bsc (honours) hospitality business...
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Sheffield Business School
BSc (Honours) Hospitality Business
Management
Title: Impacts of building a new cruise terminal in Hong Kong
Name : Leung Tsz Hung
Student No: 91206517 (SHU), 107013419 (IVE-SHAPE)
Month Year April 2011
Sheffield Hallam University
Sheffield Business School
Title: Impacts of building a new cruise terminal in Hong Kong
FULL NAME: Leung Tsz Hung
STUDENT No: 91206517 (SHU), 107013419 (IVE-SHAPE)
Supervisor: Professor Ray Pine
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Hospitality Business Management.
Month Year April 2011
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Executive Summary
Hong Kong is an international city that its special culture combined traditional
Chinese and Western which attract millions of people travel and hence benefits to the
tourism related service. As Hong Kong keeps developing their facilities for tourism,
the new airport was built at Lantau Island to replace the Kai Tal airport which use for
long years. Kai Tak felled into disuse, but now, there is a change for Kai Tai to rebuild
its image and back to a busy place. Hong Kong is located at the Southern of China
where surrounded by sea. It is an ideal place to develop cruise industry, and Ocean
Terminal is the only port where attracted Star Cruise Company to be a home port.
However, as the size of Ocean Terminal is not enough to anchor large vessels in the
recent years, a new terminal is needed as a development of cruise tourism. The
government already has their planning about cruise terminal ability in Hong Kong in
1994, and the result showed that there will be a potential market in Asia area.
Singapore already operated their terminal in 1991 and become one of the successful
ports. But, Hong Kong was late to develop a cruise terminal as the project was just
confirmed in 2009. However, it is the first step to the development. The cruise
terminal selected to build at Kai Tak where an airport with a runway was. The first
port will provide service in 2013 and the terminal will finish at about 2015.
The impacts of building a new cruise terminal in Hong Kong can defined into social,
environment and economic factors and they are affecting different situation to Hong
Kong. Also, positive impacts should be maximized and negative impacts should be
minimized. Due to the cruise terminal development in Hong Kong, social impacts in
Hong Kong is about the image and the life for both foreigner and local citizen. They
can share cruise experience and attract more local try cruise and promote cruise to
other travelers. Jobs also created to local people and hence benefits to the social
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market. The environment impacts will mainly with rejection by environment damages,
however, the protection method of cruise ships had improved that decrease the
possibility of pollutions. The use of Kai Tak area can also rebuild and reuse the airport
runway, the wastage would be minimized. In addition, green power will be use for the
operation of cruise terminal in the future. For the economic impacts, most of the
researches give positive results that increasing of the economic systems. It can be
optimistically believe that it can help to increase the number of tourists and the
incomes. And the benefits of the economic would be more than the researches.
Form those impacts, Hong Kong can be proved as one of the leaders in cruise
industries. From the favorite rate and the port called, Hong Kong has advantages on
attracting cruise tourism. It is a beneficial projects that affecting Hong Kong’s future
development at all means. Hong Kong is ready to handle cruisers for the travel here,
and giving them a memorial experience in the “Pearl of East”
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Table of Content
Executive Summary ........................................................................................................ i
Table of Content ........................................................................................................... iii
List of Figures ................................................................................................................ v
List of Tables ................................................................................................................. vi
List of Appendices ....................................................................................................... vii
Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... viii
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1
2. Aim ........................................................................................................................ 3
2.1. Objectives .................................................................................................. 3
2.2. