building services 2

B U I L D I N G S E R V I C E S

MECHANICAL VENTILATIONAIR COND SYSTEM

ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM

MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATIONSYSTEM

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

ADILA ZAAS

0310417

GERTRUDE LEE

0306265

KEE TING TING

0310019

NASREEN HAJIBEIGY

0310538

SONIA MANYIE

0801A65704

YASEEN SYED

0309021

CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Mechanical Ventilation and Air Cond System

2.2 Electrical Supply System

2.3 Fire Protection System

3.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

3.1 Introduction and Function

3.2 Components of System

3.3 UBBL requirement or related regulations

3.4 Images and diagrams of the system

3.5 Conclusion

4.0 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM





4.5 Conclusion

5.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM





5.5 Conclusion

6.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

6.1 Literature Review





6.6 Conclusion

7.0 GENERAL CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

1.0

Figure 1

Landscape in PJ

Trade Centre (Top)

Figure 2

Section drawing of PJ

Trade Centre (bottom)

1.1 A MALAYSIA PARADIGM PJ Trade Centre (Figure 1), completed in February 2009 was designed by the developer of TujuanGemilangSdn. Bhd. The project was spearheaded by its executive chairman Ahmad Khalif Mustapha Kamal. (Poh,2009) Its sur-rounding landscape however, was planned and designed by Seksan Design. The expansion concept is based on Malaysian context of heat, humidity, ma-terials, and construction practices, and inspired by the weaving of “songket”, “batik” and “tenun”.

Built on 5.4 acres of land, in the centre of Bandar DamansaraPerdana, Petaling Jaya, the 4 Towers (Menara Mustapha Kamal, Menara Bata, Menara-Hasil and MenaraGamuda), consists of 21 to 21 floors each.

1

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0

2.1 MECHANICAL VENTILATION AND AIR COND SYSTEM

According to Roger Greeno, ventilation is simply defined as the process

of changing air in an enclosed space. A proportion of air within the enclosed

space should be continuously withdrawn and replaced by fresh air

(Greeno,1997).

2.1.1 MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Mechanical Ventilation which has been used widely starting from

twentieth century, fan-assisted movement of air has largely helped the natural

system. The components include fan, filters, ductwork, fire dampers and

diffusers.There are 4 categories of fans which are cross flow, propeller, axial

flow and centrifugal. Next, filters are fuctioned to eliminate suspended

particles. It is place at the cover of air entry into ventilation system.

Morever, ductwork is created to channel outside air towards the room

or the air from the room towards the outside. It is usually produced in circular,

square or rectangular form. In addition, there is also fire damper that needed in

case of fire event. It must integrate provision for automatic closure in the event

of fire.

Lastly, diffusers range from simple perforated plates and grilles to the

more complex and efficient coned air distributors. It is placed at the border of

the ductwork where the air is released into the space.

2

2.1.2 AIR COND SYSTEM Air conditioning served to produce and maintain a programmed internal

environment, despite of external conditions. To achieve these design criteria,

equipment will include facilities to control of temperature, humidity, air clean-

liness, air movement and heat radiation. To conclude, it is to achieve human

thermal comfort which can be programmed between 19 and 23 degree Celsius

and relative humidity within 40-60 per cent band. Choice of system will depend

on building purpose and degree of occupancy (Greeno,1997). They fall into

three categories: -

1. Room Air Conditioner

2. Split Unit Air Conditioning System

3. Packaged Unit Air Conditioning System

4. Centralized/Plant Air Conditioning System

1. Room Air Conditioner

Room Air Condition is the basic design of air conditioning system and it

is only suitable for small space. It is usually set up at windows or openings to

ensure the air release to the environment easily.

2. Split Unit Air Conditioning System

Split Unit packages are divided into two component that are the fan coil

and condensing unit. Fan coil is an air-handling unit contains a filter fan, evap-

orator (cold) coil and the expansion or regulating valve. As for the condensing

unit, it contains the condenser (hot) coil, fan and compressor pump. It is the

most popular system nowadays as it looks elegantly beautiful, silent operation

and require no windows or openings.

3. Packaged Unit Ait Conditioning System

Packaged air conditioning units is a factory manufactured to suit range

of uses. It is an advancement from single unit system to complement a build-

ing’s characteristics. The advantage is they are rarely been wrapped as they

look aesthetically contemporary style.

4. Centralized/Plant Air Conditioning System

Central plant system commonly used in big buildings with commer-

cial and offices uses. It has the limitation of same air quality being delivered

throughout the building. The temperature of each element can be controlled

with zoned thermostats.

3

2.2 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM

2.2.1 Literature Review

Electric power supply system in a country comprises of generating units

that produce electricity; high voltage transmission lines that transport electricity

over long distances; distribution lines that deliver the electricity to consumers;

substations that connect the pieces to each other; and energy control centers

to coordinate the operation of the components.

The maintenance of a secure supply is an important consideration for

any electrical engineer or supply authority because electricity plays a vital part

in an industrial society, and a loss of supply may cause inconvenience, financial

loss or danger to the consumer or the public. The principle employed with a

ring system is that any consumer’s substation is fed from two directions, and

by carefully grading the overload and cable protection equipment a fault can

be disconnected without loss of supply to other consumers.

Figure 3

Simple Electric Supply

System with

Transmission and

Distribution Network

and Linkages from

Electricity Sources to

End-User.

4

In Malaysia, 59% of the electrical supply system was owned by Tenaga

Nasional Berhad (TNB) and the remaining 41% by Independent Power

Producers (IPP).

Figure 4

Association of Various

Parties in Grid Codewith

the Grid System

5

Figure 5

Association of Various

Parties in Grid Codewith

the Grid System

6

Figure 6

Malaysia Electricity

Supply in the Industry

Structure (Simplified)

7

2.3 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

Active Fire Protection System

An integral part of fire protection. AFP is characterised by items and/or

systems, which require a certain amount of motion and response in order to

work, contrary to passive fire protection.

Passive Fire Protection System

An integral component of the three components of structural fire

protection and fire safety in a building. PFP attempts to contain fires or slow

the spread, through use of fire-resistant walls, floors, and doors (amongst

other examples). PFP systems must comply with the associated Listing and

approval use and compliance in order to provide the effectiveness expected by

building codes.

2.3.1 PASSIVE FIRE SYSTEM

Compartmentation It is designed to contain the area of the starting point of the fire.It

approach proves atleast some protection for the rest of the building and its

occpants,even if other fire prevention systems are installed and failed.This

delays the spread of the fire,before the fire brigade arrives. Halls and landing

are separated from staircases to avoid the fire travelling vertically up stairwalls.

This prevents different floors from being affected.There are usually some

limitations to the compartmentation lines as over compartmentation incur

hardships during daily use.

Structural Integrity during a Fire This is the protection of the structural stability before the fire.It ensure

safety and stability during the fire and ensures that the building doesn’t

collapse.

Smoke Movement The volume of combustion products entrained in a rising plume is

relatively small compared with the volume of air in the total misture.

Consequently, the smoke produced by a fire will approximate the volume of

air drawn into the rising plume. These smoke are a mixture of hot vapors and

gases produced by the combustion process along with unburned

8

decomposition and condensation matter and the quantity of air that is

entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass.

Evacuation of Occupants Fire drills should involve all occupants, as everyone should leave the

building when the fire alarm sounds. It is critical for building personnel and

floor wardens to be familiar with the fire alarm sequence, including the first and

second stage alarms, their associated audible signals, and the duties to be

carried out at each point in a fire emergency. Emphasis should be placed on

a safe and orderly evacuation, rather than speed. Occupants should close but

not lock doors as they leave their room or office. If there are concerns

regarding confidential papers or other materials, the evacuation plan should

include securing articles in a lockable filing cabinet or desk.

2.3.2 ACTIVE FIRE SYSTEM

The main point of fire protection is to identify a developing fire

emergency in a timely manner, and to alert the building’s occupants and fire

emergency organizations. This is the role of fire detection and alarm systems.

Depending on the anticipated fire scenario, building and use type, number and

type of occupants, and criticality of contents and mission, these systems can

provide several main functions.

SPRINKLER SYSTEMS: For most fires, water represents the ideal extinguishing agent. Fire

sprinklers utilize water by direct application onto flames and heat, which causes

cooling of the combustion process and prevents ignition of adjacent combustibles.

They are most effective during the fire’s initial flame growth stage, while the fire is

relatively easy to control.

Fire sprinkler systems are actually heat activated, one sprinkler head at a

time, and most fires usually require only one or two sprinklers to be extinguished.

FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS: Fire extinguishing systems are commonly used to protect areas containing

valuable or critical equipment such as data processing rooms, telecommunication

switches, and process control rooms. Their main function is to quickly extinguish a

developing fire and alert occupants before extensive damage occurs by filling

9

the protected area with a gas or chemical extinguishing agent. Usually they can be

found at exits, where they are easy to get hold of, in the case of an emergency.

There are a few different types of fire extinguishers:

1.ABC-RATED DRY CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHERS

2.WATER EXTINGUISHERS:

3.CO2 CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHERS:

4.CLASS D EXTINGUISHERS:

5.FIRE MONITOR EXTINGUISHER SYSTEM:

WATER SPRAY EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS: Stationary water spray extinguishing systems are permanently installed

systems with open nozzles that use water as an extinguishing agent. They can

be activated manually and/or automatically. An additional mechanical,

hydraulic, pneumatic or electrical triggering system is required for automatic

activation.

COMPRESSED AIR FOAM SYSTEMS: A compressed air foam system is defined as a standard water pumping

system that has an entry point where compressed air can be added to a foam

solution to generate foam. The air compressor also provides energy, which,

gallon for gallon, propels compressed air foam farther than aspirated or stan-

dard water nozzles.

CARBON DIOXIDE SUPRESSION SYSTEMS: The mechanisms by which carbon dioxide extinguishes fire are rather

well known. If we go back to the familiar fire triangle, we realize that an

interaction between fuel, oxygen and heat is necessary to produce a fire

condition. When these three elements are present in a proper relationship, fire

will result. Carbon dioxide extinguishes fire by physically attacking all three

points of the fire triangle. The primary attack is on the oxygen content of the

atmosphere. The introduction of CO2 into the fire zone displaces sufficient

oxygen in the atmosphere to extinguish the open burning. At the same time,

the extinguishing process is aided by a reduction in the concentration of

gasified fuel in the fire area. And finally, CO2 does provide some cooling in the

fire zone to complete the extinguishing process.

10

MECHANICAL VENTILATION

&

AIR COND SYSTEM

3.0

3.1 PROLOGUE

Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning system have always been

the main source in controlling air temperature, air humidity, air circulation and air

quality. For PJ Trade Centre, the concept is mainly towards greeneries and natural

ventilation thus, the usage of mechanical air conditioning system is minimized in

every building. Nevertheless, necessary data was gathered to help us in achieving

a thorough research on building services as well as in approaching it through a

sustainable way.

For the air conditioning system, Tower B (Bata) uses the Split Unit Air

Conditioning system while Tower A and C uses the Centralized System. Moreover,

Tower A and C are under one owner (Gamuda) unlike Tower B which is under one

owner. Therefore, there are different opinions in approaching the usage of the Air

Conditioning System in PJ Trade Centre.

As for the Mechanical Ventilation System, the building covered most of the

components that we have learned in class. It is crucial to insert the mechanical

ventilation, especially in the basement, kitchen and toilet. The main purpose of

mechanical ventilation is to cool the individual rooms, fireproof and filter small

substances. Moreover, it is to preserve oxygen content (maintained 21% of air

volume) and to remove carbon dioxide.

11

3.2.1 INTRODUCTION AND FUNCTION

Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning system have always been the

main sources for controlling air temperature, air humidity, air circulation and air

quality. As for PJ Trade Centre, their concept is mainly towards greeneries and

natural ventilation, thus the usage of mechanical air conditioning system been min-

imize in every buildings. Nevertheless, we did gather necessary data to help us in

achieving building services foundation as well as approaching it in greeneries way.

In air conditioning system, Tower B (Bata) use Split Unit Air Conditioning

system while Tower A and C use Centralized System. Moreover, Tower A and C

are under one owner (Gamuda) unlike Tower B which is under one owner. There

are two approach of Air Conditioning System in PJ Trade Centre because different

owner have their own opinion.

As for Mechanical Ventilation System, the building covered most of the

components that we learned in class. It is really important aspect to insert me-

chanical ventilation especially in the basement room, kitchen and toilet. The main

purpose of mechanical ventilation is to cool individual room, fireproof and filter

small substances. Moreover, it is to preserve oxygen content (maintained 21% of

air volume) and to remove carbon dioxide.

3.2 MECHANICAL VENTILATON

12

3.3.1 Ducting System

In PJ Trade Centre, ducting systems are usually exposed and visible. Now-

adays, it is a trend to not hide ducting systems as it can be quite aesthetically

pleasing. The function of duct system requires the exchange of indoor air which in

take the warm air from the spaces and distribute AHU room. Duct system consists

of ducts component itself, diffusers, return air grilles, and fire dampers.

All the ducting system in PJTC are insulated to reduce heat loss and re-

duce installation cost. In figure ? it can be seen that ductworks been branches

from AHU and to the allocated space especially basement parking. Moreover, a

loud noise could be heard when the operator been switched on. The ducts that

they use are rectangular shapes and size range are 1m x 1.5m.

At the back of AHU (Air Handling Unit), we could see Axial Fan to exhaust

the air from AHU via ducting. It consists of several aerofoil cross sections blades

mounted on a motor driven central shaft


Figure 7

Malaysia Electricity

Supply in the Industry

Structure (Simplified)

13

Figure 8

Main Ducting in Air

Handling Room

Figure 9

Ducting component

in parking lot area

Figure 10

Axial Fan behind Air

Handling Unit Room

14

3.3.2 Extract Ventilation

The advanced system of extract ventilation are equipped with ductwork

attached to the extract fan, with hoods or outlet grilles strategically located.

Figure 11 shows how it has been set up in fire pump room. Ductwork is accom-

modated with fresh air inlets in marginal locations. In addition, it functions to

prevent cross-flow of noise, odours, and smoke through extract fan. More details

of the components can be seen through figure 12, 13 and 14.

Figure 11

Extract ventilation

in Fire Room ( G Floor )

15

Figure 12

Location of fire room

and extract system in

Ground Floor

Figure 13

Extract Ventilation to

Fire Room.

16

Figure 14

Example figure of smoke

excape to extract fan

17

3.3.3 Pressurization and Exhaust System for Fire Protection

A pressurization system is to maintain positive pressure in certain spaces to

prevent smoke entering from adjacent areas. In PJTC, we could relate this system

mostly located in protected stairways.

A pressurization consists of three components which are Supply Air (to

transfer the air into specific spaces), Pressure Relief (to prevent from exceed pres-

sure) and Air Release (air and smoke are released from the adjacent fire area). Due

to all these components, it forms a positive pressure difference to prevent smoke

enter lobbies and staircase area.

It is advisable to separate supply air fan from exhaust louvres at least 5m

measured from the edge of the exhaust louvres housing. This will prevent the pos-

sibility of smoke shift into the supply air shaft.

Next, it is important to install sets of motor-fans that suck air into the stair-

well. In PJTC, the motor-fans is located in basement as shown in figure ? to pre-

vent infiltration of smoke in the event of fire. The outside air is captured throughout

a cover up that has a particle filter.

Figure 15

Location of centrifugal

fan, fire damper and

circular ductwork

18

Figure 16

Fire damper placed in

staircase area

Figure 17

Circular ductwork

placed in basement

level

Figure 18

Centrifugal Fan placed

on rooftop area

19

As for basic application is provision of a propeller fan over a void in an

external wall. In figure ? it been placed in water handling room to release

unpleasant or contaminated air situation. It doesn’t require any ductwork as it can

stand on it owns with several steel or plastic blades mounted at a right angle to a

central boss. In addition, there is also fire damper plates in case occur any smoke

release in the space too.

Figure 19

Propeller fan and fire

damper in water system

room on rooftop,

20

Figure 20

Propeller Fan in Water

System Room

Figure 21

Fire Damper outside

water system room

21

3.4.1 Function of Air-conditioning system:

The main purpose of commercial HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air

conditioning) systems is to provide the people working inside buildings with

“conditioned” air so that they will have a comfortable and safe work environment.

“Conditioned” air means that air is clean and odor-free, and the temperature,

humidity, and movement of the air are within certain comfort ranges.

3.4 Types and Function of Air Conditioning System

22

3.4.2 Types of Air-conditioning system:

In Block B, the types of air conditioning system that is split unit air

conditioning system. Whereas, for Block A, Block C and Block D (Based on the

plan in Diagram 1.1), centralized unit air conditioning systems are the system that

they are using now. The reason of Block B using different kind of system than the

other three blocks is Block B is owned by a few owners. So, to be fair in paying

the bills, the owners decided to install split air conditioning system. While for Block

A, Block C and Block D, to cool the whole building, the best system is the

centralized air conditioning system.

Figure 22

The yellow zones

indicated the areas in

Block B are used split

unit air

conditioning

system. The red zones

indicated the areas in

Block A, Block C and

Block D are used

centralized unit air

conditioning

system.

Elevation (left),

Plan (right).

23

For split unit air conditioner, it comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit

(based on Figure 1.2) and the indoor unit (based on Figure 1.1). The outdoor unit,

fitted outside the room, components like the compressor, condenser and expan-

sion valve. The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the cool-

ing fan. A split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms. For this unit

you don’t have to make any slot in the wall of the room.

Figure 23

Outdoor unit (right)

Indoor unit (left) of split

air conditioning system

24

Outdoor unit (based on the right side of 24):

The compressor is the maximum noise making part of the air conditioner, and

since in the split air conditioner, it is located outside the room, the major source of

noise is eliminated. In the outdoor unit there is a fan that blows air over the con-

denser thus cooling the compressed Freon gas in it. This gas passes through the

expansion coil and gets converted into low pressure, low temperature partial gas

and partial liquid Freon fluid.

Indoor unit (based on the left side of Figure 24):

It houses the evaporator coil or the cooling coil, a long blower and the filter. After

passing from the expansion coil, the chilled Freon fluid enters the cooling coil. The

blower sucks the hot, humid and filtered air from the room and it blows it over the

cooling coil. As the air passes over cooling coil its temperature reduces drastically

and also loses the excess moisture.

3.5 Components of the split unit air conditioning system

Figure 24

The components of

indoor and outdoor

unit.

25

Compressor (Based on Figure 25):

Compresses the refrigerant from low pressure (low temperature) to high

pressure (high temperature). This conversion raises the boiling point to higher

temperature levels, facilitating elimination of the heat brought by the outdoor air.

Condenser (Based on Figure 26):

This component receives gas at high pressure and high temperature from

the compressor. In air-cooled condensers, the metallic surfaces cool the gas

which changes status and turns to liquid. In the case of water-cooled condensers,

it is the circulation of the water that produces the same cooling effect.

Figure 25

The compressor

Figure 26

Condenser

26

Evaporator (Based on Figure 27):

When the refrigerant evaporates in the evaporator, it absorbs heat from the

surrounding air and produces cooled air.

Capillary tube (Based on Figure 28):

A narrowing of the tube connected along the line between the condenser

and the evaporator with diameters ranging from 1 to 2 mm. and lengths ranging

between 1 and 2 m, allows the adjustment of the amount of gas fed to the

evaporator.

Figure 27

The evaporator.

Figure 28

The capillary tube

27

Electrical parts:

Electric and electronic components needed by the various air conditioner

functions.

Indoor fan (Based on Figure 29):

It exhausts air from the indoor environment and conveys it through the

evaporator; the air is now cool and distributed back into the environment.

Outdoor fan (Based on Figure 30):

This causes the air to circulate through the condenser in order to cool the

refrigerant.

Figure 29

The cross-flow fan and

radial fan

Figure 30

The axial fan

28

3.5.1 Operations of system: -

The outdoor unit is installed on or near the wall outside of the room or

space that you wish to cool. The unit houses the compressor, condenser coil and

the expansion coil. The sleek-looking indoor unit contains the cooling coil, a long

blower and an air filter. (based on Diagram 1.3)

The split unit air conditioner pumps heat from inside to outside is through

the refrigeration cycle, a thermodynamic cycle involving a special fluid - the

refrigerant - that undergoes phase changes (between liquid and vapour), pressure

changes, and temperature changes.

Based on diagram 1.3, notice that the diagonal line shows which parts are inside

the house and which parts are outside. According to author (Allison Bailes), the

four stages of the refrigeration cycle are:-

1. Evaporator CoilThis is where the refrigerant picks up heat from inside the house. The evaporator

coil is a copper tube, which carries the refrigerant, embedded in a framework of

aluminium fins. Using this configuration, the refrigerant is connected to a lot of

surface area that makes contact with the air blowing over it, which aids heat

transfer from the air to the refrigerant. The most common geometry is the A-coil

(Based on Figure 1.10), but there have flat coils and N-coils in some units as well.

Figure 31

The refrigerate flows of

the split unit air

conditioning system

29

The refrigerant comes into the evaporator coil as a liquid at a low

temperature and low pressure. The air handler’s fan (aka the blower) blows air

from the house across the coil. The evaporator coil is cold (about 40° F), and the

air from the house is warm (about 75° F, depending on where you set your

thermostat). Heat flows from warmer to cooler, so the air temperature drops, and

the refrigerant picks up the heat lost by the air. This is the second law of

thermodynamics in action.

In addition to getting warmer, the refrigerant also changes phase here. It’s

called the evaporator coil, after all, so the cold liquid refrigerant coming in

evaporates and becomes a vapour. Phase changes are a great way to transfer

heat because it takes a lot more heat to cause a phase change (especially

between liquid an vapour) than it does to change the temperature of a material.

Thus, when the refrigerant starts boiling, it really sucks up the Btu’s (British

Thermal Units).

Figure 32

The picture of the

A-coil

30

When the refrigerant reaches the outdoor part of your air conditioner

(based on Figure 1.11), the compressor squishes the refrigerant down to a smaller

volume, thus increasing the pressure and the temperature. The refrigerant has to

be warmer than the outside air. The other is that the compressor is the pump that

moves the refrigerant through the system.

PMV electromagnetic valve

pressure

suction

rotor

Figure 33

The components of

compressor

31

When the high pressure, high temperature, vaporized refrigerant leaves the

compressor, it enters the condenser coil. Again, it’s a copper tube embedded in

aluminium fins that allows for efficient heat transfer. A fan inside the condensing

unit pulls outdoor air through the sides of the coil and blows it out the top of the

unit. Because of the work the compressor did, the refrigerant is hotter than the

outdoor air. The second law of thermodynamics kicks in here, and heat flows from

the warmer refrigerant to the cooler outdoor air blowing over the condenser coil.

In the evaporator coil, refrigerant changes from liquid to vapour at a relatively low

temperature. Pressure changes affect the boiling/condensation point temperature.

After returning to the liquid state, the refrigerant travels through the liquid line (the

hot, not insulated copper tube) back to the indoor part of the air conditioner.

4. Expansion Valve

Once the refrigerant gets back to the indoor unit, it passes through the

expansion valve, and the magic of the refrigeration cycle happens here. The high

pressure, relatively warm liquid runs into a constriction that doesn’t allow the

refrigerant to pass through easily. As a result, when the liquid does get through to

the other side, it finds itself in a much lower pressure.

Figure 34

The image of

condenser coil

32

After passing through the expansion valve (based on Diagram 1.4), the

refrigerant goes directly into the evaporator coil, and the cycle begins anew.

Figure 35

The expansion valve

are shown

33

3.6 Components of the Centralize Unit Air Conditioning System

For centralized unit air conditioner, it is used for cooling big buildings,

houses, offices, entire hotels, gyms, movie theatres, factories etc. If the whole

building is to be air conditioned, HVAC engineers find that putting individual units

in each of the rooms is very expensive making this a better option. A central air

conditioning system is comprised of a huge compressor that has the capacity to

produce hundreds of tons of air conditioning. The central air conditioning system

is a plant room where large compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion valve

and the evaporator are kept in the large plant room.

Figure 36

The cooling tower that

placed on the rooftop.

34

Air Handling Unit (AHU)

It is used to condition and circulate air as part of an HVAC system. An

air handler usually contains a blower, heating or cooling elements, filter racks

or chambers, sound attenuators, and dampers. Air handlers usually connect to

ductwork that distribute the conditioned air through the building and return it to

the AHU.Small air handlers are called terminal units, and may only include an air

filter, coil, and blower. These smaller units are also called blower coils or fan coil

units.

Figure 37

AHU components

35

All the components of AHU (Based on Figure 1.14) perform all the functions

as usual similar to a typical refrigeration system. However, all these parts are larger

in size and have higher capacities. The compressor is of open reciprocating type

with multiple cylinders and is cooled by the water just like the automobile engine.

The compressor and the condenser are of shell and tube type. While in the small

air conditioning system capillary is used as the expansion valve, in the central air

conditioning systems thermostatic expansion valve is used.

The chilled is passed via the ducts to all the rooms, halls and other spaces

that are to be air conditioned. Thus in all the rooms there is only the duct passing

the chilled air and there are no individual cooling coils, and other parts of the

refrigeration system in the rooms. What is we get in each room is the completely

silent and highly effective air conditions system in the room. Further, the amount of

chilled air that is needed in the room can be controlled by the openings depending

on the total heat load inside the room.

Figure 38

The working systems of

AHU components.

36

Figure 39

Air filter

Figure 40

Monitoring Gauge

Figure 41

Sound insulation panel

for AHU room

37

Plant room

The plant room comprises of the important parts of the refrigeration

system, the compressor and the condenser. The compressor can be either

semi-hermetically sealed or open type. The semi-hermetically sealed compressors

are cooled by the air, which is blown by the fan, while open type compressor is

water cooled. The open compressor can be driven directly by motor shaft by

coupling or by the belt via pulley arrangement.

The condenser is of shell and tube type and is cooled by the water. The

refrigerant flows along the tube side of the condenser and water along the shell

side, which enables faster cooling of the refrigerant. The water used for cooling the

compressor and the condenser is cooled in the cooling tower kept at the top of

the plant room, though it can be kept at other convenient location also.

Figure 42

The components in

plant room

38

Water Chiller

It is a water-cooled air conditioning system that cools inside air, creating a

more comfortable and productive environment. Chillers are also used in the

manufacturing environment to provide “process” cooling to equipment in an effort

to maximize productivity.

With large facilities, such as commercial buildings, hospitals, universities,

government facilities and theme parks, the cost of energy to generate cooling in

excess of 50 tons is cost prohibitive with air-cooled units. Water-cooled chillers

produce higher tonnage at lower costs per ton, creating greater energy efficiency.

A typical home has 3-5 tons of cooling capacity.

Chillers circulate chilled water to air-handlers in order to transfer heat from

air to water. This water then returns to the evaporator side of the chiller where the

heat is passed from the water to a liquid refrigerant (freon). The refrigerant leaves

the evaporator as a cold vapour and enters the compressor where it is

compressed into a hot vapour. Upon leaving the compressor, the vapour enters

the condenser side of the chiller where heat is transferred from the

refrigerant to the water side of the condenser where it is circulated to an open

cooling tower for the final removal of heat via evaporation in the cooling tower.

Figure 43

The systems of water

chiller components

39

3. 7 UBBL Requirement or Related Regulations:

-Water closets, toilets, lavatories, bathrooms, latrines, urinals or similar rooms or enclosures used for ablutions which are situated in the intermal portions of the building and in respect of which no such external walls (or those overlooking verandahs, pavements or walkways) are present, shall be provided with air-conditioning having a minimum of fresh air change at the rate of 0.61 cmm per square metre of floor area of ten air changes per hour, whichever is the lower.

-Where room, windows, or wall, air-conditioning units are provided as means of air-conditioning, such units shall be capable of continuously introducing fresh air.

40

3.8 Conclusion:

Based on my observations, for Block B, I think that the mechanical worker done a very good job as they installed the outdoor unit in some minor observing area such as basement, the corner of the space, the outside and so on to allow users or customers to have a comfortable vision. Besides that, it is to enhance the aesthetic appeal and do not take up as much space as a window unit.

Besides that, the roof and basement are the usual choice for these central station systems. Though my observation, for Block A, Block C and Block D, the centralized unit air conditioning system are placed on the top floor and rooftop. The placing of it is excellent as rooftop has the advantage of easy utility connections, noise isolation, and not being valuable rental area.

41

ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM

4.0

4.1 UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS (Licensed to Malaysian Standard MS1525:2014) The purpose for this Malaysian Standard in terms of power and distribution system is to minimize losses in electrical power distribution and equipment which would increase energy efficiency. Some of the laws are below:

• Power factor correction capacitorsPower factor correction capacitors should be the low loss type with losses per kVAR not exceeding 0.35 W at upper temperature limit excluding the losses in the discharge resistors.

• Sub MeteringTo facilitate monitoring of energy consumption and energy management, electrical energy meters should be installed at strategic load centers to identify consumption by functional use (air conditioning, lighting, etc.).

The electricity supply and installation practice in Peninsular Malaysia are governed by the following:-

1. Electricity Supply Act 1990 – Act 4472. Licensee Supply Regulations 19903. Electricity Regulations 19944. Customer Charter – refer to TNB website (www.tnb.com.my)

42

4.2 Electrical Components Electrical systems are significant in today’s world and in many cases it is absolutely

necessary that they do not fail. Designers of these systems must be aware of the

various points of failure and how to deal with these problems via a sound design.

Unlike mechanical parts, electrical components generally do not wear out per se.

Components tend to drift over time and can cause problems with sensitive de-

signs. Furthermore when combined with environmental effects,

transient stresses, corrosion, vibration and temperature are of extreme concern.

The electrical components found in PJ Trade Centre will be divided into

three categories:

• Active

An active component works as an alternating-current circuit in a device, which

works to increase the active power, voltage or current. An active component is

able to do this because it is powered by a source of electricity that is separate

from the electrical signal.

• Semiconductors

• Display Technologies

• Power Sources

• Passive

Passive components are those that do not require electrical power to operate and

store or maintain Energy in the form of Voltage or Current

• Resistors

• Capacitors

• Magnetic

• Electromechanical

Electromechanical components carries out its electrical operations by using mov-

ing parts or electrical connections.

• Switches

• Terminals and Connectors

• Cables and Assemblies

• Protection Devices

• Mechanical Accessories

43

Active Components – Semiconductors

1.Diodes A diode is a discrete component that allows current to flow in one direction only. A diode can protect against current flowing the wrong way if the battery is put in back to front.

2. Transistors

A transistor is an electronic component used in a circuit to control a large amount of current or voltage with a small amount of voltage or current. Smaller in size, the transistor could easily be manufactured cheaply in large quantities.

Figure 44

Diode

Figure 45

Transistors

44

3.Integrated Circuit

An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a microchip, is a semi-conductor in which, thousands and millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors are fabricated. An IC can function as an amplifier, timer, counter, computer memory, or microprocessor.

Active Components – Power Sources

1. Battery

Electrochemical cells either create chemical changes by the action of an electric current such as in an electrolytic cell, or create electric currents by the action of chemical changes.

Figure 46

Intergrated Circuit

Figure 47

Battery

45

Passive Components – Resistors

Resistors are the most commonly used component in electronics and their purpose is to create specified values of current and voltage in a circuit.Electromechanical Components - Terminal and Connectors

Electromechanical Components - Terminal and Connectors

1. Type G Socket

Five properties of this socket:• Three rectangular blades in a triangular pattern • Grounded• 13A• 220 – 240V• Compatible with plug type G

Figure 48

Resistor

Figure 49

Type G Socket

46

1. Junction Box

There are two functions of a junction box:

• Present a neater means of concealing electrical junctions. The presence of the box is generally regarded as both practical and more esthetically pleasing than a bunch of exposed electrical wires

• Providing a degree of protection for the wiring interface at various junction points. It can also help contain sparks in the event that one of the junctions over-loads for some reason, and thus limit the amount of damage that is caused.

Electromechanical Components - Protection Devices

The distribution boardis a panel or enclosure that houses the fuses, circuit

breakers, and ground leakage protection units used to distribute electrical

power to numerous individual circuits or consumer points. The core function of

any distribution board is to allow individual circuits to draw power from correctly

rated circuit breakers and for those circuits to be isolated without causing a

disruption to the rest of the supply. Most importantly though, the distribution board

offers protection to users and equipment from electrical shock or fire resulting from

ground faults.

Figure 50

Junction Box

Figure 51

Left - Distribution

Board Panel (Closed)

Right - Distribution

Board Panel (Open)

47

Introduction To PJ Trade Centre

In PJ Trade Centre, the main electrical rooms are situated on the Basement

7. This section will introduce the function and design considerations through

observations of each room. For safety, every main electrical room such as the

Main Switch Room,Low Voltage Switch Room and Gen Set Room has an

alternative emergency exit door and carbon dioxide tanks in case of a fire

emergency.

Figure 52

site specifications of

the electrical rooms on

Basement 7 through a

section of Tower B

48

The substation is an assemblage of electrical components that are

connected in a definite sequence in which a circuit can be switched off manually

or automatically. The substation receives electrical power from generating

station via incoming transmission lines and delivers electrical power via the

outgoing transmission lines.

There are four types of substations:1. Transmission Substation

2. Distribution Substation

3. Collector Substation

4. Switching Substation

Every Substation has the following parts and equipment:1. Outdoor switchyard

2. Main office building

3. Switchgear and Control panel

4. Battery room and D.C Distribution System

5. Mechanical, Electrical and other auxiliaries (firefighting system, oil

purification system, Diesel generator set)

TNB Substation

Figure 53

TNB substation in PJ

Trade Centre

49

The main switch room is situated on Basement 7. Switchboard is

regarded as the main hub of the electrical power source delivered to a building.

Its main function is to receive electrical power supply, control the power supply,

distribute the power supply and protect the power supply. Switchgear is one of

the mechanisms installed at the switchboard used to open and break the circuit

designed to operate automatically or manually depending on the required

purposes.

Main Switch Room

Figure 54

Main Switch Room

50

Below are the design considerations for a switch board room:

• The switch board room shall preferably be provided with an alternative

emergency exit door.

• The door shall be arranged to be opened outwards and shall not obstruct

a passageway into which open. All doors shall be fitted with locks to prevent the

entry of unauthorized persons, but shall be readily opened from the inside without

the use of a key. Sliding door is acceptable.

• The switch board room shall either be naturally or forced ventilated de-

pending on location. Forced ventilation shall be required if the switch board room

is located at basement levels where ducted fresh air and exhaust are to be main-

tained effectively. The exhaust fan shall be of adequate capacity and shall be con-

trolled by a timer.

• Trenches, cable trays and cable entry duct/pipes where required for ser-

vices to and from the switch board room are to be provided

Figure 55

upclose image of the

switchgear

51

Low voltage (LV) switchrooms are common across all industries and one of

the more common spatial requirements which need to be designed into a project.

Main LV switchrooms will typically contain free standing switchboards and Motor

Control Centres (MCC), along with auxiliary equipment required for the room to

function.

Low Voltage Switch Room

The low voltage switchboards provides electrical protection, safe isolation

from live parts and local or remote switching. The switchgears has a

functional switch which helps to energize or de-energize part of a system,

emergency switching and stopping as well as a switch for mechanical

maintenance.

Figure 56

Low Voltage Switch

Room

Figure 57

Low voltage

Switchgears

52

The dimensions for a switchboard are below:

• height would be 2.2 m (2000 mm for the switchboard and a 200 mm plinth)

• width 600 mm to 1050 mm depending on construction

• depth 600 mm

• weight 200 to 400 kg per panel

The design considerations for a LV switchroom are below:

• access for personnel (normal and emergency)

• access for equipment (installation, operation and maintenance)

• regulatory compliance and approvals

• cable containment and entries

• earthing and grounding

• water sealing (if below ground)

• air conditioning, lighting & small power

• fire detection, alarm and suppression

Figure 58

switchboard

arrangement in a LV

Switch Room

53

Genset room is a specific case of engine-generator in which, a diesel engine combines with an electric generator to generate electricity. This generator are used without connection to a power grid and is used as an emergency power supply if the grid fails. As stated on the section, the genset room is located further away from other rooms due to the noises and the danger it may produce if not properly handled.

Gen Set Room

Figure 59

Genset Room

54

Below are the design considerations needed for a Genset Room:

• Floor space between an engine and parallel wall space or another gen set should not be less than the width of the engine. • Overhead, there should be enough space allocated to allow conve-nient removal of cylinder heads, manifolds, exhaust piping and any other equipment for service. • Consider specifying enough room for a chain hoist or overhead crane. Space fore and aft of the engine should allow camshaft removal.• Batteries to start gen sets should be kept as near as possible to the engine to avoid long energy robbing cables.• The fuel tank should be located near gen sets to prevent long fuel line runs which can tax fuel pumps. Access to this equipment for service must also be considered in the design phase.

Figure 60

Generator in a Genset

Room

55

Multi tenanted commercial premises except shop lots shall be given bulk supply. The meter shall be installed at the metering room. An enclosed locked room specifically for the purpose of installing floor mounted metering cubicle shall be provided. The minimum size of the room shall be 2.0 m x 2.0 m x 2.5 m (height).

Below are the design considerations needed for a Meter Room:

Meter Room

Figure 61

Meters in the Meter

Room for Tower B

Figure 62

Design consideration

for a meter room

56

Figure 63

Battery room

Figure 64

Battery room

switchboard

Figure 65

Wet Cell Batteries

57

The battery room is used to house batteries for backup supply during an emergency electrical failure. Moreover, this room is used to segregate fumes and corrosive chemicals of wet cell batteries from the operating equipment which also allows for a better control of the ventilation and tem-perature of the batteries. The batteries may provide power for minutes, hours or days depending on the electrical system design. The electrolyte used for the PJ Trade Centre batteries are nickel-cadmium.

Below are the general design considerations for a battery room:

• Batteries of the non-seal type shall be located in enclosures with out-side vents or inwell ventilated rooms, so arranged as to prevent the escape of fumes, gases, orelectrolyte spray into other areas.

• Ventilation shall be provided to ensure diffusion of the gases from the battery toprevent the accumulation of an explosive mixture.

• Racks and trays shall be substantial and treated to be resistant to the electrolyte.

• Floors shall be of an acid resistant construction or be protected from acidaccumulations.

• Face shields, aprons, and rubber gloves shall be provided for workers handling acids orbatteries.

• Facilities for quick drenching of the eyes and body shall be provided within 25 feet ofthe work area for emergency use.

• Facilities shall be provided for flushing and neutralizing spilled elec-trolyte, for fireprotection, for protecting charging apparatus from damage by trucks, and for adequate

• Ventilation for dispersal of fumes from gassing batteries.

58

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

6.0

6.1 UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS (Licensed to Malaysia Standards MS1525)UBBL:

Part VIII FIRE ALARMS,FIRE DETECTIONS,FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE

FIGHTING ACCESS

UBBL 1984 under section 238:Fire Alarms

1.Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing

fire,with means of fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs.

2.All sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exteri-

or wall and should be readily accessible by the Fire Authority.

UBBL 1984 under section 153:Smoke detectors for lift lobby

All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.

UBBL 1984 under section 247(2):Fire Alarms

Main water storage tanks should be availale within the building,other than for hose

reel system.Shall be located at ground,first or second basement levels,with fire

brigades pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances

UBBL 1984 law 248:Markings on wet risers:

Wet riser,dry riser,sprinkler and other fireinstallation pipes and fittings shall be

painted red.

All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for locations of fire installations and extin-

guishers shall be clearly identified to the Fire authority or otherwise clearly identi-

fied.

UBBLE 1984,ulaw 23:Installation and testing of wet riser systems

Wet riser systems should be provided in every building

A hose system shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby.

Each wet riser outlet shall comprise standard 63.5mm coupling fitted with a hose

of not less than 31.8mm diameter equipped with a variable fog nozzle.

According to UBBL 1984,section 227,

Portable fire extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with relevant codes of

practice and shall be sited on prominent position on exit routes which shall be

visible from all directions.

According to UBBL 1984:Exit Staircases

Every upper floor to have minimum 2 staircases except buildings lower than 12m

Number of Staircases should accommodate highest occupancy load under,widths

of staircases and exit routes shall be maintained [not reduced in width] throughout

59

& door swings should not encroach the access width

Any necessary openings,except opening in external walls which shall not for the

purpose of the by-law include wall to air wells,in the length of such staircase shall

be provided with self closing doors constructed of fire resisting materials.

Under UBBL 166,section 1 Enclosing means of escape in certain buildings

Not less than 2 separate exits shall be provided from each storey together.As

many additional exits may be necessary.

Under UBBL 166,section 2

The exits shall be well sited and their exits shall be arranged in a manner that the

exits are within the limits of travel distance.They should be readily accessible at all

times.

Under UBBL 229,section4:

A fire fighting staircase shall be provided to give direct access to each fire fighting

access lobby and shall be directly accessible from outside the building at the fire

appliances access level.

Under UBBL 1984,section 169:Exit route

No exit routes may reduce in width along its width along its path of travel from the

storey exit to the final level.

Under UBBL 1984,section 188:Travel distance to place of assembly

Exits to any place of assembly shall be arranged that the distance travelled from

any point to reach an exit shall not be more than 45meters for a sprinkled building.

Under UBBL 1984,section 172

All exits shall be marked with readily visible signs and shall not be obstructed by

any decorations,furnishings or other equipment.

A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction of the nearest exit.

The sign shall be not less than 150metres high with the principal strokes of the

letters not less than 18mm wide.The lettering shall be in red against a black back-

ground.

All signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.

Under UBBL 164(1)

All dire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers which are hydraulically

spring operated in the case of swing doors,and of wire rope and weight type in the

case of sliding doors.

60

Under UBBL 1984,section 217:Fire resistance of structural materials

Any structural wall shall have fire resistance of not less than the minimum period

required by these by-laws for any element,which it carries.

Under the ninth schedule,section A,masonry wall,beginning of the table.Reinforced

concrete,minimum concrete cover in main reinforcement of 25mm,12.5mm gyp-

sum sand plaster of 180mm offer 4hrs of fire resistance.

REFERENCE:

LAWS OF MALAYSIAUNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS ACT133.All amendments upto May 2006

61

A set of electric/electronic devices/equipment working together to detect

and alert people through visual and audio appliances when smoke/fire is present.

These alarms may be activated from smoke detectors, heat detectors, water flow

sensors, which are automatic or from a manual fire alarm pull station.

6.2 PASSIVE SYSTEM

Figure 66

Fire Alarm System

62

Phone is provided in case of fire emergency.

Figure 67

Fire Emergency Phone

63

A fire door is a door with a fire-resistance rating used as part of a passive

fire protection system to reduce the spread of fire or smoke between

compartments and to enable safe egress from a building or structure or ship.

A structure is a special exit for emergencies such as a fire: the combined

use of regular and special exits allows for faster evacuation, while it also provides

an alternative if the route to the regular exit is blocked by fire, etc.

Figure 68

Fire Door

Figure 70

Emergency Exit

64

To determine pressure level of hose reel

Figure 69

Optimum Pressure

Level

65

The immediate and urgent movement of people away from the threat or

actual occurrence of a hazard. Examples range from the small scale evacuation of

a building due to a storm or fire to the large scale evacuation of a district because

of a flood, bombardment or approaching weather system.

Figure 71

Emergency Evacuation

Plan

66

An active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires,

often in emergency situations. Consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel

containing an agent which can be discharged to extinguish a fire.

Figure 72

Fire Extinguisher

67

A place where there are fire panel components.

6.3 ACTIVE SYSTEM

They include pressure switches and valve monitors.

Figure 73

Fire Panel Room

Figure 75

Sprinkler Valve and

Wet Valve

68

A part of a fire sprinkler system’s water supply and can be powered by

electric, diesel or steam.

Figure 74

Fire Pump

Figure 76

Fire Pump

69

A high-pressure hose that carries water or other fire retardant (such as

foam) to a fire to extinguish it.

A lift within the firefighting shaft with dual power supply and is capable of

being commandeered by the Fire Service. Operation of the firefighter switch

(usually situated at the ground floor level) activates the lift controls for firefighter

use.

Figure 77

Fire Hose Reel

Figure 78

Fire Fighting Lift

70

If the pressure box is on, plunger will hit to pilot cylinder. It acts as a

kickstart and it opens valve.

Zero-referenced against ambient air pressure, so it is equal to absolute

pressure minus atmospheric pressure. Negative signs are usually omitted. To

distinguish a negative pressure, the value may be appended with the word

“vacuum” or the gauge may be labeled a “vacuum gauge.”

Figure 79

Pilot Cylinder

Figure 80

Pressure Gauges

71

It acts to cut the fire by removing oxygen

This is the main valve where it is the main distribution of all four blocks.

It sends signal to the control room where the valve is normally open and is only

close when its under maintenance.

Figure 81

CO2 Fire Suppression

System

Figure 82

Alarm Valve

72

The panel receives information from environmental sensors designed to

detect changes associated with fire, monitors their operational integrity and

provides for automatic control of equipment, and transmission of information

necessary to prepare the facility for fire based on a predetermined sequence.

Figure 83

Fire Alarm Control

Panel

73

6.3 FIRE ALARM SYSTEM- STEP BY STEP RESETING ALARM

ACTIVATE ALARM

PRESS ACKNOWLEDGE

INVESTIGATE AT SITE

FALSE ALARM TRUE ALARM

EVACUATE

RESET PANEL BY PRESS 'SYSTEM

RESET'

RESET FIELD DEVICE

PRESS 'SIGNAL SILENCE'

Figure 84

step by step reseting

alarm in case on fire

74

EMERGENCY STAIRCASEBOMBA LIFT

FIRE ALARM

EMERGENCY EVACUATION FLOOR PLAN OF PJ TRADE CENTRE

FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Figure 85

emergency evacuation

floor plan

6.4 MEETING POINT IN CASE ON FIRE

75

WET AND DRY RISER DISTRIBUTION

WET AND DRY RISER

ALARM VALVE

PRESSURED GAUGES

Figure 86

wet and dry riser

distribution

75

HOSE REEL DISTRIBUTION

Figure 87

hose reel distribution

76

MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION

SYSTEM

6.0

MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

Literature Review

mechanical transportation is transport device used to move goods or people verti-

cally between floors. Types of vertical mechanical transportation that can be found

in buildings are escalator and elevators.

Elevators

Elevators are one of the vertical mechanical transportation found in multi-storey

buildings or high rise buildings. Elevators are vertical transport generally powered

by electric motor that is drive by traction cable and counterweight system like a

hydraulic pump used to transport goods or people vertically up and down to differ-

ent levels or floors.

Elevators are classified according to:

1. Hoist Mechanism

2. Building Height

3. Building Type

4. Elevators Location

5. Special uses

While designing a multi-story or high rise building, a designer must consider

sufficient amount of vertical mechanical transportation in a building. As the scale of

the building increases, escalators alone cannot serve a big amount of user using

the building and this is when the selection of the vertical mechanical transportation

equipment such as passenger, service and freight elevators is important. Not only

that this elevators are one of the major building expenses but the quality of eleva-

tors service is also as important factor in a tenant’s choice of space in competing

buildings.

Providing minimum waiting time for a car at any floor level, comfortable

acceleration, rapid transportation, smooth and rapid braking, accurate automatic

levelling at landings and rapid loading and unloading at each floor stops are the

ideal performance of an elevator installation as it is an important factor in a tenant’s

choice. The elevator system must also provide quick, quiet operation of doors,

good floor status and travel direction

78

indication (both in the cats and at landings), easily operated car and landing call

buttons, smooth, quiet and safe operation of all mechanical equipment under all

conditions of loading, comfortable lighting, reliable emergency and security

equipment and a generally pleasant car atmosphere. A building with at least 3

storeys must install an escalator to ease the users as there is a limit to how far the

users would want to walk up the stairs. All this will increase the satisfaction of the

passengers or users using the elevators.

