c t t o s e v e r a l a s p e c t s t h e f l u id c a n b e e x t r a c t e d b y a n i n d e p e n d e n t c ir c u i t f o ro f p l a n t u n c e r t a i n t y , i n c l ud i n g u n m o d e l l e d d y n a m i c s 5, u s e i n a d e s a l i n a t i o n p l a n t .w e r e p r e s e n te d . I n t h e w o r k r e p o r t e d h e r e , a c a s c a d e T h e p u m p is p r o v i d e d w i t h a f lo w c o n t r o l l e r ( P I D )s t r u c tu r e is u s e d h a v i n g M U S M A R i n t h e i n n e r l o o p , a l lo w i n g t h e f lo w t o b e m a n i p u l a t e d d ir e c tl y . T h e m a x -w h il e a f ix e d p a r a m e t e r P I D is e m p l o y e d in th e o u t e r i m u m f lo w , w h i c h d e p e n d s o n t h e o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t io n s ,l o o p . A p a r t f r o m t h e us e o f t h e c a s c a d e s t r u c t u r e , t h e is g e n e r a l l y l i m i te d t o 9 1 /s . F o r s a f e t y r e a s o n s , t h e m i n -w o r k i n t h is p a p e r i m p r o v e s o n R e f . 3 b y th e u s e o f i m u m f l o w is k e p t a t 2 1 / s. B e l o w th i s v a l u e t h e f ie l dd y n a m i c w e i g h ts , w h i c h a l lo w s t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f e x c es - a u t o m a t i c a l l y s h u t s d o w n .s iv e o s c i l l a ti o n i n t h e c l o s e d l o o p r e s p o n s e . T h e e x p e r i - E a c h ro w o f t h e f i el d i n c o r p o r a t e s a t r a c k i n g s y s t e me n c e g a i n e d i s n o t o n l y i n t e r e s t i n g per se , b u t a l s o w h i c h a u t o m a t i c a l l y c a u s e s i ts p o s i t i o n t o b e a d j u s t e d i n

    o r d e r t o f o l l o w t h e v a r y i n g i n c l i n a t i o n o f th e s u n . S i n c e*Author to whom c o r r e s p o n d e n c e s h o u l d b e a d dr es se d . E -m a il : o n l y o n e a x i s is a d j u s t e d , a m o n g o t h e r f a c t o r s , t h [email protected]

    111

  • 7/28/2019 Cascade Control Solar Collector

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    11 2 C a s c a d e c o n t r o l o f a d i s t r i b u t e d c o l l e c t o r s o l a r f i e l d : R . N . S i l v a e t a l .

    Thre e w a yva lve

    To s te a mStora ge ge ne ra to r o rT* / ~" ~ T Pu m p ta nk de s a l ina t ion

    /

    - \ / - ) ~ ~_ _ Bu ffe rT*t

    Collec tors - Loop 1

    T I : \A C U R E X f i el di ( Ave ra ge )i

    I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

    1Col le c to r s - L oop 10 ,oF i g u r e l S c h e m a t i c v ie w o f t h e s o l a r fi e ld w i t h t h e c a s c a d e c o n t r o l s y s te m a n d i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n

    change of the position of the sun during the day induces radiation another value. Further, the response may alsoa change in the ammoun t of radiation received by the change in time due to a number of unpredictable fac-collectors, tors, such as the accumulation of dust in the collector

    mirrors.Opposite to what one might be induced to think byThe control problem looking at Figure 3, the linearized transfer function doesThe main control objective is to keep the temperature T not correspond to real poles only. Instead, as shown inof the oil entering the storage tank at a specified value Ref. 6, the frequency response of the transfer functionT*, and never surpassing a safety limit Tma,- In the cases between the oil flow and the average oil temperatureconsidered here a value of Tmax = 290C was used. at the outlet of the field loops presents resonance/Figure 2 shows a block d iagram of the controlled antiresonance peaks for frequencies above 10 3 Hz. Thesystem, position of these peaks, however, varies drastically with

