buiding a south american metropolis

Building a South-American Metropolis Roberto Rocco

TU Delft, Faculty of Architecture,

Department of Urbanism Chair Spatial Planning and Strategy

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Some basic starting points •  Brazil (and LA as a whole) has entered a new

demographic phase. Birth rates are lower, the population is mostly urban (+88%).

•  Many cities must face historically produced problems, the result of decades of strong demographic pressure, poor governance and lack of effective planning strategies.

•  Meanwhile, a new economic scenario (globalisation?) is creating new urban form and structures. Human activity is differently distributed over the territory.

•  Here I try to describe some urban processes occurring in the region of Sao Paulo, which are shaping a large polycentric and fragmented macro-metropolis

The content of this presentation in simple words

1. What IS São Paulo today 2. Historical origins and growth

process 3. Most relevant problems today 4. Sites we MAY visit and why

Buenos Aires

Montevideo Santiago

Lima

Porto Alegre

Sao Paulo Rio

Salvador Brasilia

Belo Horizonte

Curitiba

Cordoba

Asuncion

Rank Country GDP (PPP) $m

— World 61,006,604 — European Union 12,626,921 1 United States 12,409,465 2 China 8,572,666a 3 Japan 3,943,754 4 India 3,815,553b 5 Germany 2,417,537 6 United Kingdom 1,926,809 7 France 1,829,559 8 Italy 1,667,753 9 Brazil 1,627,262

10 Russia 1,559,934 11 Spain 1,133,539 12 Canada 1,061,236 13 South Korea 1,056,094 14 Mexico 1,052,443 15 Indonesia 847,415 16 Australia 643,066 17 Turkey 612,312 18 Argentina 558,755 19 South Africa 557,971b 20 Thailand 549,265 21 Iran 540,207 22 Netherlands 537,675 23 Poland 533,552 24 Philippines 408,637 25 Pakistan 374,313

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41 Estonia 16,414 2004 42 Kuwait 16,301 2004 43 Slovakia 16,041 2004 44 Saudi Arabia 15,229 2004 45 Saint Kitts and Nevis 14,649 2003 46 Trinidad and Tobago 14,258 2002 47 Lithuania 14,158 2004 48 Argentina 14,109 2001 49 Poland 12,994 2003 50 Mauritius 12,895 2004 51 Latvia 12,666 2004 52 Croatia 12,324 2004 53 South Africa 12,161 2004 54 Seychelles 12,059 2003 55 Chile 11,937 2004 56 Libya 11,624 2003 57 Antigua and Barbuda 11,523 2004 58 Botswana 11,41 2003 59 Malaysia 11,201 2004 60 Russia 11,041 2004 61 Uruguay 10,72 2004 62 Costa Rica 10,434 2000 63 Mexico 10,186 2000 64 Bulgaria 9,223 2004 65 Romania 8,785 2004 66 Brazil 8,561 2004 67 Thailand 8,368 2004

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GDP PPP compared

GDP Per Capita PPP compared

FDI inflow 2000 source: UNCTAD, 2004

Top ten FDI host economies in 2000 (US$ mi)

Composition of the economy

Agriculture Industry Services

USA 0.9% 20.4% 78.6%

Netherlands 2.1% 23.9% 73.9%

Germany 0.9% 29.1% 70%

Argentina 9.5% 35.8% 54.7%

Brazil 8% 38% 54%

China 11.9% 48.1% 40%

GD

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21 Randstad: 216

Utrecht

Rotterdam

Amsterdam

SPaulo

Santos

Campinas

0 10 20

Den Haag

0 10 20

Nordzee

S Atlantic

Area: 8.313 Km2 Area: 8.051 Km2 c. 2.000 urbanised

São Paulo ‘in comparison’ with the Randstad

75km

50km

The City-region

The Metropolitan Area

Metropolitan Area: 8.051 km2 Urbanised Area: app. 2.000 km2 Main Municipality: 1.500 km2

The Metropolitan Area

Airports and centralities

São Paulo ‘in comparison’ with the Randstad

Randstad-Holland Sao Paulo Metropolitan

Possible contrast?

Possible contrast?

Amsterdam Centrum

Sao Paulo Centrum

Amsterdam Zuidas

Sao Paulo Berrini Marginal

In 1494, with the seal of the Pope, Portugal and Spain modestly divided the world amongst them. Most of South and North America (then unknown) fell out of the Portuguese share.

Why São Paulo is there? The Tordesillas Treaty 1494

An Unimportant Colonial City

Sugarcane cycle c.1530- 1640

Gold Cycle c.1690- 1790

Coffee Cycle 1808-1929

Rubber cycle 1890-1945

Cacao cycle c.1820-1920

In colonial times, S Paulo had very little importance.

First the sugar cane plantations in Pernambuco and then the gold digging in Minas constituted the main colonial activities, until the arrival of coffee plantations to the South East part of the country.

Estimate number of Indians in 1500

Number of Indians in 2000

2007: c.175 million

African population





1531: First sugar cane “engenho” (‘factory’)

1537: The Church declares Amerindians “human beings”

1550: First African slaves 1559: Significant traffic of

slaves 1720: Prohibition of Amerindian Slavery

Sugar cane cycle: 1.350.000 slaves

Gold cycle: 650.000 Coffee cycle: 250.000

Other activities (cotton, tobacco, domestic labour:

1.100.000

Slavery abolition: 1888 (700.000 slaves)

TOTAL: c. 3.300.000

Total immigration of Europeans (estimate after 1850): >5-7 million

European Immigration

Brazil Total Population (2000 Census): 169.872.856

An Unimportant Colonial City

Picture showing Benedictine Monastery and Church and the Faculty of Law in 1860

1750: Pop 20.000

In 1822, Brazil got independent from Portugal. SP gained some importance when the Brazilian Imperial court chose to place a Law Academy in the city in 1827.

An unimportant Colonial city

Eastern central area of the city in 1892 (Largo do Bixiga). Market colonial forms.

An unimportant colonial city

1850:The Coffee Revolution

Sao Paulo Railway Station (1892) is built with English capitals.

1880: Pop 31.000

The great coffee plantations commercialise their products in the city. The coffee economy produces the development of urban activities, because it demands a complex organization of financing, transport, commerce and export.

European Immigration

Workers at Textile Factory around 1910. The factory belonged to Matarazzo family

The Black population is small in the city. Freed slaves establish in peripheral areas (later districts of the city)

Slavery abolished, it was necessary to have paid labour force. European and Japanese immigrants come to the city en masse.

1895 Pop 131.000 1900 Pop 239.820

European Immigration The population of the city grows enormously: 1895: pop. 130.000

(54%of which were foreigners). 1900: pop. 239.820

(growth of 84% in 5 years!)

1900: Almost half of the population speaks Italian. Other: Spanish and Portuguese.

1905: First Syrian and Lebanese (50.000 Lebanese until 1946)

1908: Fist Japanese (500.000 along the XX century) 1920: Armenians, Jewish, Germans, Polish, Russian

Pop in 1920: 579.000

New Urban Paradigms

Rua Direita. Central Core circa 1860.

New Urban Paradigms The capital generated by coffee was (for the first time in the history of the country) re-invested in the country itself. It meant more and more coffee plantations but also urban transformation.

L. Badaro street and Dr Falcao st 1895 and 1915

c. 1895 In 1880 the population was 31.000

1915 In 1920 the population was 579.000

New Urban Paradigms The model for the new architecture was the French eclectic style. Even the simplest houses tried to emulate its forms. In the central core, new services are offered. European workforce provide the basis for new consumption and architectural patterns.

Industry and urban change

Workers in front of textiles factory c. 1900

Economic progress brings changes in urban form, structure and economic bases. Small industry begins to appear in order to tend to the growing agglomeration necessities.

A new elite comes into view

Traditional Boarding School Des Oiseaux, c. 1900 Note Art Nouveau Style. The elite is composed by rich Portuguese landowners and enriched Italian, German and Jewish families


Anhangabau 1914 Opera House

The construction of a big opera house is a sign of the elite’s search for a more urban and sophisticated life style. Perhaps the biggest sign of change in mentalities.


Anhangabaú Valley in 1915, with Opera House and Hotel

The elite seeks new spaces

Avenida Paulista c. 1902

The opening of Aveninda Paulista, some kilometers away from the central core, signified a major change in urban structure. At the time of its inauguration, it was considered a “faraway” refuge for the wealthy. The names of families who owned houses in the Avenue shows not only Portuguese landowners (The Coffee Barons) but also Italian, German and Jewish industrialists, lawyers and traders.

