Building Integrated

Solar Energy

Building Services I [BLD 60403]

Lecturer : Ms. Lim Tze Shwan

Group Members:PANG KAI YUNSAM WEI YIN

TRACE GEW YEEYEO KAI WENAUDREY TING

CHOW KAH YIENLIM ZI SHAN

CHONG HUI XIN

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Solar Energy

What is Solar Energy?

❏ The most precise of Solar energy is the energy from the sun.

❏ A renewable source of energy that is sustainable , clean, no emission, reliable & inexhaustible

❏ The solar energy are distinguished into active and passive

Passive Solar Energy❏ Uses the heat from the sun

❏ Convert the sunlight directly into useful energy without involving in any mechanical devices

❏ It involves in designing architecture which capture and store the heat radiated from the sun

❏ Mainly practice on using window, building placement or other techniques to capture and deflect the sun for uses

Active Solar Energy❏ Used sun’s irradiance

❏ Converts the sunlight directly into useful energy such as electricity with the use of mechanical devices

❏ Use the same principle as passive solar heating except using fluid to absorb the heat

❏ Use the solar energy to heat the fluid or liquid then transfer the heat to interior space or store in storage for later used

❏ Example : Solar thermal energy and Photovoltaics

Photovoltaics❏ Solar electricity system used to capture the

sunlight or sun’s energy using photovoltaics cells.

❏ Convert sunlight to electricity energy

❏ Mostly installed on the rooftop due to the space of the exposure is directly to the sun

❏ Examples of the appliances:

- Solar Electricity

- Photovoltaic solar lighting

- Photovoltaic cooling

Solar photovoltaics classification system❏ There are three main types of photovoltaics

systems :

- Grid-Tie System / Grid Direct

- Off Grid System

- Hybrid System

Grid Tie (Battery free) / Grid Direct System

Off Grid / Stand-Alone System

Hybrid Solar / Grid Tie with battery backup

Solar panel❏ Is indispensable component for this system

❏ Has the responsible to collect the solar radiation (sunlight) to electricity

❏ Is array of several solar cell such as photovoltaics

❏ The main types of solar panels based on the types of crystal used:

Monocrystalline silicon cell

Polycrystalline silicon cell

Amorphous silicon cell

Hybrid silicon cell

Types of solar panel

(Amorphous)

Solar Thermal❏ Also known as solar heating system

❏ Is used to convert the sunlight to heat energy to provide the heat to home.

❏ Does not act as the same function as photovoltaic that convert the sunlight to electricity, but it transfer the energy to hot water

❏ Majority used in space heating, drying & hot water heating

Active solar water heating❏ Have circulating pumps & control

❏ There are 2 types of solar water heating system :

1. Direct circulation

- Circulate the household water through the collector

2. Indirect circulation

- Circulate heat transfer fluid through the collector

- Popular in climate prone to freezing temperature

Active Solar Water Heating

Direct & Indirect Circulation

Direct Circulation Indirect Circulation

Passive Solar Water Heating

❏ Don’t have circulating & pump control

❏ Typically less expensive than active

❏ Can be last longer

❏ There are two types of passive solar water heating:

1. Integral collector storage passive system

2. Thermosyphon system

Passive Solar Water Heating

Solar Thermal Collector❏ Collects heats by absorbing sunlight

❏ Collector is a device for capturing the solar radiation

❏ The main component for solar thermal collector is the absorber plate

Types of Solar Collector❏ There are two types of solar collector :

FLAT PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR

EVACUATED TUBE SOLAR COLLECTOR

Installation

Consideration before Installation :❏ Amount of sun exposure through the year

❏ Shading

❏ Position of solar panel

❏ Types of solar panel

❏ Number of solar panel

Types of solar installation

❏ Pitched-roof Mount

- Flush mount- Angle mount- Fin mount

❏ Flat-roof Mount

- Attached mount- Ballasted mount- Hybrid mount

❏ Flush mount- the cheapest and most simple solar panel mounting

solution - typically used with small solar arrays on rooftops - can install at the slope of any roof.

Pitch-roof Mount

❏ Angle mount

- Typically done on a roof with a lower pitch - Higher efficiency for the PV system

Pitch-roof Mount

❏ Fin mount

- Suitable for shallow roof pitches where the roofs slope to the east and west

- Need more roof area than others

Pitch-roof Mount

❏ Attached mount

- relies on roof surface penetrations and connections to the framing

Flat-roof Mount

❏ Ballasted mount

- Rely solely on the weight of the array, racking system and additional material, like concrete paver, to hold the array to the roof

- Does not require penetration

Flat-roof Mount

❏ Hybrid mount

- Combination of ballasted and structural attachments

- Requires a minimum number of penetrations and some level of ballasting.

Flat-roof Mount

Application

Roof

Solar Panel

Single-piece solar rooftop Solar roof shingles

❏ Most common way to install solar panel

❏ Mounted above and parallel to the roof surface and installed facing north-south orientation

❏ Replace the roofing material or the roof itself to become part of the roof's structure

Facade ❏ Exterior sides of buildings❏ Less access to the direct sunlight than rooftop

systems, but offer a larger available area

GENyO Building, Spanish

FEMSA (Coca-cola) headquarters, Monterrey, Mexico

Skylight❏ Roof windows

❏ Provide natural illumination to achieve solar control by filtering effect to avoid infrared and UV irradiation into the interior

❏ Enhance thermal comfort

❏ Avoid interior aging

Viracopos International Airport, São Paulo, Brazil

Norvatis Headquarters, East Hanover, New Jersey

Curtain Wall❏ Outer covering of a building❏ Non-structural cladding systems for the external

walls

Azurmendi restaurant, Bizkaia, Spain

Guadalhorce Valley Rural Development Group (GDR) Headquarters, Spain

Canopy❏ A roof like covering that provides shade or shelter❏ Have a higher performance because it is usually

free from overshadowing and are easy to ventilate

Bart Station, San Francisco Arcadia University, Pennsylvania, USA

Awnings❏ Keep the unwanted direct rays of the sun out of

your eyes while absorbing them to create electricity

❏ The angle of awnings can be adjusted to best capture and block the rays of the sun depending on the season

Balustrade❏ Have large amount ❏ Enhanced the facade design whilst ensuring safety

of the occupants❏ Allowing good visibility whilst protecting privacy

Großhadern Clinic, Munich, Germany

Function :❏ Sun protection ❏ Architectural design❏ Thermal Control ❏ Thermal insulation ❏ Weather protection ❏ Sound insulation

Maintenance

General Knowledge of Maintenance:❏ No shading area

❏ Installed the panel 15° from horizontal

❏ Check and record the electric output once a month

❏ Visually inspect should be done once a year

❏ Clean the array once a year

❏ Can be cleaned by using water

Battery

❏ Ensure the surface of the battery is clean

❏ Check the electrolyte level of the battery

❏ Check the voltage of the battery

Inverter

❏ Minimize the accumulation of dust

❏ Check condition of the inverter.

❏ Check wire connection

❏ Check temperature of the inverter

Solar Panel

Photovoltaic System

Solar Thermal System

❏ Keep it clean ❏ Ensure the glazing

not cracked or become yellow

❏ Visually check the panel at certain time.

❏ Make sure the fastener is in good condition.

Pressure Valve

❏ Ensure the opening can function properly.

Pumper

❏ Ensure the pumper is in good condition

Solar Collector

Piping, duct and insulator ❏ leaking or damage to the pipe

Heat transfer fluids❏make sure the antifreeze solution was replaced frequently.

Wire ❏check the connection of the wire

Mineral content❏check the mineral content of the water supply

Storage tank❏Ensure the tank had no crack, leak, rust or corrosion

Solar Thermal System

Case Study

Mont-Cenis Academy

IntroductionLocation: Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

Owner: EMC, Ministry of Interiors of North Rhine-Westphalia, Herne

Architect: Jourda, Paris; Hegger Hegger and Schleif, Kassel

Client: EMC Mont-Cenis with Gilles Perraudin and HHS

IntroductionArea: 7,100 m² usable interior building 11,700 m²; 13,000 m² greenhouse

Schedule:Competition in 1992Construction 1997 - 1999

Construction Cost: 51,130,000 € (1999 value)

Location Site Plan

Elevation

History❏It is a former coal mine of Mont-Cenis in

Sodingen, a quarter of Herne, the academy Mont-Cenis

❏This building was opened in August 1999

❏The glass hall causes a shift of the climate inside to higher temperatures compared to the climate outside during the cold seasons

❏The world’s largest building integrated photovoltaic power plant with one megawatt peak output

Photovoltaic SystemPV Product: BIPV on roof and facade Size: 1 MWpProjected System Electrical Output: 750,000 kWh/yrGross PV Surface Area: 10,000 m2

PV Weight: 130 kg per each 3.2 m2 modulePV Cell Type: Polycrystalline and monocrystalline siliconPV Efficiency: 12.8% to 16%

How Solar Photovoltaic Work:During summer:

1. Doors open for natural ventilation2. Hot air rises and escapes through open roof lights drawing fresh air

into lower level of building3. Photovoltaic cells produce energy4. Photovoltaic cells 5. Fresh air is drawn in from shaded areas outside of glass house6. Vegetation and water features shade and evaporatively cool Glass

house7. Fresh air drawn in through underground air duct

How Solar Photovoltaic Work:During winter:

1. Wind deflected from Glass house

2. Heat reclaimed from exhausted air

3. Fresh air drawn in

4. Glass house heated by sun and by heat loss from buildings

5. Glass house protects microclimate from noise

6. Fresh air drawn in through underground air duct

Glass envelope ❏ Creates a climatic shift in summer and winter❏ Keeps out the wind and rain and creates a

garden-like interior with a mild micro-climate❏ No need absolute weatherproofed against wind

and rain

Ventilation and heating systems❏ Reduces the energy consumption❏ Ventilation of the glass envelope is controlled

automatically from a central position❏ Meteorological station and sensor supply

climate data- Prevents overheating in summer, the roof

and façade elements can opened variably- Hot days, doors in lower façade can be

opened- Shadows of the trees and the cooling

effect of waterfall and fountains are used- Air is naturally cooled or heated during

very hot or cold periods

Passive Solar Energy Used:

❏ PV modules and glass panes lay on aluminium profiles

❏ Held in place with aluminium pressure plates and glued to aluminium profiles

❏ Vertical PV-and-glass facade as structural glazing facade

❏ Aluminium profiles are mounted on the wooden substructure

❏ Specially composed for this project by Wicona Bausysteme

❏ Interconnecting plugs and cabling are arranged in the aluminium profile

❏ It is to hold PV modules and glass panes into place

❏ Invisible and protected against weather conditions and UV rays

❏ Plug is not thicker than the 4mm glass pane therefore fits well in the rebate

❏ Cuts down installation time and cost

PV panels interspersed with the open glass of the roof link.

Installation Design:

Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages :

1. Renewable and Environment Friendly

Solar energy is a renewable energy that is generated from natural processes and are continuously replenished.

2. Cost Savings

Putting solar panels on our roof is likely to save our money by reducing dependence on the size of the solar system and our electricity or heat usage.

5. Silent

This solar panel produces silent energy by converting the sunlight into usable electricity. So there is no sound pollution effect to the surrounding area.

4. Low Maintenance

The solar energy systems can be used for a long period of time as the rain will wash off any accumulated dust or particles.

3. Easy to install

It can be installed on almost any size or shape of the roof without the stringent installation requirements of a traditional solar energy system.

Disadvantages :

2. Site suitability

A good location can generate more solar energy from the sun.

3. Initial Cost

The starting cost of purchasing and installing solar panels is expensive.

4. Installation Area

Solar panel installation may not require a huge space for home users as it can install on rooftops.

5. Inefficiency

Solar panels only have a 40% efficiency rate of sunlight which is absorbed by solar panels. The other 60% of the sunlight gets wasted and is not harnessed.

1. Availability of Sunlight

Solar energy cannot produce during night time, it is only capable of producing power during the daytime where there is sunlight.

Possible Problem to the System

If the waterproof barrier between the house and outdoor is penetrated, water penetration can cause rotting and molding.

When there are solar panels on your roof, cutting the power does not eliminate the hazardous voltages present at the string ends because the solar panel cannot easily be switched off and will continue to operate even when damaged.

1.Roof Penetration

2. Risk to a firemen during fire

Improperly integrated currents can cause electrical fire and electrocution dangers.

If the solar installation is poorly planned, the loading could weaken the supporting structure of the house and cause a roof collapse.

Anchors can be pulled out of the building if there are improperly mounted and will create a small entry for moisture to penetrate which will lead to mold growth and rotting problems

3. Electrical hazard

4. Snow loads

5. Wind loads

Solar panels also require maintenance and upgrades and performance will reduce each year.

During the installation, if a solar panel breakdown it has to be substituted with module of similar electrical characteristics.

6. Solar cells are not long lasting and system must be replaced after 25 years

7. Retrofit and long term fault tolerance

Recommendations for Future

Improvement

If the costs are lower than before, soon the homeowners will be wondering why they are paying so much for electricity bill when they could get it from the sun for a fraction of the cost and start installing solar panels in their house.

More efficient semiconductors need to be discovered to increase the efficiency of energy conversion. Low toxicity chemicals and materials can be used in manufacturing solar panels.

By shading a façade system panel provide a passive way to limit excessive solar gains.

1. Reduce the cost of Solar Panels

2. New advances in technology

3. Shading

Thank You !