    The pump together with the flow controller has a the mean level of flow and radiation.delay which can be thought of as being incorporated in In the cascade structure, the inner loop controls thethe field dynamics, for the purposes of this paper. Thus, temperature at the outp ut of the collector loops. In thethe main manipula ted variable is oil flow, which has an work reported, this is the average (T) of the tempera-inverse action on the field, i.e. when the manipul ated ture at the outle t of the loops. Ano the r possibility is tovariable increases, in steady-state, the system outpu t use the maximum of these temperatures. A feedforwarddecreases. Figure 3 depicts a response obtained experi- effect is included from the radia tion measure, to tacklementa lly on the field, in a situa tion in which the inlet oil fast changes of this variable. Apart from radia tiontemperature was 170C and the solar radiation was changes, the other main disturbances acting on the sys-slowly decreasing between 870C and 855C. The non- tem are ambient temperature and the temperature at thelinear character of the plant is apparent from Figure 3, outlet o f the storage tank (inlet of the field), which dependssince the response to oil flow steps similar in ampli tude on the load connected to the storage tank. Since thisis different when made around different working points, temperature (Tta,ko in Figure 2) can be measured, it canThe response would also be different, had the solar also be used to include a feed-forward effect.

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    C a s c a d e c o n t r o l o f a d i s t r i b u t e d c o l l e c t o r s o l a r f i e ld : R. N . S i lv a e t a l . 113

    Radiation Ttank1 1[ Manipulated variable ~ I

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . -~ - - - - , l , - - ~ oi l f low reference

    tl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [ i v I contro llerI | - - . . . . . . . . . . I F ie ld Pipe. . . . . . . . . . . . I

    Figure 2 Block diagram o f the solar field cascade temp erature con trol system3 0 0 -2 8 0 - T h e m a i n d i s t u r b a n c e s e n t e r i n t h e i n n e r l o o p . T h e

    d i s t u r b a n c e s i n t h e o u t e r l o o p a r e m a i n l y l o s s e s t o t h e2 6 0 - e x t e r n a l e n v i r o n m e n t . T h e t im e c o n s t a n t o f th e f ie ld

    ( t h e p a r t o f t h e p l a n t i n th e i n n e r l o o p ) is a b o u t 1 - 3 m i n ,40220 ~ ~ d e p e n d i n g o n t h e w o r k p o i n t , a s m e a s u r e d b y t h e f lo w .200 - T h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r u s i n g c a s c a d e c o n t r o l , i n p a r t i c u l a r1 8 0 - t h e b a n d w i d t h s e p a r a t io n b e t w e e n t h e i n n e r a n d t h e160 - o u t e r l o o p p l a n t s , a r e t h u s f u l f il l e d .I I I I I t I ~ I I t i s p o s s i b l e t o o p e r a t e t h e f i e l d w i t h o u t c a s c a d e c o n -0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45(min) t ro1 , a s s een i n ex am pl e 1 b e l ow . H o w e ve r , i n t h i s ca se , t he

    ~0 - o p e r a t o r s h o u l d a n t i c i p a t e w h a t t h e l o ss e s in t h e p i p e a r e .9 - T h e m a i n a d v a n t a g e o f c a s c a d e c o n t r o l i n t h i s c a s e is t o8 - ( m a k e t h is c o m p e n s a t i o n a u t o m a t i c a l ly . I f o n l y o n e l o o p7 - ) w e r e u s e d , t a k i n g a s p r o c e s s v a r i a b l e t h e o i l t e m p e r a t u r e6 f a t t h e t a n k i n le t , t h e c o n t r o l l e r s h o u l d h a v e t o t a c k l e

    s i m u l t a n e o u s l y t h e p r o b l e m s o f c o m p e n s a t i n g a d y n a m -I4= i cs i n c l u d i n g a b i g p u r e d e l a y , a n d o f r e j e c ti n g t h e d i s-:= 3O 2 t u r b a n c e s . B y u s i n g c a sc a d e c o n t r o l , b o t h p r o b l e m s a r e

    s p l i t a p a r t , r e n d e r i n g t h e c o n t r o l l e r t a s k s s i m p l e r .0 t I ~ I L I I I I T o s u m u p , t h e p r o c e s s t o b e c o n t r o l l e d is c h a r a c t e r -0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45(r ain ) i z ed b y t he fo l l o w i n g a spe c t s :

