bspb.org › media › files › cepf62721c9d.pdf state and distribution of the breeding avifauna in...

______________________________________________________________________ CEPF project: “Land of Eagles and Castles: Pilot Sustainable Tourism Model for the Albanian Adriatic Coastline”

1

_____________________________________________________________________________

State and Distribution of the Breeding Avifauna in Key Biodiversity Area of Butrint, Albania 2016

_____________________________________________________________________________

TECHNICAL REPORT

CEPF project: Land of Eagles and Castles (ID: 62721)

Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds (BSPB) / BirdLife Bulgaria

&

Association for the Protection and Preservation of Natural Environment in Albania” (PPNEA)

2016


2

AUTHORS

Mihail Iliev1, Yana Barzova1, Sylvia Djulgerova1, Vladimir Mladenov1, Ralitsa Georgieva1, Mirjan Topi2, Roland Lleshi2 & Stoyan C. Nikolov1

1 Bulgarian Society for Protection of Birds/BirdLife Bulgaria, Yavorov complex, bl. 71, vh. 4, PO box 50, 1111, Sofia, Bulgaria

2 Protection and Preservation of Natural Environment in Albania, P.16/1/10, Rruga Vangjush Furxhi, Tirana 1001, Albania

PHOTOGRAPHY

Svetoslav Spasov © www.NatureImages.eu, Mihail Iliev © & Yana Barzova ©

RECOMMENDED CITATION

Iliev, M., Barzova, Y., Dyulgerova, S., Mladenov, V., Georgieva, R., Topi, M., Lleshi, R. & Nikolov, S.C. (2016) State and Distribution of the Breeding Avifauna in Key Biodiversity Area of Butrint, Albania 2016. Technical report under the CEPF project Land of Eagles and Castles: Pilot Sustainable Tourism Model for the Albanian Adriatic Coastline (ID: 62721). BSPB & PPNEA. 47 p.

ABOUT THE PROJECT

The project “Land of Eagles and Castles: Pilot Sustainable Tourism Model for the Albanian Adriatic Coastline” is funded by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) which is a joint initiative of l’Agence Française de Development, Conservation International, the European Union, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. The CEPF fundamental goal is to ensure that civil society is engaged in biodiversity conservation.

The project Land of Eagles and Castles is implemented by the Association for the Protection and Preservation of Natural Environment in Albania (PPNEA) in collaboration with the Bulgarian Society for Protection of Birds (BSPB) / BirdLife Bulgaria in the period 2013-2016. The project aim is to deliver a model for establishing community-driven, nature-based tourism in three of the eight Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) that have been identified along the Albanian Adriatic coastline in the Southwest Balkans Corridor: (1) Narta Lagoon; (2) Vlora Bay, Karaburun Peninsula and Çika Mountain and (3) Butrint.

CONTACTS

www.naturetouralbania.info ; Mirjan Topi: +355694767974, [email protected]

http://www.natureimages.eu/

http://www.naturetouralbania.info/


3

Contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................................................ 4

SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................ 4

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 5

2. AIM OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................................................ 7

3. METHODS ..................................................................................................................................... 8

3.1. Study area .................................................................................................................. 8

3.2. Data collection ......................................................................................................... 10

3.3. Analyses ................................................................................................................... 12

4. RESULTS ...................................................................................................................................... 14

4.1. Bird species list and conservation status ................................................................... 14

4.1.1. Breeders ...................................................................................................................... 16

4.1.2. Non-breeders............................................................................................................... 19

4.2. Distribution of birds.................................................................................................. 21

4.2.1. Important zones for birds ...................................................................................... 21

4.3. Threats ..................................................................................................................... 29

4.3.1. Human disturbance...................................................................................................... 29

4.3.2. Direct killing of birds .................................................................................................... 29

4.3.3. Habitat loss .................................................................................................................. 30

4.3.4. Dangerous power grid .................................................................................................. 31

4.3.5. Pollution with waste materials ..................................................................................... 31

5. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................ 32

5.1. Comparison with previous research ......................................................................... 32

5.2. Overall importance of the site at national/international level................................... 33

5.3. Recommendations for management ........................................................................ 34

5.4. Recommendations for future research ..................................................................... 35

6. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 37

7. APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................ 38

7.1. List of bird species recorded in KBA Butrint in April-May 2016.................................. 38

7.2. List of breeding and migrating birds in Butrint KBA: their distribution, numbers, important habitats and major threats. ................................................................................ 44


4

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BC – Before Christ

BSPB – Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds / BirdLife Bulgaria

ind. – individuals

IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature

KBA – Key Biodiversity Area

PPNEA – Association for the Protection and Preservation of Natural Environment in Albania

UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

SUMMARY

During the study conducted in 2016 by joint team of BSPB/BirdLife Bulgaria and PPNEA in KBA of Butrint 97 species of birds were observed. Out of them 67 species (69%) were breeders and 30 - non-breeders. Three species are globally threatened (vulnerable according to the IUCN Red List) - European turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur), Common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis), Eurasian curlew (Numenius arquata). The first two species are breeding in the area, while the third one is a migrant. The total number of recorded birds was 2,739 ind., out of which 732 ind. (26%) were breeders. The most abundant breeding birds were Barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) - 97 ind., House martin (Delichon urbicum) - 68 ind., Red-rumped swallow (Cecropis daurica) - 34 ind. The most numerous non-breeding species was Cory`s shearwater (Calonectris diomedea) - 810 ind. registered in a huge group in Saranda Bay. The most important sites for birds in the KBA, in terms of species richness and abundance, are: (a) the coastal zone between the mouths of rivers Butrinto and Pavllo; (b) the archaeological complex of Butrint and its surroundings; (c) lake Bufi, and (d) northern part of lake Butrint. The characterising breeding birds in the main habitat types were as follows: (a) Coastal and halophytic communities – Little Tern (Sternula albifrons), Kentish Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus), Common Tern (Sterna hirundo), Zitting Cisticola (Cisticola juncidis); (b) Water-fringe vegetation in wetlands – Coot (Fulica atra), Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus), Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis), Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Great reed Warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus), Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus), Penduline Tit (Remiz pendulinus); (c) Rocky habitats – Rock Nuthatch (Sitta neumayer), Blue Rock Thrush (Monticola solitarius), Black-eared Wheatear (Oenanthe hispanica), Alpine Swift (Tachymarptis melba); (d) Open shrub habitats – Sardinian Warbler (Sylvia melanocephala), Subalpine Warbler (Sylvia cantillans), Eastern Orphean Warbler (Sylvia crassirostris), Black-headed Bunting (Emberiza melanocephala), European Stonechat (Saxicola rubicola), Olivaceous Warbler (Hippolais pallida); (e) Woodland – Blackbird (Turdus merula), Common Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos), Great Tit (Parus major), Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus); and (f) Agriculture land – Corn Bunting (Emberiza calandra), Short-toed Lark (Calandrella brachydactyla), Crested Lark (Galerida cristata). The most significant threats for the birds found in the KBA zone were: Commercial fishing and development of aquaculture; Habitat loss due to building construction activities; Illegal hunting, Reclamation of wetlands in some lowland zone in the KBA.


5

1. INTRODUCTION

Lanscape from Butrint (Photo: Mihail Iliev ©)

The Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) of Butrint is located in the south of Albania, approximately 20 km from the modern city of Saranda. With its very specific atmosphere created by a combination of archaeology, monuments and nature in the Mediterranean, Butrint has a status of National Park and UNESCO World Heritage site. This exceptional cultural landscape has developed organically over many centuries, and has escaped aggressive development of the type that has reduced the heritage value of most historic landscapes in the Mediterranean region. It constitutes a very rare combination of archaeology and nature (UNESCO 2016).

The site is a microcosm of Mediterranean history, with occupation dating from 50,000 BC, at its earliest evidence, up to the 19th century BC. Prehistoric sites have been identified within the nucleus of Butrint, the small hill surrounded by the waters of Lake Butrint and Vivari Channel, as well as in its wider territory. From 800 BC until the arrival of the Romans, Butrint was influenced by Greek culture, bearing elements of a “polis” and being settled by Chaonian tribes. In 44 BC Butrint became a Roman colony and expanded considerably on reclaimed marshland, primarily to the south across the Vivari Channel, where an aqueduct was built. In the 5th century BC Butrint became an Episcopal centre; it was fortified and substantial early Christian structures were built. After a period of abandonment, Butrint was reconstructed under Byzantine control in the 9th century. Butrint and its territory came under Angevin and then Venetian control in the 14th century. Several attacks by despots of Epirus and then later


6

by Ottomans led to the strengthening and extension of the defensive works of Butrint. At the beginning of the 19th century, a new fortress was added to the defensive system of Butrint at the mouth of the Vivari Channel. It was built by Ali Pasha, an Albanian Ottoman ruler who controlled Butrint and the area until its final abandonment (UNESCO 2016).