Types of Elevators and Their Functions

Main reasons for building elevators are for users of a mid-high building or a high

rise building and to transport goods up to the building.The common elevators that

are in a building are passenger lifts, bomba lifts, freight lifts and service lift.

The elevators performance depends on the following aspects:

o Acceleration

o Retardation

o Car Speed

o Speed of door operation

o Stability of speed and performance with variation of car load

Types of elevators that uses the hoist mechanism:

A. Hydraulic Elevators

B. Traction Elevators

C. Climbing Elevators

D. Pneumatic Elevators

As our case study building, PJ Trade Centre, the type of elevator that was

incorporated in the whole building is traction elevator.Traction elevators allow

carrying more loads to a higher scale compared to other elevator.

79

Traction Elevators

Traction elevators are the most common elevators used in buildings. The eleva-

tor cars of traction elevators are pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a

pulley, the weight of the car is balanced by a counterweight. There are 3 different

types of elevators which are:

i. Gearless Traction Elevators

These elevators consist of a dc or ac motor, the shaft which is directly connect-

ed to a brake of a wheel and driving sheave. A gearless traction machine is more

efficient and quieter in operation, less maintenance and has longer life. Generally

utilized for passenger service and the maximum car speeds are 2000 feet per min-

ute (10 meters per second).

Figure 83

Gearless Traction

Elevator

80

ii. Geared Traction Elevators

These elevators have a worm and gear interposed between the driving

motor and the hoisting sheave. The motor used in a geared installation, as in a

gearless one, depends upon the type of drive system and maybe either dc or

ac. A geared traction machine can give almost the same high-quality, accurate,

smooth ride as the gearless installation. The geared machines are used for car

speeds of up to 450 feet per minute.

Figure 84

Geared Traction

Elevator

81

iii. Machine Roomless Elevators

These elevators system employs a smaller sheave than gearless and

geared elevators. The reduced sheave size, together with a redesigned machine

allows the machine to be mounted within the hoist way, eliminating the need for a

bulky machine roof on the roof.

Figure 85

Machine Roomless

Elevator

82

General Component of an Elevator System

Lift doors

Lift doors are required in two components:

o Fitted to the lift car

o Fitted to the landing

Landing doors must be incombustible and they usually slide sideways although

vertical movement is used for some industrial applications.

For security measure, the movement of the doors is resisted as long as the door is

still open and it self closes within a certain time frame.

83

Door-opener System

Elevators use two different set of doors which are doors on the cars and doors

opening into the elevator shaft. Doors on the cars and doors are operated by an

electric motor which is hooked up to the elevator computer.

How does the door opener system works:

The electric motor turns the wheel, which is attached to a long metal arm

as the long metal arm is linked to another arm which is attached to the door. This

will allow the door to slide back and forth on the metal rail.

The motor turns the wheel rotating the first metal arm. This will pull the sec-

ond metal arm and the attached door to the left.

The door is made of two panels that close on each other when the door

opens and extend out when the door closes. The computer than activates the

motor to open the doors when the car arrives at a floor and close the cars starts

moving. The elevator will be able to keep the door from closing and also detect

whether someone is between them.

Figure 86

Components of

Door- opener System

84

The car doors have clutch mechanism that unlocks the outer doors at each floor

and pulls them open. This keeps the outer doors from opening up into an empty

elevator shaft.

Multi-Beam Door Sensor

Multi infrared-light beams are infrared-light of a lift door and its function is pre-

venting passengers from being caught by the doors. Multiple infrared light beams

mounted along the length of the car door edge. The doors reverse and open if

beams are blocked during closing.

Figure 87

Type of Lift Door

85

Motor Room

An elevator motor room is usually located above the elevator on the highest

floor of a building. In this motor room it contains the following:

o Winding Gear

o Traction Sheave

o Control Panel

o Overspeed Governor

Reasonable access to and from the machine room should be provided as

it is important for the equipment to be maintained and occasionally remove and

replace parts. The ventilation must be sufficient enough in removing the heat

released by the equipment to maintain a maximum heat of 40oC.

Elevator Pit

Elevator pit is part of the elevator shaft that extends from the threshold level

of the lowest landing door down to the floor at the bottom of the shaft. The depth

of the pit must include the depth of the platform and support space required for

the elevator car and also to the buffer standing and stroke space.

86

When the elevator is stopped at the lowest floor, there will be a few

inches over travel before it strikes the buffer. The safety plank must also be

designed to absorb the impact from the elevator buffers located in the pit as

shown in the diagram. Buffer is designed to stop the elevator if the elevator

travels at its operating speed past the lowest floor. It is also designed to absorb

the kinetic energy of the moving car and brings it to a stop within the limit if the

buffer stroke. Different types of buffers are used for different elevators speed.

The 2 different types of buffers are:

Spring Buffer- This buffer is used for elevator speeds up to and including 200 feet

per minute (1.0 meter per second.

Hydraulic buffer (Oil buffer)- This buffer is used when elevator speeds over 200 feet

per minute. They are also referred to as gradual speed-retarding buffers.

Figure 88

Elevator Pit

Figure 89

Elevator Buffer

87

Elevator Brake

The traction sheave drive shaft is fitted with an elevator brake which is an

electromechanical brake. The electrically operated brakes are lifted clear of the

brake drum when the lift is moving but when the electricity switches off to disen-

gage the motor, the spring retainersactivate the brake and stops the elevator.

Elevators also have automatic braking systems near the top and bottom of the

elevator shaft. The brake brings the elevator to a stop if the elevator car moves too

far in either direction.

Elevator Shaft

Elevator shaft is a vertical shaft in a building which allows passage of an

elevator from floor to floor. It is a hoist way through which one of more elevators

may travel.

A lift shaft should incorporate the following features:

• Water tightness

• Means of drainage

• Plumb, vertical sides

• Smooth painted finish

• Ventilation void for emission of smoke

• Permanent inspection lights

Elevator Controls

Elevator control system is responsible for coordinating all aspects of

elevator service such as:

• Travel

• Speed

• Accelerating and decelerating

• Door opening speed and delay

• Levelling and hall lantern signals

88

The main aims of the elevator control system are:

o To bring the lift car to the correct level

o To minimize travel time

o To maximize passenger comfort by providing smooth ride

o To accelerate, decelerate and travel within a safe speed limits.

There are 3 main types of elevator control systems as follows:

A. Single Automatic Operation

B. Selective Collective Operation

C. Group Automatic Operation

Elevator as a control system also has different types of components. These can be

divided into the following categories:

• Inputs

This control system includes the following:

a. Sensors

b. Buttons

c. Key Controls

d. System Controls

• Outputs

This control system includes the following:

a. Actuatorsb. Bellsc. Displays

• Controllers

The controller is a device which manages the visual monitoring, interactive com-mand control and traffic analysis system to ensure the elevators are functioning efficiently.

There are 3 primary types of controller technology used:

a. Relay based controller (electromechanical switching)b. Solid-State Logic Technologyc. PLC Controller (computer based technology)

89

Elevator Overload Sensor

An elevator overload sensor functions to detect overload in the elevator and

prevents the elevator to move unless the excess load is removed from the

elevator. When there is excess load in the elevator, it will trigger the buzzer alarm

which will ring until the excess load is removed from the escalator.

Observation on Site and Site Specification

As observed in the motor room at PJ Trade Centre, since it is a high rise

building which consist of 21 floors, the motor used for the elevator is Gearless

Traction Motor. As compared to Geared Traction Motor, gearless traction motor

lovers the energy costs by 25%. Without a motor generator, gearless traction

motor also can reduce power consumption and it also captures and reuses

energy through advanced regenerative drive technology.

Figure 90

Motor Room at PJ

Trade Centre

90

The brand of the motor and the lift used is OTIS. It is one of the oldest

companies manufacturing mechanical transportations as it was founded in 1852.