    T i m e v a r y i n g i /o t r a n s p o r t d e l a y , s in c e t h e d e l a y inFigure 3 Open-loop response of the ACURE X fie ld. Average oil tem- a c t i o n d e p e n d s o n t h e m a n i p u l a t e d v a r i a b l e ( o il f l o wperature a t the out le t of the loops (above) in response to changes in oi l r a t e ) . T h i s t y p e o f d e l a y a p p e a r s b o t h i n t he f i e l dflow (below) a n d i n t h e p i p e c o n n e c t i n g t h e l o o p s t o t h e s t o r a g e

    t a n k , b u t is m o r e s t r i n g e n t i n th e p i p e .T h e o u t e r l o o p c o n t r o l s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e T a t t h e i n le t T h e r e a re s t r o n g u n m o d e l l e d d y n a m ic s . I n d e e d , t h e

    o f t h e s t o r a g e t a n k , u s i n g a c a s c a d e s t r u c t u r e , w h i c h p l a n t i s b e s t m o d e l l e d a s a d i s t r i b u t e d p a r a m e t e rm a n i p u l a t e s t h e r e f e re n c e T * t o t h e i n n e r l o o p . T h e s y s te m 7 a n d , f u r th e r , t h e re a r e r e s o n a n t m o d e s i nd y n a m i c s c o n n e c t i n g t h e a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e T a t t h e f r e q u e n c y r e s p o n s e o f t h e c o l l e c to r f ie ld , w h i c ht h e o u t l e t o f t h e f ie l d l o o p s a n d t h e t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e c h a n g e w i t h t h e i n c i d e n t r a d i a t i o n 6.t a n k i n l et is t h e o n e o f a p i p e c o n n e c t i n g t h e s e p o i n t s . T h e p l a n t h a s a n o n l i n e a r b e h a v i o u r , a n d t h e l in -I t c o r r e s p o n d s t o a l o w p a s s s y s t e m w i t h a t t e n u a t i o n in e a r i z e d d y n a m i c s v a r i e s w i t h t h e p o i n t o f o p e r a t i o n .s e r ie s w i t h a p u r e d e la y . T h i s p u r e d e l a y i s d u e t o t h e T h e s o l a r r a d i a t i o n a c t s a s a f a s t d i s t u r b a n c e w i t ht r a v e l l in g t i m e o f t h e o il i n t h e p i p e b e t w e e n t h e o u t l e t r e s p e c t t o t h e d o m i n a n t t im e c o n s t a n t o f t h e p r o c es s .o f t h e c o l l e c t o r l o o p s a n d t h e i n le t t o t h e t a n k , w h i c h isa b o u t 9 m i n , t o w h i c h a s e t tl i n g t i m e o f a b o u t 3 r a i n T h e s e a s p e c t s r e n d e r t h e c o n t r o l p r o b l e m a t h a n d a d i f -m u s t b e a d d e d ( s e e Figure 7) . T h e d e l a y v a r i e s w i t h t h e f i c u lt o n e a n d c a l l f o r t h e u s e o f a c a r e f u l l y d e s i g n e do i l f lo w . T o t h e b e s t o f t h e a u t h o r s ' k n o w l e d g e , t h i s i s c o n t r o l a l g o r i t h m , p r e s e n t i n g e n o u g h r o b u s t n e s s t o c o p et h e f i rs t t i m e t h a t t h i s l o o p is c l o s e d , w i t h t h e h i g h l e ve l s o f u n c e r t a i n t y p r e s e n t i n t h e p l a n t .

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    1 14 C a s c a d e c o n t r o l o f a d i s t r i b u t e d c o l l e c t o r s o l a r f i e l d : R . N . S i l v a e t a l .

    P r e d i c t i v e a d a p t i v e c o n t r o l 0 .2 (8 )z - 0 . 8T h e c o n t r o l l a w e m p l o y e d i n t h e i n n e r l o o p i s s u c h t h a t

    i t m i n i m i z e s i n a r e c e d i n g h o r i z o n s e n s e t h e m u l t i s t e p T ,anko i s t h e s a m p l e o f t h e i n l e t o i l t e m p e r a t u r e a t t i m e tq u a d r a t i c c o s t f u n c t i o n a l ( a c ce s s ib l e d i s t u r b a n c e s ) a n d n a n d m a r e t h e a s s u m e d

    o r d e r s .J r ( t ) = E y ~ ( t + k ) + p u 2 ( t + k - 1 )] 1 0 t ( 1) 3 . C o m p u t e t h e f i l t e r e d c o n t r o l b y

    w h e r e E { - I O ' } d e n o t e s t h e m e a n c o n d i t i o n e d o n t h e u ~ ( t ) = F ' s ( t ) + r l ( t ) (9 )i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e u p t o t i m e t , uH i s t h e f i l t e r e dm a n i p u l a t e d v a r i a b l e w h e r e q ( t) i s a w h i t e d i t h e r n o i s e o f l o w a m p l i t u d e ,i n j e c t e d i n o r d e r t o f u lf il l a p e r s i s t e n c y o f e x c i t a t i o n

    u ~ H , u ( 2) c o n d i t i o n , a n d F i s a v e c t o r o f c o n t r o l l e r g a i n s , c o m p u t e df r o m t h e e s t i m a t e s o f t h e p a r a m e t e r s o f th e p r e d i ct i v em o d e l b y3 7~ -) i s t h e e r r o r o f t h e f i lt e r e d p l a n t o u t p u t w i t h r e s p e c t

    t o t h e s e t p o i n t y * t o b e t r a c k e d ,F = - 0 i ~ i + p /.ti0 ( 10 )

    "=qyy - y* (3)p i s a n o n - n e g a t i v e w e i g h t o n t h e p e n a l t y o f t h e c o n t r o l w i t h t h e n o r m a l i z a t i o n f a c t o r a g i v e n b ye f fo r t , an d the in teg e r T rep re s en t s the p re d ic t ion ho r i - r ( r-__t~ ]zon , Th e f i l t e r s H , an d Hy were ch oo s en a s in Re f . 8 , c~ = ~ 0 2 + p 1 + /2,.- ( 11)e q u a l a n d g i v e n b y i=1

    H ( q ) = q - ( 1 - e ) ( 4) a n d a p p l y t o t h e p l a n t t h e c o n t r o l g i v e n b yequ ( t ) = 1 (12)w h e r e 0 < e < 1 i s a p a r a m e t e r t h a t s e t t le s th e v e l o c i t y H ( q ) u n ( t )

    o f re s p o n s e a n d q is th e f o r w a r d s h i f t o p e r a t o r . T h e f o l-l o w i n g a l g o r i t h m w a s u s e d . T h e r e is a r i c h l i t e r a t u r e i n t h e t h e o r y r e l a te d t o t h e

    M U S M A R a l g o r i t h m , o f w h i c h R e f s . 4 , 5 a r e re p r es e n -M U S M A R a lg o r i th m 4, 8 t a t iv e . A l t h o u g h a g l o b a l c o n v e r g e n c e a n d s t a b il i ty t h e o r y

    i s n o t a v a i l a b le , i t h a s b e e n p r o v e d 4 t h a t , i f M U S M A RA t th e b e g i n n i n g o f e a c h s a m p l i n g i n t e r v a l p e r f o r m t h e c o n v e r g e s , i t m a y o n l y c o n v e r g e t o t h e l o c al m i n i m a o ff o l l o w i n g s t e p s i n a r e c u r s i v e w a y : t h e s t e a d y - s t a t e ( i n f i n i t e h o r i z o n ) q u a d r a t i c c o s t , c o n -s t r a i n e d t o t h e c h o s e n p s e u d o s t a t e s ( t ) . F u r t h e r , t h e r e is1 . S a m p l e th e p l a n t o u t p u t a t t i m e t , y , ( t ) , a n d c o m -p u t e t h e f i l t e r e d e r r o r b y ( 3) . s i m u l a t i o n e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e c o n t r o l l e r g a i n s w i l l a c t u -a l l y c o n v e r g e , e v e n i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f u n m o d e l l e d p l a n t2 . U s i n g r e c u r s iv e l e a s t s q u a r e s, u p d a t e t h e e s t i m a t e s o f d y n a m i c s , a n d i n s i t u a t i o n s , s i m i l a r t o t h e o n e a t h a n d ,t h e p a r a m e t e r s i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e t o f p r e d i c ti v e m o d e l s : w h e r e r e s o n a n t p e a k s a r e p r e s e n t 5. T h e s e r e s ul t s h a v eb e e n e x t e n d e d i n R e f . 9 f o r t h e s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h th e p l a n t

    } n ( t + i ) = O t u n ( t ) + ~ /~ s ( t ) ( 5) i s s l o w l y t i m e v a r y i n g , a f e a t u r e a l s o p r e s e n t h e r e .I n w h a t c o n c e r n s u n c e r t a i n t y i n p l a n t d e l a y , i t h a s b e e ns h o w n i n R e f . 4 t h a t ( 1 0 ) c a n b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s a b a n k

    u ~ ( t + i - 1) = I . t~_ lu t t ( t ) + '~ - i s ( t ) ( 6) o f p a r a l l e l s t a n d a r d s e l f- t u n e r s, e a c h o n e t u n e d t o a g i v e ni = 1 . . . . T d e l a y b e t w e e n 1 a n d T , a n d w e i g h t e d b y a g a i n w h i c h

    v a n i s h e s i f t h e a c t u a l d e l a y o f t h e p l a n t is s m a l le r .w h e r e s ( t ) i s a s u f f i c i e n t s t a t i s ti c f o r c o m p u t i n g t h e c o n -t r o l , h e r e a f t e r r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e ' p s e u d o s t a t e ' , g i v e n b y Experimental esults

    s ( t ) = [ y H ( t ) . . . y n ( t - n + l ) u ~ ( t - 1 ) (7 ) T h e c o n t r o l a l g o r i t h m w a s i m p l e m e n t e d i n C c o d e " u n ( t - m ) y * ( t ) l f ( t ) T t a ~ k o ( t ) ] e m b e d d e d i n a p r o g r a m i n c l u d i n g d a t a a c q u i s it i o n

    m a n a g e m e n t . I n t h e e x p e r i m e n t s d e s c r i b e d h e r e , t h eI I ( t ) i s t h e s o l a r r a d i a t i o n p a s s e d b y a f i lt e r w i t h t r a n s - s a m p l i n g t i m e is 15 s . T h e f o l l o w i n g p a r a m e t e r s w e r ef er f u n c t i o n u s e d t o c o n f ig u r e M U S M A R :

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    5/7

    C a s c a d e c o n t r o l o f a d i s t r i b u t e d c o l l e c t o r s o l a r f ie l d : R. N . S i l v a e t a l . 115

    19-Jun-95 C o n t r o l h o r i z o n , T = 1 5 s a m p l e s . S u c h a l a r g e v a l u e 2v0w a s i n d e e d n e e d e d t o g e t a g o o d p e r f o r m a n c e . T h i s 1 / " '. . .s h o w s t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f e x t e n d e d h o r i z o n p r e d ic - Ct iv e co nt ro l . ~L .,_so W e i g h t o n t h e c o n t r o l a c t i o n , p 0 . 0 0 1 . ~ _,40 J " [ ~

    i T h e o r d e r s i n s ( t ) we re ch oo se n as n = 3, m = 2 . g - 230 I i ~.,'~F u r t h e r , s (t ) c o n t a i n e d t h e l a s t s a m p l e o f r a d i a t i o n ~ J /a n d / o r t h e t a n k o u t l e t o i l t e m p e r a t u r e ( a d a p t i v e : ; 220f e e d - f o r w a r d ) . 2 1 0

    T h e v a r i a n c e o f t h e d i t h e r n o i s e w a s 0 . 0 1 . 200 I I 1 J I50 100 150 200 2513 300Time ( ra in)T h e a b o v e c ho i ce o f t h e M U S M A R d e si g n k n o b sw a s m a d e a s f o l l o w s : F i g u r e 4 E x p e r i m e n t 1 . O i l o u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e a n d s e t - p o i n tI n w h a t c o n c e r n s t h e c o n t r o l h o r i z o n , b y e n l a r g i n g T ,

    t h e l o s s h a s a t e n d e n c y t o d e c r e a s e b e c a u s e t h e s t e a d y - t h e c o n t r o l l e r g a i n s , r e g r e s s o r s a n d t h e c o v a r i a n c es t a t e s o l u t io n o f t he l i n e a r q u a d r a t i c p r o b l e m i s b e t t e r m a t r i x i n t h e R L S i d e n t i f i e r , h a s b e e n i n i t i a l i z e d w i t ha p p r o x i m a t e d . A f t e r a c e r t a i n p o i n t , h o w e v e r , t h e l o s s d a t a o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e p l a n t. F u r t h e r , a s t a r t -u pi n c r e a s e s w i t h T b e c a u s e t h e e s t i m a t e o f t h e p r e d i c t o r s s e q u e n c e w a s i m p l e m e n t e d i n w h i c h t h e c o n t r o l l e r m o d eb e c o m e s t o o p o o r . I n t h i s c a s e , a v a l u e o f T = 5 y i e l d s w a s s w i t c h e d i n s e q u e n c e f r o m m a n u a l c o n t r o l t o aa n u n a c c e p t a b l e o s c i l l a t i n g m a n i p u l a t e d v a r i a b l e , a n d f i x e d c o n t r o l l e r a n d f i n a l l y t o a d a p t i v e c o n t r o la p o o r t r a c k i n g o f th e r e f e r e n c e . A c c e p t a b l e v a l u e s f o rT r a n g e b e t w e e n 1 0 a n d 2 0 . T h e f in a l c h o i c e , b a s e d o ns i m u l a t i o n s a n d p l a n t t r ia l s , w a s T = 1 5 . E x p e r i m e n t 1 - - i n n er l o o p p e r f o r m a n c e