The fortifications bear testimony to the different stages of their construction from the time of the Greek colony until the Middle Ages. The most interesting ancient Greek monument is the theatre which is fairly well preserved. The major ruin from the paleo-Christian era is the baptistery, an ancient Roman monument adapted to the cultural needs of Christianity. Its floor has a beautiful mosaic decoration. The paleo-Christian basilica was rebuilt in the 9th century and the ruins are sufficiently well preserved to permit analysis of the structure (three naves with a transept and an exterior polygonal apse) (UNESCO 2016).

In terms of biodiversity of the area (Topi et al. 2013), the flora of the National Park is rich and diverse, composed by 800-900 species, from which 16 are considered endangered, 12 rare, there is one endemic and 11 sub-endemic species. Invertebrates are quite poorly studied, but it is expected that the number of species should to be around 1500-2000 in the National Park. The area is very rich and diverse of fish with 105 species found (33% of the whole Albanian ichtiofauna). National Park of Butrint also shelters 67% of amphibian species, 75% of reptile species, and 53% of mammalian species present in the country.

The avifauna of Butrint area is featured by the highest bird diversity ever registered in an Albanian wetland complex, with 247 species ever observed (Bego et al. 2012). The KBA has been proved as an important wintering and stop-over site during migration for significant number birds (Iankov et al. 2015). During Midwinter counts, between 3,700 and 14,000 ind. water birds from over 30 species are reported annually in the wetland complex (Bego et al. 2012, PPNEA unpubl. data, Nikolov & Topi 2016). During spring migration, over 700 individuals from 22 wetland species and 7 species of birds of prey were registered on their migration through the site (Iankov et al. 2015). Common species during migration are Eurasian Wigeon (Anas penelope), Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Eurasian Teal(Anas crecca), Nortern Pintail (Anas acuta), Ruff (Philomachus pugnax), Curlew Sandpiper (Calidris ferruginea), Dunlin (Calidris alpina), Little Stint (Calidris minuta), Grey Plover (Pluvialis squatarola), European Golden Plover (Pluvialis apricaria), Eurasian Curlew (Numenius arquata), Common Redshank (Tringa totanus), Slender-billed Gull (Larus genei), Sandwich Tern (Sterna sandvicensis), Little Tern (Sternula albifrons), etc. The diversity of habitats (over 30 natural, semi-natural, and artificial habitats, which vary from the sea and wetland habitats in the west, to mountainous habitats in the east) is a precondition for the high diversity of breeding avifauna as well (Topi et al. 2013). Open water surface is associated with the presence of species as Great Creasted Grebe (Podiceps cristatus), Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), Common Pochard (Aythya ferina), Eurasian Coot (Fulica atra) and Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus). The reeds at the northern and southern part of the Lake Butrint are inhabited by Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) and Water Rail (Rallus aquaticus), but also by the raptors Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus) and Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus), and passerines Moustashed Warbler (Acrocephalus melanopogon), Sedge Warbler (Acrocephalus schoenebaenus), Eurasian Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus), Great Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) and Eurasian Penduline Tit (Remiz pendulinus). The temporary wetlands offer a feeding place for a variety of wetland species such as Little Egret (Egretta garzetta), Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) and Northern Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus). In total 88 bird species have been observed in the


7

forest and shrub habitats in the area and amongst them passerines dominate. These habitats are important for the nesting of Eurasian Golden Oriole (Oriolus oriolus), Olive-tree Warbler (Hippolais olivetorum), Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo), Eurasian Scops Owl (Otus scops), Syrian Woodpecker (Dendrocopos syriacus) and Sombre Tit (Parus lugubris). The riverine forests are inhabited by Spotted Flycather (Muscicapa striata), Eurasian Blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla), Wood Warbler (Phylloscopus sibilatrix), Eurasian Hoopoe (Upupa epops), Tree Pipit (Anthus trivialis) and Corn Bunting (Miliaria calandra). Some more 22 species of birds are found in the rocky habitats in the area, the most typical of which are Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), Rock Partridge (Alectorix graeca), Blue Rock Thrush (Monticola solitarius) and Western Rock Nuthatch (Sitta neumayer). The dry slopes and pasturelands are inhabited by other 47 bird species, dominated by passerines.

Yet the information about the distribution, numbers and threats for the breeding avifauna of the site is relatively poor.

2. AIM OF THE STUDY

Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus)

The current study aims to broaden the knowledge on the state of breeding avifauna in Butrint KBA. More specific objectives are to provide information about the list of breeding bird species, their numbers, distribution and treats. Relevant data for spring migrants is also provided. This information could be used for future bird-friendly management, design of appropriate conservation activities and nature friendly tourism in the zone.


8

3. METHODS

Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia)

3.1. STUDY AREA

The KBA Butrint is situated in the southern part of Albania’s Adriatic coast, in District of Sarande (N39

45 4 E20 1 34) (Fig. 1). The area is surrounded by two rivers: Bistrica in the north and Pavllo in the south (Topi et al. 2013). In the east the “Mile” mountain creates a barrier through wetlands and the continental part of Albania. There is a range of different relief forms including fields, hills, mountains and coastal areas which are characterized by different morphographic and morphogenic features. The lower part of Butrint is elevated only centimeters and in the past it has been frequently flooded from the sea. The riverbeds are shallow and wide. Along the rainy periods, fields are flooded from water, creating sweet water wetlands. Different hills and mountain ranges are present in the area; Mountain range of “Mile”, hills of “Çuke”, “Ajtoit-Stillo”, “Mursia-Xarra”, “Gjashta-Butrinti” and the islands of “Ksamili”. The field of “Mursi-Vrina” is created from the activity of Pavllo River and tectonic movements. After Interventions River Pavllo now discharges directly into the Ionian Sea. The field has a very low elevation in its eastern part, and the western part of it is under the sea level. The central part of Butrint area is characterized by a rich hydrographic network, composed by the bottom flows of Rivers “Kalaja”, “Bistirca”, and “Pavllo”, and Butrint Lagoon (known as Lake Butrint) and Lake Bufi (Rrëza). Lake Butrint has a surface of 1,600 ha and represents the central area of the KBA. Waters of Bistrica River, Mile Mountain watershed and Pavllo River, feed it. The lake has a tectonic origin, whereas the water regime is typical for


9

coastal lagoons. It communicates with the Ioanian Sea through the channel of Vivari (length: 3,600m, width: 60-100cm, depth: 5-6 m). Lake Bufi is situated in the southeastern part of Lake Butrint, around 2 m a.s.l. Its total surface is around 83 ha. The lake is shallow, with an average depth of 1m. It is filled by the strong saline sources of Rreza in the northeast. The waters of Bufi discharge in the Lake Butrint through a channel.

The area is under soft Mediterranean climate (Topi et al. 2013). The average annual temperature is 17.1 °C. January is the coldest month (9.7 °C), and August is the hottest month (25.1 °C). Rainfall is abundant; it reaches the level of over 1,500 mm/year. The area is under the influence of marine winds. The wind speed is higher at wintertime with an average speed of 3.2-3.5 m/s, whereas in the summer the wind speed is 2.2-2.3 m/s.

Butrint KBA characterises with high diversity of natural, semi-natural, and artificial habitats (over 30), which vary from the sea and wetland habitats in the west, to mountainous habitats in the east (Topi et al. 2013). The main habitats are sclerophyllous shrubs and dry grasslands.

In terms of the conservation status of the site, Butrint was included in the National Heritage List of Protected Monuments in 1948. Currently, the protection and conservation of the archeological monuments is covered by the Law on Cultural Heritage. Butrint has been included in the UNESCO List of World Heritage sites in 1992. Along the period 1997-2005, the site has been part of the UNSECO List of World Heritage Sites in Danger. The natural values of the Butrint Wetlands were recognized by the Ramsar Convention in 2002 (13,500 ha). In 2005, based on the Law on Protected Areas, Butrint was declared a National Park covering 86 km² including the antique city of Butrint, a part of Lake Butrint, the Lake Bufi, the channel of Vivari and the surrounding wetlands, as well as the hills covered by forest trees and shrubs. The National Park acts as a buffer zone for the World Heritage property (UNESCO 2016).

Figure 1. Location (left) and borders (right) of the KBA Butrint (boundaries indicated with red line).


10

3.2. DATA COLLECTION

The survey was implemented in two field expeditions (7-9th of April and 21-22nd of May) during the breeding season of 2016, by a joint team of BSPB and PPNEA, under the assistance of the Butrint National Park authority.

Observations of birds were conducted in different parts of the area and various habitat types were visited. Most of data were collected within the boundaries of the KBA but some observations were carried out in adjacent areas situated close to the KBA zone. Due to inaccessibility (high water level of the river Pavllo and almost no options for crossing) the southern parts of the KBA (near the border between Albania and Greece) were not visited. The following sites were visited (see Fig. 2) during the survey:

Archaeological complex of Butrint and its vicinities;

Mouth of Vivari channel and Mouth of Pavllo river;

Vrine plain;

Lake Bufi and surroundings;

Areas close to Ksamil town;

Lakeside and agricultural lands in the northern parts of KBA.

Figure 2. Map of the study area (red line indicates the KBA boundary) with the locations of visited sites and observed birds (yellow dots).


11

To increase the efficiency of work, field researchers have split into two teams which were working simultaneously in different zones within KBA by using preliminary planned routes. First team consisted of Mihail Iliev, Yana Barzova and Sylvia Dyulgerova from BSPB, and Mirjan Topi from PPNEA, while the second team consisted of Vladimir Mladenov and Ralitsa Georgieva from BSPB, and Roland Lleshi from PPNEA.

The equipment used was as follows:

Car: Honda HR-V

Telescopes: Carl Zeuss 25-75x; Swarowski ATS 80 HD 25-50

Binoculars: 2x Nikon Sporter 10x50; 1x Nikon Monarch 10,5x45; Olympus 10X50; Helios 8x42.

The joint BSPB-PPNEA field team (Photos: Mihail Iliev ©)

During the survey, the team visited different parts of the area aiming to describe the whole diversity of habitat for birds and to make an overall evaluation of the number and distribution of the avifauna. Data on bird species presence and numbers were collected from observation points and transects - one or several per habitat (without fixed radius or duration of the count, as the aim was not to collect data on the abundance but to implement as much as possible absolute count; Gibbons & Gregory 2006). Most of the field visits were performed in the morning when the birds (especially passerines) sing more actively and are easily visible. Bird data were collected by the software SmartBirds Pro application for Android OS (Popgeorgiev et al. 2015) using smartphone or tablet. The following information for each bird observation was recorded: species, exact geographical coordinates, type of observation (individual, pair, nest, family whit juveniles and flock), status (breeder / according to Hagemejer & Blair (1997): possible, probable and confirmed; not breeder: migrant and vagrant).

Special attention was given to register the key sites for the breeding birds within the KBA and all the major threats to the birds.


12

3.3. ANALYSES

European Bee-eater (Merops apiaster)

Data was exported from SmartBirds Pro in Microsoft Office Excel. Total check list of bird species in the KBA was made. Summarized tables were made for breeding and non-breeding birds with information about number of species, number of observed individuals and number of breeding pairs. Distribution of the birds was visualized in Google Earth. Key areas for breeding and non-breeding birds were identified. International conservation status was described according to BirdLife International (2004 & 2016) and national conservation status according to the Red List of Albanian Flora and Fauna (2013).

Distribution of birds was described within four main zones in the KBA:

(1) Coastal zone – relatively small, located between the mouths of River Butrinto (Vivari channel) and River Pavllo. The habitat is quite specific and is spread only in this coastal part of the KBA of Butrint: mud flats and sand flats, sea shallows with brackish water, sand bands and water-fringe vegetation.

(2) Archaeological complex – the best preserved forest habitats in the entire KBA zone are situated in the archaeological site Butrint. The complex is visited by thousands of tourists per week because of its cultural and historical significance, but also provides breeding habitat for a wide variety of birds.

(3) Lake Bufi – located in the eastern part of the KBA and connected to the Lake Butrint through a system of channels and shallow temporary wetlands. The periphery of the

https://www.google.com/earth/


13

lake is almost completely overgrown with reeds, which form the widest water-fringe vegetation habitat in the KBA.

(4) Lake Butrint - northern shores – includes the northern shores of Lake Butrint with the adjacent channel. The habitat is very specific – hygrophytic vegetation, densely overgrown along the channel and halophytic vegetation in the lake`s periphery with mosaic water patches, bordering with arable lands to the north.

Threats within the KBA were ranked in three categories based on their potential timing and severity:

(1) Significant – continuous high level impact on bird populations;

(2) Moderate – continuous low level or sporadic high level impact on bird populations;

(3) Marginal – sporadic low level negative impact on bird populations.

Coot (Fulica atra)


14

4. RESULTS

European Turtle Dove (Streptopelia turtur)

4.1. BIRD SPECIES LIST AND CONSERVATION STATUS

A total of 2,739 individuals from 97 bird species were observed during the survey in Butrint KBA (Annex 7.1). In terms of the global IUCN Red List status (BirdLife International 2016), three species are Vulnerable (VU). Two of them are probably breeding in the area – European Turtle Dove (Streptopelia turtur), registered with 9 ind., and Common Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis), reported with 1 ind. The third species is the Eurasian Curlew (Numenius arquata) which migrates through the KBA and was observed with 9 ind. Streptopelia turtur was found in a various places in the area - near Lake Bufi, in the archaeological complex of Butrint and in the northern parts of the zone. Alcedo atthis was observed only near Lake Bufi, while Numenius arquata was observed in the coastal area near the mouth of the river Pavllo and Vivari channel (see Fig. 3). Another three species are listed in category Near Threatened (NT) - Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator), Red-footed Falcon (Falco vespertinus) and Eurasian Coot (Fulica atra). Fifty-seven (57) of all registered species are included in list of European conservation concern (SPEC) (BirdLife International 2004). None of these species was from a global conservation concern (SPEC 1), but there were nine species whose populations are concentrated in Europe and have an unfavourable conservation status (SPEC 2) and 30 species with unfavourable status, which global populations are not concentrated in Europe (SPEC 3). A total of 18 species had favourable status in Europe (SPEC E). Twenty-five of


15

the reported species are included in Annex 1 of the Birds Directive (2009/147/EC) of the European Union, 16 – in Annex 2 and 2 – in Annex 3. In total of 90 species are listed in Bern Convention (69 species – in Annex 2, and 21 species – in Annex 3), and 41 species are listed in Bonn Convention.

A total of 23 species are included in the Red List of Wild Flora and Fauna of Albania (2013) and nine of them are considered Endangered at national level: Cory`s Shearwater (Calonectris diomedea), Yelkouan Shearwater (Puffinus yelkouan), Great White Egret (Ardea alba), Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia), Eurasian Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus), Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) and Europaen Bee-eater (Merops apiaster).

Figure 3. Locations of IUCN Red List species in the KBA (red line – KBA boundary; yellow dots – Alcedo atthis, orange dots – Streptopelia turtur, green dots – Numenius arquata).


16

4.1.1. Breeders

Red-rumped Swallow (Cecropis daurica)

The total number of breeding birds in the KBA was estimated at 2,268 pairs from 67 species and 12 orders. According to the breeding status, bird species were grouped into three categories: Confirmed breeders – 13 species; Probable breeders – 39 species; Possible breeders – 15 species. Overall, 69% of all observed species were identified as breeders. The estimated number of breeding pairs within the KBA is present in Appendix 7.2.

The most abundant order was Passeriformes, represented by 69% (n = 46 species) of the species and 91% of breeding pairs (n = 2055 pairs), followed by Charadriiformes (represented by 7% of the species and 2% breeding pairs, respectively) (see Fig. 4&5). Order Charadriiformes, together with orders Gruiformes and Anseriformes are actually the group of birds from high significance considering the nature of the site, but they were not presented well during the current survey.


17

Figure 4. Species richness of breeding birds per order in KBA Butrint.

Figure 5. Abundance of different orders of breeding birds in KBA Butrint.


18

Some of the most abundant breeding birds were two species of swallows – Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) - 150 pairs., House Martin (Delichon urbicum) – 125 pairs ind. These species nest mainly on buildings in the human settlements in the KBA zone, but some pairs were found in the archaeological complex of Butrint. Numerous breeding birds are also Corn Bunting (Emberiza calandra), Eastern Olivaceus Warbler (Hippolais pallida), Sardinian Warbler (Sylvia melanocephala) Subalpine Warbler (Sylvia cantillans), which are common species in scrubby habitats and two species of sparrows – Spanish Sparrow (Passer hispaniolensis) and Domestic Sparrow (Passer domesticus) (see Fig. 6).

Figure 6. Abundance of species (expressed as number of pairs) from order Passeriformes in KBA

Butrint.


19

4.1.2. Non-breeders

Cory`s Shearwater (Calonectris diomedea) (Photo: Y. Barzova ©)

In total 2007 individuals from 30 species and 8 orders were recorded as non-breeders (migrants and floaters) in the KBA. The numbers per species are presented in details in Appendix 7.1. The most abundant were water birds, and more precisely the migrants from order Procellariiformes representing 45% of all migrants observed (n = 900 ind.) and from order Charadriiformes – 41% (n=827 ind.) (see Fig. 7). At species level, the most numerous species was Cory`s Shearwater (Calonectris diomedea) – 810 ind. (40% af all migrants). The shearwaters were registered to forage in Saranda Bay, a few kilometers from the northern boundary of KBA of Butrint. The observation was made on 08.04.2016 and refers to migrating individuals. The shearwaters were mixed with several other species – Yelkouan Shearwater (Puffinus yelkouan) – 90 ind., Mediterranean Gull (Larus melanocephalus) – 200 ind., Yellow-legged Gull (Larus michahellis) – 300 ind., and Sandwich Tern (Sterna sandvicensis) – 20 ind. In comparatively big numbers were observed also some species of Terns and Herons (see Fig.8).


20

Figure 7. Abundance of different orders of migrating birds in KBA Butrint.

Figure 8. Abundance of migrating bird species in KBA Butrint.


21

4.2. DISTRIBUTION OF BIRDS.

4.2.1. Important zones for birds

Coastal zone

Coastal zsone of Butrint (Photo: Mihail Iliev ©)

This zone is from high importance for signifficant numbers of waterfowl and water birds species, especially during migration. A mixed roosting flock of terns was recorded on 07.04.2016 – Gull-billed Terns (Gelochelidon nilotica) - 114 ind., Caspian Terns (Hydroprogne caspia) - 36 ind. and Sandwich Terns (Sterna sandivicensis) - 11 ind.

This site also gives shelter on a variety of other bird species with an unfavorable conservation status in Europe - Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia), Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), Eurasian Curlew (Numenius arquata) and Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator). Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) – a rare visitor in Albania, was also observed here.

In terms of breeders, Kentish Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) was present with a few pairs on the sandy bands near the Castle of Ali Pasha. Several pairs of Little Terns (Sternula albifrons) and a pair of Common Terns (Sterna hirundo) were found in the same area (Fig. 9).


22

Figure 9. Coastal zone in KBA of Butrint (site boundary in green) from significant importance for breeding birds (Kentish Plover (marked in purple) and Little Tern (marked in orange)) and migrating water birds (Glossy Ibis (marked in green), Eurasian Spoonbill (marked in blue), Gull-billed Tern (marked in yellow) and Caspian Tern (marked in red)

Gull-billed Tern (Gelochelidon nilotica)


23

Archaeological complex

The archaeological complex of Butrint and its surroundings (Photo: Mihail Iliev ©)

Species which prefer forest habitats and which are generally rare in the KBA are typical for this zone: Great Tit (Parus major), Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus), Spotted Flycatcher (Muscicapa striata), Golden Oriole (Oriolus oriolus), Blackbird (Turdus merula), Jay (Garrulus glandarius).

Areas in the vicinity of the archaeological site were also visited, and those consisted of, widespread habitats in the KBA such as dry grasslands with mosaics of sclerophyllous shrubs and trees and also rocky habitats (Fig. 10). Probable breeders was identified there, some of them biome-restricted species, typical for the Mediterranean region and with limited distribution in Europe: Sardinian Warbler (Sylvia melanocephala), Subalpine Warbler (Sylvia cantillans), Eastern Orphean Warbler (Sylvia crassirostris), Cirl Bunting (Emberiza cirlus), Black-headed Bunting (Emberiza melanocephala), Olive-tree Warbler (Hippolais olivetorum), Olivaceous Warbler (Hippolais pallida), Rock Nuthatch (Sitta neumayer), Blue Rock Thrush (Monticola solitarius), etc.


24

Figure 10. Butrint archaeological complex and its surroundings (site boundary in green) - an important place for breeding birds in KBA of Butrint – Olive-tree Warbler (marked in green), Rock Nuthatch (marked in orange), Golden Oriole (marked in yellow), European Turtle Dove (marked in blue), hunting Short-toed Eagle (marked in red)

Golden Oriole (Oriolus oriolus)


25

Lake Bufi

Lake Bufi (Photo: Mihail Iliev ©)

This territory is quite valuable for wetland birds, and especially for those which are associated with reedbeds as a breeding habitat (Fig. 11). The commonest breeders were Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Coot (Fulica atra), Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus), Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis), Great Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus), Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) and Zitting Cisticola (Cisticola juncidis). The area is occupied also by 1-2 pairs March Harriers (Circus aeruginosus). It is very likely the reedbeds around the lake to be inhabited by Little Bittern (Ixobrychus minutus), Water Rail (Rallus aquaticus) and some other species of Warblers, which were nof found during the current survey.

A shallow temporary wetland in agricultural field between Lake Butrint and Lake Bufi other was a breeding habitat for species like the Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus), Kentish Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus), Little Ringed Plover (Charadrius dubius) and Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos).

Woodland and scrub areas around the Lake Bufi were a breeding habitat for the Sardinian warbler (Sylvia melanocephala), Subalpine Warbler (Sylvia cantillans), Olivaceous Warbler (Hippolais pallida), Black-headed (Emberiza melanocephala) and Corn Buntings (Emberiza calandra).

The Lake Bufi and the surrounding small wetlands are also foraging habitat for non-breeding species like the Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea), Little Egret (Egretta garzetta), Great White Egret (Ardea alba) and Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo).


26

Figure 11. Lake Bufi - a place of great importance for birds, associated with reedbeds, within the KBA of Butrint (site boundary in green). Key breeding species – Black-winged Stilt (marked in yellow), Kentish Plover (marked in purple), Little Ringed Plover (marked in blue), Little Grebe (marked in green), Cattle Egret (non-breeder) (marked in red).

Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis)


27

Lake Butrint – northern shores

Northern shores of Lake Butrint (Photo: Mihail Iliev ©)

In the reeds and halophilous vegetation, the most common were passerine species related to the wetlands: Penduline Tit (Remiz pendulinus), Great Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus), Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus), Zitting Cisticola (Cisticola juncidis) and Cetti`s Warbler (Cethia cetti). Short-toed Lark (Calandrella brachydactyla), Crested Lark (Galerida cristata) and Corn Bunting (Emberiza calandra) were found in the arable lands nearby.

Non-breeders like Great White Egret (Ardea alba), Little Egret (Egretta garzetta), Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) and Squacco Heron (Ardeola ralloides) were seen to hunt fish on the periphery of the lake. Some raptor were also recorded – a hunting Short-toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus), probably local bird, and two Red-footed Falcons (Falco vespertinus), migrants, resting in an agriculture field near the lake.


28

Figure 12. Valuable habitats of birds in the northern part of Lake Butrint (site boundary in green, KBA boundary in red). Typical breeding species – Perduline Tit (marked in red), Black-winged Stilt (marked in yellow), European Turtle Dove (marked in blue).

Penduline Tit (Remiz pendulinus)


29

4.3. THREATS

4.3.1. Human disturbance

The town Ksamil is situated within the KBA and intensive human activities take place there. There are also some villages situated in the KBA vicinities as well. Being archeological monument, the zone is subject of intensive touristic activities which overlap with the breeding season of birds and considering that the access to the protected zone (or at least in its core area) is unrestricted, this may cause disturbance to the breeding birds.

The KBA of Butrint is used very intensively for fishing. Almost everywhere in the wetlands fishing vessels and set fishing-nets occur. It seems that the most severe is the problem in Lake Bufi and around a mouth of Vivari channel. This is because the lake is relatively small in area and human activities cause high level of disturbance to breeding birds, such as Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis), Coot (Fulica atra), Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) and probably more species during migration and wintering.

The mouth of Vivari channel is also used frequently for fishermans with boats. This is also relevant for the area around the castle of Ali Pasha. As it was described (see 4.2) this territory is the most important stopover site in the KBA of Butrint and used for feeding and roosting from many species – terns, gulls, herons, waders. The frequent and unregulated human activities there cause disturbance of the migrants and chase them away of the preferred places.

Rank of threat: Significant.

4.3.2. Direct killing of birds

Despite the total hunting ban/moratorium in the country (Law No. 61/2016 on prohibition of hunting in the Republic of Albania) illegal hunting always happens (Topi et al. 2013, Nikolov & Topi 2016). In addition after being proclaimed as national park, hunting in the territory of Butrint NP is prohibited and controlled by park rangers. In spite of the efforts to control this activity illegal hunting is taking place inside the BNP area, even in the most sensitive site for water birds, such as the area between Pavllo river outlet and Vivari channel (Bego et al. 2010).

During our field visits we do not have direct evidences that this activity still happens in the KBA zone, but the poaching is very probable and still exists as a significant problem in the wetland complexes in Albania. For instance Bego et al. (2012) considers that Butrint Ramsar Site could be much more important for the breeding and wintering birds if proper management measures would be taken and illegal hunting would be stopped.

Moreover, fishing with nets in the lake sometimes entraps and directly kills water birds, while they dive to forage. Particularly vulnerable are some species of ducks, pochards, grebes, cormorants, loons.

Rank of threat: Moderate


30

4.3.3. Habitat loss

A number of habitats and species of the KBA are threatened and need urgent conservation measures, due to not only natural succession processes of a transitional ecosystem, but also to increasing pressure and disturbance of human activities that should be put under control and regulated so that their impacts on threatened species and habitats are reduced (Bego et al. 2010).

This is quite valid for the western, coastal parts of the KBA near town Ksamil and the area between Ksamil and north to Saranda. The habitat there is mixture between scrubs, dry grasslands and rocky habitats and offers good conditions for biome restricted species typical for the Mediterranean Biome as Black-eared Wheather (Oenanthe hispanica), Blue Rock Trush (Monticola solitarius), Rock Nuthatch (Sitta neumayer), Sardinian Warbler (Sylvia melanocephala), Subalpine Warbler (Sylvia cantillans). During the field work was observed that some of these species are adapted to inhabit human settlements (houses and hotels, some still in construction) recently built in natural habitats.

Buildings recently constructed in natural habitats near the sea coast (Photo: Mihail Iliev ©)

Wetlands represent the habitat with the largest loss of biodiversity; 16 species are considered as extinct, while some 58 species are considered very rare or rare (Bego et al. 2010).

Newly re-established wetlands along the southern part of BNP area, due to collapse of drainage scheme over the last 15 years, especially those on the western part of Vrina plain have remarkably increased biodiversity values of the entire KBA site. This has resulted in the


31

increase of habitat and species diversity, particularly with regard to water birds using these shallow waters (fresh and brackish) as resting and feeding sites (Bego et al. 2012).

