carlos linares: presentation on safe water at ird event at emory university
DESCRIPTION
Presented by Carlos Linares, Senior Program Officer, Infrastructure, IRD -- at conference at Emory University on Sept. 30, 2010TRANSCRIPT
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Access to Safe Water: Challenges, Trends, and Transitions
Prepared for: Emory University Conference
Prepared by: Carlos Linares,
Senior Program Officer, IRD Infrastructure
September 30, 2010,
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Access to safe water
No access means: • An un-protected spring or
dug well;• Cart with small
tank/drum; • Tanker truck;• Surface water (rivers,
lakes, streams, irrigation channels, etc)
• Bottled water (of unknown quality)
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Challenges, Trends and Transitions• Population Growth, Poverty and Service
Deficits• Urbanization • Decentralization and Participation• Privatization and the “Other” Private Sector• Suffering for Water, Suffering from Water• A Community Compact: Harnessing an un-
tapped potential
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Population Growth, Poverty and Service Deficits
• 1 billion people don’t have access to safe water;
• 2.5 billion people lack access to adequate sanitation;
• Two million children die every year as a result of diarrhea;
• The majority of the world's population living in urban areas;
• One billion urban dwellers are poor and living in slums.
• By 2030, 5 billion urban dwellers (60 per cent of the world’s population);
• A third of these will continue living in poverty;
• Progress made will be offset by population growth.
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Urbanization • Cities have continued to
grow at a fast pace;• Urban environmental
degradation = poor governance;
• Transition of government’s role — from “doer” to “regulator” —much more difficult than previously anticipated
• Poverty and lack of services an “institutional” problem.
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Decentralization and Participation• Decentralization:
increased role for local governments and increased opportunities for civil society;
• NGO’s are the leaders in designing & implementing participatory development processes;
• The case of FUNDASAL (1970 to 1978)
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Privatization• Well-publicized fiascos and derailments of
privatization reduced multinational’s plans for investment in developing countries;
• Public sector utilities and/or private sector utilities/multinationals don’t serve the poor anyway;
• Service deficits have created opportunities for neighborhood groups and the “other” private sector to fill the gaps left by government authorities and multinationals.
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The “Other” Private Sector• Entrepreneurs managing piped
networks in agreement with utilities;
• Independent entrepreneurs managing piped networks with their own sources (registered / licensed as well as unregistered / unlicensed);
• Carters or water carriers who deliver water by the jerrycan, and by different means (handcarts, push-carts, push-bikes, wagons, donkey carts, bicycles, tricycles, trolleys)
• Cooperatives managing piped networks with independent sources of water;
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The “Other” Private Sector• Private well and or borehole
owner-operators with independent water sources, where bulk water is sold to mobile vendors;
• Residential resellers, selling water through garden hose or garden faucet, domestic taps, elevated tanks or cisterns;
• Community-built and operated piped networks with independent water sources;
• Community-managed kiosks/stand posts selling water to resellers or individuals.
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Suffering for Water, Suffering from Water Despite many operational constraints:
• lack of understanding, lack of recognition, hostile attitude from police/bribes;
• lack of secure tenure, no collateral;• lack of access to capital, lack of access to credit;• Lack of access to the law, in legal limbo, no support from regulations
SSPs are thriving – water business is good business! However… The water sold by SSPs is not guaranteed to be safe for
human consumption.
Is the solution to kill-off “the other private sector” already serving the poor?
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Harnessing an un-tapped potential via Community Compact
• An approach that merges top-down and bottom-up;
• Barriers need to be eliminated and incentives need to be introduced via a Community Compact.
The Compact will: • a) eliminate barriers (lack of
access to the law, and financial resources, among others); and
• b) introduce incentives (to ensure that water being sold is safe for human consumption).
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Thank you