    F o r t h e w e i g h t p o n t h e c o n t r o l a c t i o n , a l t h o u g h t h e E x p e r i m e n t 1 c o n c e r n s t h e c o n t r o l o f T w i th o n l y t hev a l u e u s e d w a s s i g n i fi c a n t , c o n s i d e r i n g ( 1) , t h e v a l u e p i n n e r l o o p c o n t r o l l e r a c t i v e . T h e r e s u lt s , o b t a i n e d o n 1 9= 0 c o u l d b e u s e d a s w e l l , w i t h j u s t a m i n o r d e g r a d a t i o n J u n e 1 99 5, c a n b e s e e n i n F i g u r e s 4 - 6 . A s c a n b e n o t e do f t h e m a n i p u l a t e d v a r i a b l e . S i n c e , h o w e v e r , a n o n z e r o in Figur e 6 , t h e r e a r e s o m e c l o u d s p a s s i n g w h i c h c a u s ev a l u e o f p e n s u r e s t h a t a > 0 , t h u s p r e v e n t i n g a d i v i s i o n f a s t d i s t u r b a n c e s . F u r t h e r , a t a b o u t 1 20 m i n , t h e f lo wb y z e r o i n ( 1 0 ), a n d t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e c h o s e n v a l u e o f w a s m a n u a l l y f o r c e d a t i ts m a x i m u m v a l u e a n d t h e np = 0 .0 0 1 o n t h e o f f s e t w a s u n n o t i c e a b l e , t h e a b o v e r e l e a s ed , t h u s i n t r o d u c i n g a d i s t u r b a n c e . T h e c o n t r o l l e rc h o i c e w a s m a d e . c o u l d r e c o v e r f r o m t h is s i t u a ti o n w i t h o u t p r o b l e m s . T h eT h e o r d e r s n a n d m w e r e o b t a i n e d b y a t r ia l p r o c e s s s e t tl i n g t i m e o f t h e c l o s e d l o o p s y s t e m i s a b o u t 1 2 r a in .u s i n g s i m u l a t i o n s a n d s o m e p l a n t e x p e r i m e n t s . T h e v a l- T h i s v a l u e m a y b e i m p r o v e d b y a d j u s t i n g t h e f i l t e r H . I nu e s f o u n d w e r e t h e s m a l l e s t o n e s y i e l d i n g t h e b e s t p e r - t h i s c a s e , a v a l u e o f e = 9 .0 5 w a s u se d . B y i n c r e a s i n g e ,f o r m a n c e . T h e o v e r a l l p i c t u r e , f o r t h is a n d o t h e r t y p e s t h e c l o s e d - l o o p r e s p o n s e b e c o m e s f a s t er . T h e f i l te ro f p r o c e s s e s i s t h a t b y i n c r e a s i n g t h e s u m n + m , t h e l o ss h a s a l s o a n e f f e c t o n t h e d i s t u r b a n c e s a f f e c t i n g t h e s y s -s t a r t s b y d e c r e a s i n g a n d t h e n s l o w l y i n c r e a s e s d u e t o t e m . T h e v a l u e e = 0 . 1 5 h a s b e e n f o u n d e x p e r i m e n t a l l yi d e n t i f i c a t i o n p r o b l e m s . I t i s p o s s i b l e t o t r a d e n b y m a s th e h i g h e s t f o r w h i c h t h e o u t p u t o s c i l l a ti o n s a r eb u t w i t h s o m e d e g r a d a t i o n i n t h e l o ss . a c c e p t a b l e .T h e n u m b e r o f m e a s u r e m e n t s u s e d f o r fe e d - fo r w a r d( o n e ) is m a i n l y d u e t o i d e n t i fi c a t i o n p r o b l e m s . B yi n c r e a s i n g t h i s n u m b e r , e s p e c i a l l y i n w h a t c o n c e r n s o u t - E x p e r i m e n t 2 - - c a s ca d e co n t r o ll e t o il t e m p e r a t u r e w h o s e c h a n g e s a r e m o s t o f t h e t i m e

    I n e x p e r i m e n t 2 , p e r f o r m e d o n 2 3 J u n e 1 99 5, t h e c a s c a d ev e r y s lo w , n o t h i n g i s g a i n e d . I n w h a t c o n c e r n s r a d i a - s t r u c t u r e o f Figur e 2 i s t u r n e d o n . T h e o u t e r c o n t r o lt i o n , i t s e f f e c t o n t h e f i el d o u t l e t o i l t e m p e r a t u r e is a c t u - l o o p e m p l o y s a P I D . U p t o t = 1 50 m i n , t h e f o l l o w i n ga l l y f a s t e r t h a n t h e e f f e c t o f th e m a n i p u l a t e d v a r i a b l e .T h i s i s d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t w h i le r a d i a t i o n a c t s d i r e c t ly g a i n s o f t h e P I D w e r e u s e d :o n t h e o i l t e m p e r a t u r e , e v e n c l o s e to t h e e n d o f t h e c o l - 90l e c t o r l o o p s , f o r a c h a n g e i n t h e m a n i p u l a t e d v a r i a b l e t o 8 5h a v e e f f e c t o n t h e o u t l e t o i l t e m p e r a t u r e o n e h a s t o w a i t 8.0f o r t h e o i l t o c r o s s a s u b s t a n t i a l l e n g t h o f t h e l o o p s . T h e .5_ v.5p r e s e n c e o f f a s t a c t i n g d i s t u r b a n c e s is o n e o f t h e i s su e s ~ 7 oew h i c h r e n d e r s t h e c o n t r o l p r o b l e m i n t e re s t in g . I n o r d e r ~ 6 .5t o c a n c e l i n t h e f e e d f o r w a r d a c t i o n t h e v a r i a t i o n s o f ~ 6 or a d i a t i o n w h i c h a r e t o o f a s t t o h a v e a n e f f e ct o n t h e 5 5t e m p e r a t u r e , t h e f i lt e r ( 8 ) h a s b e e n i n c l u d e d . 4 s -O n e i m p o r t a n t p r a c t ic a l a s p e c t in a d a p t i v e c o n t r o l 4"050 100 150 200 250 300c o n c e r n s s m o o t h s t a r t - u p . I n o r d e r t o p r e v e n t a d a p t a - T im e (m in )t i o n t r a n s i e n t s , t h e f u ll s t a t e o f t h e c o n t r o l l e r , i n c l u d i n g

    F i gu r e 5 E x p e r i m e n t 1 . O i l f l ow

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    6/7

    1 1 6 C a s c a d e c o n t r o l o f a d i s t r i b u t e d c o l l e c t o r s o l a r f i e ld : R . N . S i l va e t a l .

    1 9 - J u n - 9 5 2 3 - J u n - 9 5860 - 900 -

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    .~ 60078 0 - ~ 55 0760 - 500

    45 0740 I I I I I 400 I ] I I I50 t00 150 200 250 300 100 150 200 250 300 350T i m e ( m i n ) T i m e ( m i n )F i g u r e 6 E x p e r i m e n t 1 . S o l a r r a d i a t i o n F i g u r e 9 E x p e r i m e n t 2 . S o l a r r a d i a t i o n

    2 5 - J u n - 9 5280 [ - Th e re s u l t s c an be s een in Figures 7-9 . Figure 7 s h o w s t h e:70 ~ ,':.~ q ' ~ ' - - 7 ' ., .- , ~ ., ., ._ . ~ , \ t e m p e r a t u r e T a t t h e i n l e t o f t h e s t o r a g e t a n k t o g e t h e rJ / _ / / - - ~ w i t h i ts r e fe r e n c e, t h e v a r i a b le T * m a n i p u l a t e d b y M U S -

    2 6 0 / ( X I r - ~ l ' L . ~ M A R ( re f er e n ce t o t h e s e c o n d l o o p ) a n d t h e a v e r a g e. o- t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e o u t l e t o f t h e f ie l d l o o p s . N o t i c e t h eo " 240 ~ - , d e l a y a n d a t t e n u a t i o n b e t w e e n T ( t h e a v e r a g e t e m p e r a -

    230 / t u r e a t t h e o u t l e t o f t h e l o o p s ) a n d T ( t h e t e m p e r a t u r e: : ]~ a t t h e i n l et t o t h e t a n k ) w h i c h c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e p i p e20 " s210 " t t I I t I b e t w e e n t h e m . W h e n a p o s i t i v e s t e p i s a p p l i e d t o t h e100 ]50 200 250 300 350 re f e re nce o f the ou te r loop , T , the co m bin a t i on o f the

    T im e (ra in ) p r o p o r t i o n a l a n d d e r i v a t i v e a c t i o n s f o r c e a f a s t r e s p o n s eF i g u r e 7 E x p e r i m e n t 2. O i l o u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e a n d s e t - p o i n t f o r t h e i n T * , t h e r e f e r e n c e t o t h e i n n e r l o o p . T h e i n n e r l o o pt w o l o o p s in c as ca de c on tr ol o u t p u t , T , r e s p o n d s t o t h i s c h a n g e , a t t a i n i n g a s t e a d y -

    s t a t e v a l u e w h i c h i s h i g h e n o u g h t o c o m p e n s a t e f o r t h e2 3 - J u n - 9 5 l o s s e s i n t h e p i p e , t h u s d r i v i n g T t o i t s s e t - p o i n t . N o t i c e9 a l s o t h a t t h e r e a r e s o m e c l o u d s c a u s i n g f a s t a n d s t r o n g

    8 d i s t u r b a n c e s a t t h e e n d o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t .~ 7

    6 C o n c l u s i o n sQE 5 E x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u lt s c o n c e r n i n g p r e d i c t iv e a d a p t i v e c o n -

    4 t r o l o f a d i s t r i b u t e d c o l l e c t o r s o l a r f i e l d a r e r e p o r t e d .3 I T h e m a i n d i ff i cu l ti e s i n t h e p l a n t t o b e c o n t r o l l e d c o m e100 150 200 250 300 350 f r om a va ry in g i /o t r an sp or t de lay , t im e va ryi ng no n-

    T i m e ( m i n ) l i n e a r d y n a m i c s a n d s i g n i f i c a t i v e u n m o d e l l e d d y n a m i c s .F i g u r e 8 E x p e r i m e n t 2. Oil flow A c a s c a d e s t r u c t u r e w a s u s e d in o r d e r t o t a k e a d v a n t a g e

    o f t h e d i f f e r e n t b a n d w i d t h s i n t h e v a r i o u s p a r t s o f t h ekp = 1 k~ = 0 .0 1 5 k D = 1 p l a n t a n d t h e w a y t h e m a i n d i s t u r b a n c e s a f f e c t i t. A p a r tf r o m c a s c a d e c o n t r o l , i ss u es t o h i g h l i g h t c o n c e r n s m o o t h

    F r o m t = 1 50 m i n o n , t h e P I D g a i n s w e r e c h a n g e d t o s t a r t - u p o f th e a d a p t i v e c o n t r o l l e r , u s e o f d y n a m i cw e i g h t s a n d a d a p t i v e f e e d f o r w a r d . S i n c e l i t t l e k n o w l -e d g e a b o u t t h e p l a n t i s i n c l u d e d a p r i o r i i n t h e c o n -k p = 0 . 7 k z = 0 . 0 2 k D = 5 t r o l l e r , t h e e x p e r i e n c e g a i n e d i n t h i s p r o j e c t i s r e l e v a n tw h e r e a d a p t i v e p r e d i c t i v e t e c h n i q u e s a r e e m p l o y e d . I n

    T h e s e l a s t v a l u e s w e r e f o u n d b y s y s t e m a t i c s i m u l a t i o n t h i s r e s p e ct , t h e r e m a r k s m a d e a b o u t t h e M U S M A Ru s i n g a n o n l i n e a r m o d e l o f t h e f ie ld . T h e y r e f e r t o a t u n i n g k n o b s a r e u s e fu l .p a r a m e t e r i z a t i o n o f th e P I D i n w h i c h t h e r e l at i o nb e t w e e n t h e t r a c k i n g e r r o r a n d t h e m a n i p u l a t e d v a r i a b l eis g i v en b y t h e f o l lo w i n g c o n t i n u o u s t r a n s fe r f u n c t io n R e f e r e n c e s

    k D s I C a m a c h o , E . F . , R u b i o , F . R . a n d H u g h e s , F. M . S e l f -t u n i n g c o n -kp + kz 1 t r o l o f a s o l a r p o w e r p l a n t w i t h d i s t r i b u t e d c o l l e c t o r f i e ld . I E E Es k D C o n t ro l S y s t e m s , A p r i l 1 9 9 21 + s - - 2 C a m a c h o , E . F ., B e re n g u e l , M . a n d B o r d r n s , C . A d a p t i v e g e n e r -10kp a l i z e d p r e d i c t i v e c o n t r o l o f a d i s t r i b u t e d c o l l e c t o r f i el d. I E E ETrans. Contro l Syst . Tech ., 1 9 9 4 , 2 ( 4 ) , 4 6 2 - 4 6 7

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    7/7

    C a s c a d e c o n t r o l o f a d i s t r i b u t e d c o l l e c t o r s o l a r f i e l d : R . N . S i l v a e t a l . 117

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