The planned projects for rehabilitation of the drainage scheme of Vrina plain would result in reclaiming and destruction of very important and sensitive habitats for water birds, putting at risk the ecological integrity of the core area of the Butrint KBA zone.

All future interventions into the hydrological system of Lake Butrint or land reclamations activities must be vastly limited and done carefully and wisely, taking into consideration ecological, economical and social concerns linked with such interventions.

Rank of threat: Significant

4.3.4. Dangerous power grid

There are several electricity lines in the KBA zone and some of pylons are a dangerous type. If a bird of prey perch on it, there is a high possibility of electrocution. Electrocution is death caused by electric shock, electric current passing through the body. We observed some raptors as Falco vespertinus and Buteo buteo, which prefer to perch on pylons, especially during migration. Near the Eastern KBA boundary we found also an old Egyptian vulture nest. Although this globally threatened species is already extinct from the KBA, the site is potentially suitable for it. It is known that Egyptian vulture used electricity pylons to perch, especially high-voltage ones. In a short period of time (6 days) in April (3 days) and October (3 days) 2014 (Iankov et al. 2015), 158 birds of prey from 9 species were recorded to migrate within the KBA.

Considering these facts a significant risk of electrocution of bird of prey exists.

Rank of threat: Marginal

4.3.5. Pollution with waste materials

This indirect threat is observed all over the KBA zone – along the asphalt roads, in the river channels, along the sea shore.

Rank of threat: Marginal


32

5. DISCUSSION

5.1. COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS RESEARCH

According to previous studies in the complex of wetlands and surrounding territories, 247 bird species are included in the KBA list. The highest number of species richness is registered during winter while the lowest is noted during nesting period. Butrint situation follows so the example of other Albanian coastal sites with the majority of species recorded in winter. (Bego et al., 2012). The total number of bird species in the KBA is significantly bigger than the reported in the current study because it involves a large number of wintering and migratory species. Focus of our work is mainly the breeding bird species, which are considerably less than the total number of species found in the area. Most of the bird researches in KBA of Butrint are made during migration or in the winter during Midwinter counts. There are large distributional gaps for many breeding bird species in Albania (Hagemeijer & Blair 1997). Doubtless, in many cases the data deficiency is a result of the absence or insufficiency of field studies. For the breeding bird species the published information is less detailed at all.

Sachanowicz et al. (2008) have done some ornithological observations in Albania (including KBA of Butrint) in the period 2003-2007. In the breeding season (april 2004) for the area are reported the following species: Little Egret (Egretta garzetta), Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus), Short-toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus), European Turtle Dove (Streptopelia turtur), Pallid Swift (Apus pallidus), Alpine Swift (Tachymarptis melba), Eastern Orphean Warbler (Sylvia crassirostris), Subalpine Warbler (Sylvia cantillans), Rock Nuthatch (Sitta neumayer), Spanish Sparrow (Passer hispaniolensis), Corn Bunting (Emberiza calandra). Almost all of them were observed in the current bird research too.

Bego et al. (2012) reports Butrint Ramsar Site as the zone with the highest bird diversity ever registered in an Albanian wetland complex. The high number of bird species is a good indication of the possibilities that the area offers for the avifauna. But, on the other hand, nearly 10% of the species already are reported as extinct. The extinction of 24 species of birds is strongly related with the loss of feeding and nesting habitats due to hydrological changes in the middle of 20-th century. Hydrological changes of the 60's were mainly done in the northern part of the complex, in Vurgu plain and in the southern part in Vrina-Mursi plain. Large parts of marshy areas were thus reclaimed for agriculture, resulting in drainage of 3000 ha of land. The loss of natural habitats was accompanied by changes in the hydrological regime of the entire area as well. The whole ecosystem became more saline allowing only the presence of few species adapted to such stress, while species adapted in fresh water systems became either extinct or very rare.

Nowadays a consideration on the high richness of Butrint concerns only the specific richness while the number of individuals per each species is relatively low. The situation during the breeding season is even worse with very few breeding water birds (Bego et al. 2012). These conclusions are confirmed during the current survey - the collected data shows the


33

importance of the wetland complex more as a stopover place for migrant/floaters than as a breeding ground for water birds.

The last bird research in the KBA is done during the migration seasons (spring and autumn) in 2014 as an activity in the current project. The observations are made in April and October in the main stopover site in the KBA zone – Butrint Mouth. A variety of migrants are observed. The most numerous migrant during the spring visit is Ruff (Philomachus pugnax) – 700 ind. Other registered birds are Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia), Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), Squacco Heron (Ardeola ralloides), Great White Egret (Ardea alba), Little Egret (Egretta garzetta), Sandwich Tern (Sterna sandvicensis), Common Tern (Sterna hirundo), some ducks and waders. During autumn migration are observed again many water birds such as Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea), Great White Egret (Ardea alba), Little Egret (Egretta garzetta), Eurasian Curlew (Numenius arquata), Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus), Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo).

During Midwinter counts for the wetland complex are reported between 5,000 and 14,000 ind. water birds annually (period 1995-2009) (Bego, 2012). In 2016 a total 3,775 ind. from 42 species were observed. From those, there are 27 species of waterbirds with 2,990 ind. (Nikolov & Topi 2016).

In the current survey special attention has to be paid to the large mixed flock of sea birds (see 4.1.2) in the Saranda bay, and especially to the Cory`s shearwater. During the breeding season this species form large colonies on rocky islands. The entire world population is concentrated in the Mediterranean and in the winter the birds migrate to the Atlantic Ocean. In Albania there is a lack of possible breeding habitats (only one island along the Albanian sea coast) and until now the species is not confirmed as breeder. The closest known colonies are in Greece, Italy and Croatia (Derhe 2012). All observed species in the mixed flock are migrants in the area and their appearance is determined by large passages of small fish, which they use for feeding. The observation is valuable but additional migration studies focused on seabirds near KBA of Butrint are needed to clarify whether it has a regular character, or rather only occasionally during this migration season.

In the current situation with the wetland complex Butrint the survey results definitely describe the KBA (especially wetland habitats) as more important for the birds during migration and winter (Nikolov & Topi 2016). Comparatively low numbers of water birds use this zone as a breeding ground.

5.2. OVERALL IMPORTANCE OF THE SITE AT NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL LEVEL

The Key Biodiversity Area of Butrint in Albania has the status “National Park”. The Butrint National Park is a UNESCO as well as a Ramsar Site. Butrint has been included in the UNESCO List of World Heritage in year 1992. Along the period 1997 -2005, Butrint has been part of the UNESCO List of World Heritage Sites in Danger. In 2002, the wetland complex of Butrint has been proclaimed as Ramsar Zone (13500 ha) (Topi et al., 2013).

According to Bego et al. (2012) Butrint supports plants and/or animal species important for maintaining the biological diversity of the bio-geographic region. The site shelters a high proportion of biodiversity in Albania. Its role is particularly important for certain group of


34

species such as amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. The area is one of the most important coastal complexes of Albania, with nearly 17% of country’s species richness. Regarding the diversity of its flora and fauna it is clear that Butrint reaches the highest figures ever registered in an Albanian wetland complex. Butrint has the highest number of species of amphibians and reptiles ever recorded on an Albanian site.

Comparisons done with the other wetland areas in Albania have shown that Butrint also registers the highest number of bird species ever recorded in one site – 75 % of all bird species, reported in Albania. Many of them are endangered at national and international level. 95 bird species present in Butrint area (38 % of all the species observed) are considered as endangered in Europe. With such a high number of species Butrint remains an area of special interest for nature protection all over Europe.

5.3. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT

Implementing of some management actions will ensure long term importance of the KBA zone and improve the environment for the avifauna.

To stop further degradation and deterioration of coastal and wetland ecosystems and habitats coming from uncontrolled and unregulated human activities (illegal building, commercial fishing, illegal hunting) inside and around the KBA area;

To Keep newly established wetlands along the southern part of KBA area (Vrina plane) under their natural succession process. This is considered crucial for the ecological integrity of the entire Butrint wetland complex. This strategy requires special efforts from all responsible national and local institutions.

To limit the incompatible activities (such as fishing, uncontrolled livestock grazing and any form of agriculture) contrary to the purposes of the zone in the KBA Core Area, which includes: southern part of Butrint lagoon /lake, Vivari channel that connects Butrint lagoon with Ionian sea; lake Bufi and its communication channel with lake Butrint, including reeds along the edges of the lake and; newly established mainly freshwater marshes in the south of Bufi and Butrint lakes; newly established marshes of brackish and salty waters in the west of Vrina plain; estuarine area between Pavllo river and Vivari channel outlets. This action is on critical importance in the birds breeding season, when they are highly vulnerable;

Construction of artificial islands (platforms and earth Islands) to improve breeding habitats of birds. The area is very suitable for nesting Sandwich Terns (Sterna sandvicensis), Common Terns (Sterna hirundo), Gull-billed Terns (Gelochelidon nilotica) and Mediteranium Gulls (Larus melanocephalus). Most of these birds are observed in the area but there are not suitable nesting places for large colonies of these species.

