business method patents marc gratacosmelinda macauley holly liupete perlegos strategic computing and...
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Business Method Patents
Marc Gratacos Melinda MacauleyHolly Liu Pete Perlegos
Strategic Computing and Communications TechnologyFall 2002
In-class debate 11-12-2002
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Business Method Patents Background
– Patents authorized by Constitution to “promote the progress of science and the useful arts.”
– Limited term monopoly granted to the inventor of new, useful, and non-obvious innovations.
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Business Method Patents Business Method Patents are a
Recent Development– Until the 1998 State Street decision,
business methods were deemed too abstract to be patentable.
– Business method innovation occurred prior to 1998 despite the lack of patent protection.
– What if we always had them?• Ford assembly line
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What changed?Business Method Patent Applications (Class 705)
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
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9,000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Year
# o
f P
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Patent Applications
*Source: USPTO Website http://www.uspto.gov/web/menu/pbmethod/applicationfiling.htm
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Business Method Patents
Why business method patents are flawed– Business methods are unsuitable for
patents.– Patents are not needed as incentives to
innovation in business methods.– Business method patents create
technological and economic inefficiencies.– As a result, business method patents
hamper innovation and economic development.
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Business Method Patents
Business methods are unsuitable for patent– Business methods are too vague and
broad to patent.– Business methods are too difficult and
expensive to validate.– As the foundation of commerce,
business methods should not be subject to monopoly.
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Business Method Patents Business methods are too vague and
broad for patent.– Business processes are often conceptual
and abstract.– Business process patents can apply to
multiple markets and industries, creating overbroad protection that forecloses efficient innovation.
– In the brief period since State Street, the Patent Office has issued overbroad patents.
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Business Method Patents Business methods are difficult to
validate.– Patent Office lacks the expertise and
resources– USPTO limited by the lack of
comprehensive, searchable databases of prior art
– Determining non-obviousness is difficult in the fast-changing business environment
– Examiner incentive system is skewed toward issuance
– Substantial continuing risk of issuing overly broad or otherwise defective patents
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Business Method Patents As the foundation of commerce, business
methods should not be subject to monopoly.– Business processes are the foundation of
modern commerce.– Monopolies on the business innovations
are therefore particularly damaging economically, preventing the rapid spread of efficient innovations.
– Business method patents can (and have been) used as anticompetitive weapons against competitors.• Amazon “One Click”
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Business Method Patents
Patents are not needed as incentives to innovation in business methods.– Business methods carry their own
rewards.– Past history indicates that business
process innovations flourish without patent protection.
– No evidence that newly available patent protection has encouraged greater innovation in business processes.
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Business Method Patents Business method patents create
technological and economic inefficiencies.– Business method patents cause economic
inefficiencies by preventing the adoption of efficient practices, inflicting additional costs, and may cause price distortions
– Business method patents cause technological inefficiencies by restricting the spread and enhancement of the innovation
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Business Method Patents Business method patents create
economic inefficiencies.– Limit the spread of the most efficient
business processes– Impose costs on small and large
competitors alike• “Patent ‘thicket’ can be difficult and
expensive to navigate” -David Messerschmitt
– Monopoly pricing per component will create inefficiency for both producers and consumers
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Business Method Patents Business method patents create
technological inefficiencies.– Limit the spread of the new technologies– Force the adoption of less effective
alternative technologies– Prevent the development of
enhancements to the new process except by patent owner
– Market leader can hijack new technology in favor of more profitable existing technology• Airlines – find lowest price online
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Business Method Patents Conclusion: As a result of the
foregoing factors, business method patents hamper innovation and economic development.