It is one of the world’s largest company in the manufacture and service of

mechanical transportation as it also can be found almost anywhere around the

world.

Figure 91

Lift Motor Room (in

purple highlight)

91

Figure 92

Brand of the Car lift

Figure 93

Brand of the Motor

92

PJ Trade Centre has 4 blocks and on the second floor, each block has 6

elevators except for Block C, which has 7 elevators. This building has 4 types of

lifts which are car park lift, bomba lift, passenger lift and disabled lift. As for this

project, we only concentrate on Tower B. Tower B has 6 lifts. There are 3 types

of lift at this tower which are car park lift, passenger lift and bomba lift. As for the

handicap lift, it is only available at Tower C.

Figure 94

Floor Plan of PJ Trade

Centre

93

There are 2 car park lift in this tower. For carpark lift, the lift only works

from Basement 7 until level 2 (lobby level). It does not go until the top floor as they

want to maintain the security level of the building. This car park lift is smaller than

the other lifts in the building. The lift door, as observed, follows the single speed,

centre opening system. During emergency, as said by the person-in-charge, there

would be alarm ringing after every 3 seconds interval and after 3 minutes, the

alarm will continuously ring. After 5 minutes, at the car park lift lobby, there would

be a shutter that lowers down as security close it for safety purposes. This car

park lift would automatically go to the ground level as the gathering area is at the

ground level.

Figure 95

Car Park Lift Exterior

(left)

Lift Control Buttons

(right)

94

Figure 96

Car Park Lifts in

Section

95

There are 5 car park lift in this tower. For passenger lift, the lift works from

level 2 until level 20. This is the main lift for the passengers to go up to the build-

ing and the average amount of people that can be in this lift is 20 persons, 1365

kg.This passenger lift is the medium size lift in the building. The lift door, as ob-

served, follows the single speed, centre opening system. During emergency, as

said by the person-in-charge, the alarm system would be the same as the car

park lift. The only differences with this 2 lifts during emergency is that the pas-

senger lift lobby does not have shutters. This lift would also automatically go to

ground level as it is the gathering area during emergency.

Figure 97

Passenger Lift Exterior

(left)

Lift Control Buttons

(right)

96

-Passenger Lift

Figure 98

Passenger Lifts in

Section

97

There is only 1 bomba lift in this tower. For the bomba lift, the lift works

from basement 7 until the top floor. As said by the person-in-charge, this lift is also

used for people to bring construction equipment as this lift is bigger compared to

the other 2 lifts. The lift door, as observed, follows the single speed, centre

opening system. During emergency, as said by the person-in-charge, this is the

only lift that will work during emergency. This lift is used by the firemen as they

would go up to check the situation.

Figure 99

Bomba Lift Exterior

98

-Bomba Lift

Figure 100

Bomba Lift in Section

99

As observed, the lift controls in each of the lift has the basic controls. They

have to buttons to every floor and they also have the alarm button which help

passengers warn security officers if they are trapped in the elevator. Besides that,

the interior of both the car park lift car and the passenger lift car, has lightings and

also consists of guardrails/handrails that wrap around the interior perimeter of the

car lift for safety reason. For the bomba lift, the perimeter is wrapped around with

sponged canvas as people normally use that to carry big items. This sponged

canvas protects the car from being scratched.

Figure 101

Passenger Lift Interior

(left)

Bomba Lift Interior

(right)

100

Uniform Building by Law

Lift

1. Every lift forming part of the vertical access for disabled people should have

an unobstructed depth in front of the lift doors of not less than 1800mm.

2. It should maintain a floor level accuracy within a tolerance of 10mm

throughout the range of rated load.

3. The handrail in the lift car should not be less than 600mm long and

1000mm above the finished floor level and should be fixed adjacent to the control

panel.

4. At least one lift car, adjacent to a public entrance that is accessible for

disabled persons should be designed as a lift for wheelchair users, complying to

all the sub-clauses of this clause, and should have space for a wheelchair to be

turned through 180o inside the lift.

Lift Door

Installation should provide the following:

a) The lift doors should be power operated

b) A clear opening of not less than 1000mm should be provided

c) Sensor devices should be provided to ensure that the lift car and landing

doors would not close while the opening is obstructed, subject to the nudging

provisions which operate if the door is held open for more than 20s

d) If the door sensors are not provided, the dwell time of an automatically

closing door should not be less than 5s and the closing door speed should not

exceed 0.25 m/s

Lift Controls

101

Should comply with the following:

a) Controls should be clearly indicated and easily operated in accordance with

Clause 27 of MS 1184:2002.

b) Call buttons should either project from or be flush with the face of the

car-operating panel. The width or diameter of the buttons should not be less than

20mm.

c) Floor buttons, alarm buttons or emergency telephone and door control

buttons in the lift cars and lobbies should not be higher than 1400mm above

finished floor level. The hearing impaired can use an alarm button and not emer-

gency telephone. An alarm button should always be provided and preferably of

a design which lights up and produce sound when pressed to reassure those

trapped inside.

d) All buttons should be designed such that the visually impaired can identi-

fy them by touch. Buttons which are not designed as such are best modifies by

fixing embossed or Braille numbers or letters next to the lift buttons.

Lift Indicators

102

Should be provided in accordance with the following:

a) ‘Lift coming’ indicators should be provided at each landing.

b) Indicators should be provided at each lift lobby to show the position and

direction of motion of the lift car. Alternatively, an audible indicator should be

provided to indicate in advance the arrival of the lift car and its direction of travel.

c) An indicator inside the car should signal clearly the direction of travel and

the floor at which the floor at which the lift car is situated.

d) Embossed Braille number indicating each floor level should be provided

beside the outside call button.

Handrails

Handrails should be:

a) Fixed not less than 840mm or more than 900mm from finished floor level,

extended in the case of ramp or stairway by 300mm

b) Fixed securely with its ends turned away or turned downwards for not less

than 100mm

103

Lift Pit

a) Pits must be fire-resistive as should be partitions between elevator pits.

b) Permanent provisions must be made to prevent accumulation of water in

the pit. Pits should be waterproofed and/or sealed.

c) Drains and pumps must be complying with the plumbing code and steps

should be taken to prevent water, gas and odours from entering the pit.

According to UBBL Clause 153, a smoke detector is to be provided at the

lift lobby. The lift lobby should be large enough to accommodate traffic that move

in two directions. UBBL Clause 124, a lift shall be provided for a non-residential

building which exceeds 4 storeys and above or below the main entrance. It is also

essential for a building with less than 4 storeys to provide an elevator for the elder-

ly and disabled. Minimum walking distance to the lift should not exceed 45m and

the lift should be sited in the central area of a building to minimize the horizontal

travel distance.

104

CONCLUSION

7.0

Before we conclude this report, we would like to give our thanks and gratitude to Mr. Wong for his time and input about PJ Trade Centre.

Upon completion of this project, we have earned about the importance of teamwork. Planning and time management between group mates made this project as well as the site visit to run smoothly. Through this project, we have noticed and observed the practice of sustainable design which the designers and owners have thoroughly followed.

Moreover, we have found about that, zoning-wise, most of the building services are not scattered and mainly on Basement 7. The building and its services blends with the landscape which is aesthatically pleasing.

In a nutshell, the project and site visit was a success in terms of gaining knowledge and better social, understanding and time management skills

Figure 102

Components that well

hide by using

greeneries in PJ Trade

Centre

105

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Figure 2 : Cad by Adila Zaas

Figure 3 :

Figure 4 :

Figure 5 :

Figure 6 : extract from

Figure 7 : Cad and Edited by Adila Zaas

Figure 8 : Photograph by Adila Zaas














Figure 22 : Cad and Edited by Kee Ting Ting

Figure 23 : Photograph by Kee Ting Ting

Figure 24 : Drawn by Kee Ting Ting

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109

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Figure 58 :

Figure 59 : photograph by Nasreen Hajibeigy


110
























Figure 84 : Edited by Yaseen Syed

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111


Figure 94 : photograph by Gertrude Lee

Figure 95 : cad and eddited by Gertrude Lee



Figure 98 : cad and editted by Gertrude Lee









112

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