To strengthen Butrint National Park administration, increase its environmental performance and improve the surveillance and control over the entire park territory, especially of its core zones;

To control and regulate chaotic urbanization last few years in the coastal areas of the


35

site. To stop illegal housing and building (i.e. Ksamil);

To promote environmentally friendly tourism development and other forms of ecodevelopment as birdwatching, cultural tourism, agro-tourism, hiking, biking, walking trials, flora and fauna watching and photography;

Creation a local brands organic products (olives, citrus fruits, vegetables, milk) produced locally by farmers. Proper marketing and sell of local products. That should be considered as priority issue because contributes to improved livelihood of the locals direct incomes which will increase the importance of ecosystem services and biodiversity in the KBA for the local communities;

Educational campaigns about the importance of KBA among the local communities (including schools). Preparation of nature guides /ecoguides for different interest-groups and age-groups;

To raise public awareness and increase local community participation and benefits from protecting, using and managing natural and cultural assets of the KBA;

Long term bird monitoring schemes which will provide valuable data about the avifauna and additional knowledge for adequate conservation measures in the future. The bird monitoring should be focused simultaneously on breeding, migrating and wintering birds.

5.4. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

The study during the breeding season in 2016 has to be viewed as one of the first steps in a long term regular monitoring program in KBA of Butrint. The collected data is as good as possible for several day field work and gives valuable information about the present situation with the breeding birds communities within the KBA. The monitoring should be implemented by Butrint National Park representatives, but also external studies (student, foreign investigators, etc.) must the approved and supported. The following recommendations for a future research could be taken into consideration:

Breeding season:

- Period: Late March-June

- Sites & Habitats: Special attention on the KBA wetlands complex – lake Bufi, Coastal zone between Vivari channel and Pavllo river, Northern lake shores overgrown with halophilous vegetation, Temporary wetlands in Vrine plain. Other accessible habitats object of preservation in the site.

- Species: Whole breeding ornithofauna. An accent on all water birds - some nocturnal species with higher activity after sunset and before sunrise – Bittern, Spotted, Little and Baillon`s crake, Corn crake; Reed nesting warblers. Owls as well.


36

Migration:

- Period: February – May, August – November

- Sites & Habitats:

Wetlands – Vivari channel and the surroundings, Pavllo river, lake Bufi, lake Butrint – northern part. Special attention on Vrine plain if flooded.

Sea coast – everywhere along the Western KBA boundaries

Woodland areas - The archaeological complex of Butrint, other suitable places

For observations of bird of prey can be used three points described by Iankov et al. (2014) as good for such monitoring. All open terrains in the KBA with good visibility are also suitable.

- Species: Variety of migrating birds (hundreds species). Probably significant stopover zone for waders, terns, ducks, gulls, shearwaters, some raptors and passerines

Wintering

- Period: At least continue implementing the Mid-winter census in January. Better period for wintering birds monitoring in December – February with at least one visit per month.

- Sites & Habitats: All wetlands in the KBA, the sea along the coast between Albanian-Greek border to Saranda town

- Species: According to the most recent midwinter count data (Nikolov & Topi 2016) the species composition includes ducks, waders, grebes, gulls, herons, spoonbill. Yelkouan Shearwater, Black-throated loon, Red-crested pochard, Shelduck, Bittern are also expected.


37

6. REFERENCES

Bego, F., Mema, F., Sulce, S., Jani, V., Peja, N., Zotaj, A. (2010) “Butrint National Park Management Plan”, project “Integrated coastal zone management and clean-up project”, The Albanian Society for the Protection of Birds and Mammals-ASPBM, 229p

Bego, F., Malltezi, J., Kola, R., Zotaj, A. & Bino, T. (2012) Biodiversity of Butrint National Park, UNESCO and Ramsar Site: Its status, threats and priority needs for conservation. Proceedings of International Conference MarCoastEcos2012, 25-28 April 2012, Tirana, Albania, 279-292.

BirdLife International (2004) Birds in Europe: Population estimates, trend and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International, BirdLife Conservation Series No 12, 373 p.

BirdLife International (2016) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 05/11/2016.

Derhé, M. (2012) Developing a Population Assessment for Scopoli's and Cory's Shearwaters Calonectris diomedea/Calonectris borealis. In: Yésou, P., Baccetti, N. & Sultana, J. (ed.), Ecology and Conservation of Mediterranean Seabirds and other bird species under the Barcelona Convention - Proceedings of the 13th Medmaravis Pan- Mediterranean Symposium. Alghero (Sardinia) 14-17 Oct. 2011, pp. 29-38. Medmaravis, Alghero.

Gregory, R. D., Gibbons D. W. & Donald P. F. (2004). Bird census and survey techniques. Bird ecology and conservation. Oxford, 17-54.

Hagemejer W. & Blair, M. (1997) The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: their distribution and abundance. T & AD Poyser, London. 903 p.

Iankov, P. (ed.) (2007) Atlas of Breeding Birds in Bulgaria. Bulgarian Sociaty for the Protection of Birds, Conservation Series, Book 10, Sofia, BSPB, 24-25, 648-649p.

Iankov, P., Staneva, A., Topi, M. & Nikolov S. (2015) Soaring Bird Migration Along the Adriatic Coast of Albania – Season 2014. Technical report under the CEPF project Land of Eagles and Castles: Pilot Sustainable Tourism Model for the Albanian Adriatic Coastline (ID: 62721). BSPB & PPNEA. 22 p.

Nikolov, S. & Topi, M. (2016) Mid-winter Waterbird census 2016 in Butrint KBA, Albania (17.1.2016). Technical report under the project “Land of Eagles and Castles: Pilot Sustainable Tourism Model for the Albanian Adriatic Coastline” (ID 62721). BSPB & PPNEA. 10 p. Accessed at: http://www.naturetouralbania.info/media/files/WBC_data_Butrint_2016e8b.pdf

Popgeorgiev, G., Spasov, S. & Kornilev, Y. (2015) SmartBirds Pro. BSPB, Sofia. Accessed at: http://www.shturkel.bg/bg/Manual_SmartBirds_Pro.html

Red List of Albanian Flora and Fauna (2013) Accessed at: http://www.nationalredlist.org/red-list-of-albania-flora-and-fauna-2013/

Sachanowicz, K., Ciechanowski, M. & Rachwald, A. (2008) Ornithological observations (2003-2007) from Albania. Acrocephalus, 29 (136): 59-66.

Topi, M., Saliaj, O. & Mersinaj, K. (2013) Preliminary Report for Key Biodiversity Area of Butrint. Technical report under the CEPF project Land of Eagles and Castles: Pilot Sustainable Tourism Model for the Albanian Adriatic Coastline (ID: 62721). PPNEA, Tirana. 31 p.

UNESCO (2016) Butrint. Accessed at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/570

http://www.naturetouralbania.info/media/files/WBC_data_Butrint_2016e8b.pdf

http://www.shturkel.bg/bg/Manual_SmartBirds_Pro.html

http://www.nationalredlist.org/red-list-of-albania-flora-and-fauna-2013/

http://www.nationalredlist.org/red-list-of-albania-flora-and-fauna-2013/

http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/570


38

7. APPENDICES

7.1. LIST OF BIRD SPECIES RECORDED IN KBA BUTRINT IN APRIL-MAY 2016. (Their numbers, breeding and conservation status)

Scientific Name

English Name

Num

ber

(ind.)

BR

EE

DIN

G S

TA

TU

S

Red L

ist of

Alb

ania

n

Flo

ra a

nd F

auna

Specie

s o

f E

uro

pean

Conserv

ation C

orc

ern

(S

PE

C)

Thre

at

sta

tus o

f

Euro

pean b

ird s

pecie

s

IUC

N R

ED

Lis

t (E

uro

pe)

2009/1

47/E

U

BE

RN

Convention

RE

S 6

CIT

ES

BO

NN

Convention

Anas platyrhynchos

Mallard 15 Confirmed (S) III II

Mergus serrator Red-breasted Merganser

7 Not

breeding (S) NT III II

Tachybaptus ruficollis

Little Grebe 5 Probable S II

Podiceps cristatus

Great Crested Grebe

1 Possible

S III

Calonectris diomedea

Cory’s Shearwater

810 Not

breeding EN 2 (VU) I III +

Puffinus yelkouan

Yelcouan Shearwater

90 Not

breeding EN E S I II +

Phalacrocorax carbo

Great Cormorant

7 Not

breeding S III

Ardeola ralloides

Squacco Heron

2 Not

breeding VU 3 (D) I II +

Bubulcus ibis Western Cattle Egret

3 Not

breeding S II III

Egretta garzetta Little Egret 58 Not

breeding VU S I II + III

Ardea alba Western Great Egret

28 Not

breeding EN S I II + III II

Ardea cinerea Grey Heron 46 Not

breeding VU S III

Plegadis falcinellus

Glossy Ibis 4 Not

breeding EN 3 (D) I II + II

Platalea leucorodia

Eurasian Spoonbill

7 Not

breeding EN 2 R I II + II II

Circaetus gallicus

Short-toed Snake Eagle

7 Possible VU 3 (R I II + II II

Circus aeruginosus

Western Marsh Harrier

7 Probable

VU S I II + II II

Accipiter nisus Eurasian Sparrowhawk

1 Possible

EN S II II II

Buteo buteo Common Buzzard

2 Possible VU S II II II

Falco Common 2 Possible VU 3 D II II II


39

Scientific Name

English Name

Num

ber

(ind.)

BR

EE

DIN

G S

TA

TU

S

Red L

ist of

Alb

ania

n

Flo

ra a

nd F

auna

Specie

s o

f E

uro

pean

Conserv

ation C

orc

ern

(S

PE

C)

Thre

at

sta

tus o

f

Euro

pean b

ird s

pecie

s

IUC

N R

ED

Lis

t (E

uro

pe)

2009/1

47/E

U

BE

RN

Convention

RE

S 6

CIT

ES

BO

NN

Convention

tinnunculus Kestrel

Falco vespertinus

Red-footed Falcon

6 Not

breeding 3 (VU) NT I II + II II

Gallinula chloropus

Common Moorhen

1 Probable S III

Fulica atra Eurasian Coot

5 Probable (S) NT III II

Himantopus himantopus

Black-winged Stilt

7 Probable EN S I II +

Charadrius dubius

Little Ringed Plover

2 Probable

(S) II II

Charadrius alexandrinus

Kentish Plover

15 Confirmed 3 (D) I II II

Numenius arquata

Eurasian Curlew

9 Not

breeding 2 D VU III II

Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank

4 Not

breeding S III II

Tringa ochropus Green Sandpiper

2 Not

breeding S II II

Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper

1 Not

breeding 3 H I II + II

Actitis hypoleucos

Common Sandpiper

4 Not

breeding 3 (D) II II

Chroicocephalus genei

Slender-billed Gull

1 Not

breeding VU 3 L I II + II

Chroicocephalus ridibundus

Black-headed Gull

3 Not

breeding E (S) III

Larus melanocephalus

Mediterranean Gull

200 Not

breeding E S I II + II

Larus michahellis

Yellow-legged Gull

420 Not

breeding

Sternula albifrons

Little Tern 20 Probable 3 D I II + II

Gelochelidon nilotica

Gull-billed Tern

114 Not

breeding 3 (VU) I II + II

Hydroprogne caspia

Caspian Tern

37 Not

breeding 3 R I II + II

Chlidonias hybrida

Whiskered Tern

1 Not

breeding 3 H I II +

Sterna sandvicensis

Sandwich Tern

31 Not

breeding VU 2 (S) I II + II

Sterna hirundo Common Tern

2 Probable EN S I II + II

Streptopelia turtur

European Turtle Dove

9 Probable 3 D VU III III II


40

Scientific Name

English Name

Num

ber

(ind.)

BR

EE

DIN

G S

TA

TU

S

Red L

ist of

Alb

ania

n

Flo

ra a

nd F

auna

Specie

s o

f E

uro

pean

Conserv

ation C

orc

ern

(S

PE

C)

Thre

at

sta

tus o

f

Euro

pean b

ird s

pecie

s

IUC

N R

ED

Lis

t (E

uro

pe)

2009/1

47/E

U

BE

RN

Convention

RE

S 6

CIT

ES

BO

NN

Convention

Athene noctua Little Owl 2 Probable 3 (D) II II

Tachymarptis melba

Alpine Swift 30 Possible (S) III

Apus apus Common Swift

8 Not

breeding LRc

d (S) II

Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher

1 Possible 3 H VU I II +

Merops apiaster European Bee-eater

28 Confirmed EN 3 (H) II II

Jynx torquilla Eurasian Wryneck

1 Possible LRc

d 3 (D) II

Melanocorypha calandra

Calandra Lark

1 Possible 3 (D) I II +

Calandrella brachydactyla

Greater Short-toed Lark

5 Probable

3 D I II +

Galerida cristata

Crested Lark

15 Probable 3 (H) III

Riparia riparia Sand Martin

1 Not

breeding 3 (H) II

Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow

97 Confirmed 3 H II

Delichon urbicum

Common House Martin

68 Confirmed

(S) II

Cecropis daurica Red-rumped Swallow

34 Confirmed

3 (D) II

Motacilla flava Western Yellow Wagtail

101 Not

breeding (S) II

Motacilla cinerea

Grey Wagtail

1 Possible S II

Motacilla alba White Wagtail

2 Probable S II

Luscinia megarhynchos

Common Nightingale

5 Probable E (S) II

Saxicola rubicola

European Stonechat

8 Probable (S) II

Oenanthe hispanica

Black-eared Wheatear

6 Confirmed 2 (H) II

Monticola solitarius

Blue Rock Thrush

2 Probable 3 (H) II

Turdus merula Common Blackbird

16 Confirmed E S III

Turdus Song 1 Possible E S III


41

Scientific Name

English Name

Num

ber

(ind.)

BR

EE

DIN

G S

TA

TU

S

Red L

ist of

Alb

ania

n

Flo

ra a

nd F

auna

Specie

s o

f E

uro

pean

Conserv

ation C

orc

ern

(S

PE

C)

Thre

at

sta

tus o

f

Euro

pean b

ird s

pecie

s

IUC

N R

ED

Lis

t (E

uro

pe)

2009/1

47/E

U

BE

RN

Convention

RE

S 6

CIT

ES

BO

NN

Convention

philomelos Thrush

Cettia cetti Cetti’s Warbler

25 Probable S II II

Cisticola juncidis Zitting Cisticola

18 Probable S II II

Acrocephalus scirpaceus

Eurasian Reed Warbler

8 Probable

LRnt E (S) II II

Acrocephalus arundinaceus

Great Reed Warbler

24 Probable (S) II II

Hippolais pallida Eastern Olivaceous Warbler

17 Probable

3 (H) II II

Hippolais olivetorum

Olive-tree Warbler

2 Probable DD E (S) I II + II

Sylvia atricapilla Eurasian Blackcap

2 Probable E S II II

Sylvia crassirostris

Eastern Orphean Warbler

7 Probable

3 H II II

Sylvia communis Common Whitethroat

5 Probable

E S II II

Sylvia cantillans Subalpine Warbler

14 Probable E (S) II II

Sylvia melanocephala

Sardinian Warbler

12 Probable E (S) II II

Muscicapa striata

Spotted Flycatcher

1 Possible 3 H II II

Ficedula hypoleuca

European Pied Flycatcher

1 Not

breeding E S II II

Cyanistes caeruleus

Eurasian Blue Tit

8 Confirmed E S II

Parus major Great Tit 5 Probable S II

Sitta neumayer Western Rock Nuthatch

4 Confirmed

E (S) II

Remiz pendulinus

Eurasian Penduline Tit

6 Probable

VU (S) III

Oriolus oriolus Eurasian Golden Oriole

2 Probable

S II

Lanius senator Woodchat Shrike

6 Probable 2 (D) II


42

Scientific Name

English Name

Num

ber

(ind.)

BR

EE

DIN

G S

TA

TU

S

Red L

ist of

Alb

ania

n

Flo

ra a

nd F

auna

Specie

s o

f E

uro

pean

Conserv

ation C

orc

ern

(S

PE

C)

Thre

at

sta

tus o

f

Euro

pean b

ird s

pecie

s

IUC

N R

ED

Lis

t (E

uro

pe)

2009/1

47/E

U

BE

RN

Convention

RE

S 6

CIT

ES

BO

NN

Convention

Garrulus glandarius

Eurasian Jay 2 Possible S III

Pica pica Eurasian Magpie

11 Confirmed S

Corvus monedula

Western Jackdaw

1 Possible E (S)

Corvus cornix Hooded Crow

16 Probable S

Corvus corax Northern Raven

5 Confirmed S III

Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling

5 Possible 3 D

Passer domesticus

House Sparrow

17 Probable 3 D

Passer hispaniolensis

Spanish Sparrow

14 Probable (S) III

Carduelis chloris European Greenfi nch

4 Probable E S II

Carduelis carduelis

European Goldfinch

24 Confirmed S II

Carduelis cannabina

Common Linnet

1 Probable 2 D II

Emberiza cirlus Cirl Bunting 2 Probable E S II

Emberiza melanocephala

Black-headed Bunting

12 Probable

2 (H) II

Emberiza calandra

Corn Bunting

28 Probable 2 (D) III

Anthus sp. Unidentified pipit

1 Not

breeding

Total 96 species 2739 23 57 95 6 25 90 24 12 41

LEGEND

Red List of Albanian Flora and Fauna– In accordance with the national legal framework the first national Red List of Albania was compiled in 2007 and updated in 2013. The categories have the same definitions as IUCN categories for the threat status.

SPEC – Species of European Conservation Concern, defined on a base of criteria according “Birds in Europe”:Their Conservation Status” (Birdlife International, 2004).