The ‘European’ city

Anhangabaú Valley c. 1915


Central Cinema, c. 1916


Patriarch Place c. 1925


Patriarch Place in 1925.

Anhangabaú Valley, 1927


Anhangabaú Valley c. 1932

The ‘European’ City

Central Business District

15 Novembro Street, c. 1915

Central Business District

15 de Novembro Street c. 1906

New urban equipment: The Central Market

New City Market 1933 AE

New mentalities: the urban man

In a country still predominantly agrarian, the surge of a metropolis represented the appearance of a new kind of mentality and life style.

Sao Joao Avenue with Martinelli Building 1937

In 1940 the pop reached

1.32 million

The urban man

Anhangabau Valley in 1929.

The urban man

Sao Jose Cinema in 1929

The urban man

Central Post Office Offices in 1938

Urban Problems

Tramway at Cathedral Square in 1937

Wedding at Italian Family in 1940 (Bela Vista)

In the 40’s, the city population reaches its first million. Thousands of refugees arrive from Eastern Europe (Poland, Ukraine), Germany (Jews, but also Germans) and Italian. After 1950, European immigration decreases.

1940: Pop 1.32 million

Immigration: 2nd WW

After WW II: New Urban Paradigm

Anhangabau Valley in 1949

The new prominence of the USA in the international arena shifts paradigms. New urban models come from the North. The belief in “progress” and the Fordist model of production asks for new Urban Form and Structure. Beginning of massive internal migration.

After WW II: New migration trends & new urbanity

Sao Joao Avenue 1951 1950 Pop: 2.19 m

After WW II: New migration trends & new urbanity

São João Avenue (Rua Líbero Badaró) 1952

Tram 55 and bus 74 in Casa Verde District, 1953


The adoption of more and more buses instead of tramways allows the sprawling of the city to distant peripheries. Newly arrived migrants establish themselves in those peripheries.


Anhangabau Av Prestes Maia c1950


Anhangabau Valley and Tiradentes Ave c. 1948


São João Avenue, Down Town, 1960s

Consequences of Rapid Growth

Immigration: 1960’s Major Internal Migrations

1960 Pop: 3.7 m

1970 Pop: 5.9 m




Rubber cycle 1890-1945


Industrial Era

Migration from old colonized areas in the North-East of Brazil

Curiously, there are not many images of Nordeste immigrants taken at that time. These are artistic representations of immigration. Left: Immigrant family by Candido Portinari.

Rural migration

Immigrant family, Candido Portinari.

Retirantes

Candido Portinari

Population growth municipality SP

SP Urban Growth

Source: Meyer et al. 2004

Slums

Paraisopolis, the second biggest favela in Sao Paulo, houses approximately 60.000 people (Delft= 120.000).

Favelas are build on invaded land. Shacks are built by each family with improvised materials. The State was absent from the space of the ‘favela’.

With time, inhabitants conquered rights. They start improving their shacks and soon the houses are built with bricks and are connected (legally or illegally) to electricity and water supply. There is usually no sewage system.

There are special programmes of empowerment for the inhabitants. Some of them focus on the land rights and other on the infrastructure and services available.

SLUMS

In 1964, while a social democrat was president, a military coup d’etat took place. Elections were abolished. The mayor of the city and all fist echelon staff would be indicated by the Brasilia. Institutions were shattered. Planning the city became a matter of social control.

Cathedral Square in 1969

Military Rule (1964-1986)

. Direct public investment in heavy industry and infrastructure (State owned) +

1930- 1973: Economical Growth through import substitution policies building up an internal market through:

. Subsidies for strategic sectors +

(Workers are weak where old colonial and post colonial structures subsist)

. Strong labour: workers are protected: Unions are strong where industry is.

1973: The oil crisis

1980’s: The “lost decade”

Lost of investment capacity by the State Recurrence to increasing international DEBT Hyperinflation Chronic unemployment

Explosion of External Debt (International Interest Rates Rocket) Growth is based on increase of debt + corruption + bad management Inflation (directly linked to the oil prices raises) Depression of commodity prices (in Brazil: resulted in internal migrations)

1979: The Debt Interest Rates crisis Growth comes to a sudden hault. : -25% industry

-20% unemployment

70 and 80’s: Bad Management Environmental Decay

70 and 80’s: Bad Management Social polarization

70 and 80’s: Bad Management Social polarization

1970 Pop: 5.94 mi

1980 Pop: 8.49 mi

80’s: congestion The centre decadence

Avenida Paulista: The new centrality

Avenida Paulista: Elites go West

Paulista Avenue

Avenida Paulista in the beginning of the 20th century and now

MASP Art Museum of Sao Paulo

Decaying living conditions and squatting in the

Centre

Meanwhile in the old centre: Sao Vito Building

Sao Vito Building •  The building houses 510

families or 1200 people

•  Floors: 28

•  (25 type-floors, auditorium and

grand salon in the last floor, 15

commercial units in the first

floor and 13 in the second

floor)

•  624 apartments

•  Only 30% of dwellers pay

administration costs monthly

•  423 apartments are illegaly

occupied

•  201 apartments are occupied

by owners

Typical Floor Plan

28 m2

1.2 m

Sao Vito Building

Sao Vito Building

" Sao Vito “, May 2003, a vertical condominium occupied by 1200 poor people. External View. (c) Contrasto

Sao Vito Building

Internal View of an apartment. May 2003.

Sao Vito Building

Edifício São Vito is a 112-meter, 27-story former residential building,

located in São Paulo, Brazil. It was completed in 1959.

Throughout its existence, the building later deteriorated and gained a reputation as São Paulo's

biggest vertical cortiço (slum). The city expropriated and evacuated the building in 2004

Source: Wikipedia.

Some Social-Spatial Indicators

Homogeneous Zones

90’s Emigration: Centre looses almost 20% of pop.

In the 90’s, the population of the city decreased in 600.000

Causes:

1.  Low birth rate (national trend)

2.  Deconcentration of industrial production

3.  Disappointment with lifestyle/housing/economic opportunities

4.  Cost of life (plots are cheaper in outside municipalities)

Human Development Compared

Area covered by irregular occupations is 338,8 km2, or 22,5% of the total area of the municipality (1500 km2)

Irregular land occupation

Low vulnerability

Middle vulnerability

Very high vulnerability

% of the wealth of the poorest 50% in relation to the richest 50%

No serious vulnerability

High vulnerability

Parks, green areas, dams and inhabited places

Social Vulnerability Scale

Favela Paraisopolis

Favelas Paraisopolis

Other Favelas: Human and Ecological Hazard

Old and New Centralities

Large Urban Projects

Sao Paulo Master Plan: Urban Operations

Agua Branca OP

Berrini OP

Centro OP

Faria Lima OP

Total Area: 450 hectars (4,500,000 m2.) Cost: US$ 150 million (1995) US$ 120 mi for land expropriation, necessary to cut through consolidated neighbourhoods

Urban Operation Faria Lima

Avenida Faria Lima

50+ Insurance Comanies Operating in Brazil

The New Corporate Axis

The New Corporate Axis does not have all functions typical to central areas. Its form is linear, an axis along the Pinheiros River, including some important transversal avenues.


New Corporate Axis

Corporate Axis

New Corporate Axis

FAU USP Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism

University of Sao Paulo

New Solutions for the Periphery

The Municipality PT-Labour Party), tries to intervene in the peripheries by installing massive education, culture and sports equipment, all gathered in large complexes known as CEU. There are about 12 of them already.

New solutions for peripheries

Jardim Pantanal, Tiete River Bassin. Meyer: 267


Old Centre Revitalisation

Meanwhile in the Old Centre: Central Area Revitalisation

Downtown Revitalisation

COPAN building, designed by Oscar Niemeyer in the late 50`s


Fabrica Pompeia Architect Lina Bo Bardi

Pinacoteca Architect Paulo Mendes da Rocha

Pinacoteca

Sala Sao Paulo Architects

Nelson Dupré & Ismael Solé

Centro Viejo

New Peripheral Centralities Guarulhos Centre (International Airport of Sao Paulo)

New Peripheral Centralities Alphaville (Edge City Development)

New internal migrations: Conformation of a macro-metropolis

A Global Macrometropolis

Questions? Please write to Roberto Rocco [email protected] Chair Spatial Planning and Strategy Department of Urbanism Bouwkunde TU Delft, The Netherlands

!"#$%#&'&#((%()*!$+#$,)-

buiding a south american metropolis

Education

s paulo

slaves gold cycle

cacao cycle

region of sao paulo

rubber cycle

km2 area

metropolitan ppp

metropolitan area