SPEC 1 - Species of global conservation concern, according to the latest assessments by BirdLife International


43

SPEC 2 - Species with an unfavourable European conservation status, and with more than half of the global breeding or wintering population concentrated in Europe

SPEC 3 - Species with an unfavourable European conservation status, but with less than half of the global breeding or wintering population within Europe

SPEC E – Species whose populations are concentrated in Europe, but which have favourable conservation status in Europe.

w – Category related to winter population

ETS – European threat status of European bird species according to “Birds in Europe: Their Conservation Status” (Birdlife International, 2004): The categories are:

CR – Critically endangered

EN – Endangered

V – Vulnerable

D – Declining

R – Rare

H – Depleted

L – Localized

S – Secure

() – the status is temporary one.

IUCN – IUCN categories of threatened species. The information is actual to 2015. Only high threat status categories are presented: CR – Critically endangered, EN – Endangered, VU – Vulnerable, NT – Near Threatened.

2009/147/EU – Species that are subject of special protection under the Directive 2009/147/EU on conservation of wild birds (Bird Directive). Only species listed in Annex I are shown.

BERN Convention – Species under protection of the Convention on conservation of the European Wild Flora and Fauna and natural habitats.

II – species listed in Annex 2 of the Bern convention as strictly protected

III – species listed in Annex 3 of the Bern convention

RES 6 – Species listed in Resolution 6 of Bern convention. In Annex I of Resolution 6 are listed the species requiring specific habitat conservation measures

CITES – Species under protection of CITES Convention (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora)

BONN Convention – Species under protection of the Bonn convention on Migratory Species, aims to conserve terrestrial, aquatic and avian migratory species.


44

7.2. LIST OF BREEDING AND MIGRATING BIRDS IN BUTRINT KBA: THEIR DISTRIBUTION, NUMBERS, IMPORTANT HABITATS AND MAJOR THREATS.

Species (scientific name) OBSERVED number of

breeding pairs - April

OBSERVED number of

breeding pairs - May

MINIMUM number of ESTMATED breeding

pairs within the KBA

MAXIMUM number of ESTIMATED

breeding pairs within the

KBA

Total number of migrating/

floating individuals

- April

Total number of migrating/

floating individuals

- May

The most important breeding

habitats for the species within the

KBA (codes)

The most important

habitats for the migrating/

floating ind. within the KBA

(codes)

The most important zones for the species withing the KBA

Identified threats within the KBA

Accipiter nisus 1

1 2

41 Unspecified Shooting, Habitat loss

Acrocephalus arundinaceus

1 23 40 80

53 Bufi lake, Butrint lake - north part

Habitat loss

Acrocephalus scirpaceus

8 10 30

53 Bufi lake, Butrint lake - north part

Habitat loss

Actitis hypoleucos

4

24, 17 Mouth Vivari channel Habitat loss

Alcedo atthis

1 1 2

24, 22 Bufi lake Habitat loss

Anas platyrhynchos 1 3 5 10

22, 23, 13 All wetlands in the zone Shooting, Habitat loss

Anthus sp.

1

38 Unspecified

Apus apus

3 5 38, 86 Unspecified

Ardea alba

13 15 24, 38 All wetlands in the zone Habitat loss

Ardea cinerea

14 32 22, 24, 23, 14 All wetlands in the zone Habitat loss

Ardeola ralloides

2 24, 15 Butrint lake - north part Habitat loss

Athene noctua

2 5 10

86, 38 Unspecified

Bubulcus ibis

3 82, 22, 37 Vrine plain, Bufi lake Habitat loss

Buteo buteo 1

1 2


Calandrella brachydactyla

5 5 20

82 KBA north parts Habitat loss

Calonectris diomedea

810

11, 12 Sea Habitat loss, Pollution

Carduelis cannabina 1 1 5 20

32 Unspecified Habitat loss

Carduelis carduelis 7 10 20 50

32, 84 Unspecified

Carduelis chloris 1 2 5 30

84, 41 Unspecified

Cecropis daurica 1 16 30 50

86, 62, 38 Archaeological complex


45

Cettia cetti 4 21 40 80

44, 53 Unspecified Habitat loss

Charadrius alexandrinus 11 4 15 20

16, 23 Mouth of Vivari channel Habitat loss

Charadrius dubius 1

1 2


Chlidonias hybridus

1 22, 23, 53 Bufi lake Habitat loss

Chroicocephalus genei

1

11, 12, 14 Sea Habitat loss, Pollution

Chroicocephalus ridibundus

3

11, 14 Mouth of Vivari channel Habitat loss, Pollution

Circaetus gallicus 1 2 1 3


Circus aeruginosus 1 2 1 3 3

53 Bufi lake Shooting, Habitat loss

Cisticola juncidis

17 30 60

15, 54, 37 Bufi lake, Butrint lake - north part

Habitat loss

Corvus corax 2 2 2 4


Corvus cornix 2 4 6 10

84, 41 Unspecified Shooting, Habitat loss

Corvus monedula 1

1 5


Cyanistes caeruleus

3 3 5

41 Archaeological complex Habitat loss

Delichon urbicum

29 50 200

86, 85 Unspecified

Egretta garzetta

15 43 13, 24, 14, 23 All wetlands in the zone Habitat loss

Emberiza calandra 6 22 50 100

84, 38, 82 Unspecified

Emberiza cirlus 1 1 2 10


Emberiza melanocephala

12 20 40


Falco tinnunculus 1 1 2 5


Falco vespertinus

6 82 KBA north parts Shooting, Habitat loss

Ficedula hypoleuca

1


Fulica atra 2

2 5

53, 22 Bufi lake Fishings, Habitat loss

Galerida cristata 4 10 20 80

38, 82, 83 Unspecified

Gallinula chloropus 1

10 50

53 Bufi lake Fishings, Habitat loss

Garrulus glandarius 1 1 2 5


Gelochelidon nilotica

114

14, 16, 11 Mouth of Vivari channel Habitat loss, Pollution


46

Himantopus himantopus

4 4 10

15, 16, 22 Bufi lake Habitat loss

Hippolais olivetorum

2 20 100


Hippolais pallida

17 100 200

44, 32 Unspecified

Hirundo rustica

27 100 200

86 Unspecified

Hydroprogne caspia

37

14, 16, 11, 24 Mouth of Vivari channel Habitat loss, Pollution

Jynx torquilla 1

1 5


Lanius senator 2 4 10 30


Larus melanocephalus

200


Larus michahellis

414 6 14, 13, 15, 19 Mouth of Vivari channel Habitat loss, Pollution

Luscinia megarhynchos 1 4 10 30


Melanocorypha calandra

1 5 10


Mergus serrator

7


Merops apiaster

27 30 80


Monticola solitarius

2 10 30


Motacilla alba

2 5 20

86, 24 Archaeological complex Habitat loss

Motacilla cinerea 1

1 2


Motacilla flava

100 1 38, 37 Bufi lake Habitat loss

Muscicapa striata

1 1 3


Numenius arquata

6 3 14, 13, 15, 16 Mouth of Vivari channel Shooting, Habitat loss

Oenanthe hispanica 3 2 10 50


Oriolus oriolus

2 2 5

41, 84 Archaeological complex Habitat loss

Parus major 1 4 5 20


Passer domesticus

17 100 300

86 Unspecified

Passer hispaniolensis 1 3 20 200 10


Phalacrocorax carbo

4 3 23, 22, 11 All wetlands Fishing, Shooting

Pica pica 3 6 10 50

84, 83, Unspecified


47

Platalea leucorodia

6 1 14, 53, 15 Mouth of Vivari channel Shooting, Habitat loss

Plegadis falcinellus

4

14, 53, 15 Mouth of Vivari channel Shooting, Habitat loss

Podiceps cristatus

1 1 2

23 Butrint lake - north part Fishings, Habitat loss

Puffinus yelkouan

90


Remiz pendulinus

6 10 20

53, 44 Bufi lake, Butrint lake - north part

Habitat loss

Riparia riparia

1 53 Unspecified Habitat loss

Saxicola rubicola 4 3 30 50

38, 32 Unspecified

Sitta neumayer 1 3 30 80


Sterna hirundo

1 1 5


Sterna sandvicensis

31

15, 14, 11 Sea Habitat loss, Pollution

Sternula albifrons

10 10 20


Streptopelia turtur

9 10 30

41, 44, 84 Unspecified Habitat loss, Shooting

Sturnus vulgaris 5

5 10

83 Unspecified

Sylvia atricapilla 1 1 2 10


Sylvia cantillans 5 9 80 150


Sylvia communis 1 2 30 70


Sylvia crassirostris 1 2 20 100


Sylvia melanocephala 2 10 50 250


Tachybaptus ruficollis 3

3 5

53, 22 Bufi lake Fishings, Habitat loss

Tachymarptis melba

14 15 25


Tringa glareola

1 15, 24, 16 All wetlands in the zone Habitat loss

Tringa nebularia

4

15, 24, 16 All wetlands in the zone Habitat loss

Tringa ochropus

2

15, 24, 16 All wetlands in the zone Habitat loss

Turdus merula 2 10 15 12

41, 32 Archaeological complex

Turdus philomeus 1

1 5

41 Unspecified

bspb.org › media › files › cepf62721c9d.pdf state and distribution of the breeding avifauna in...

Documents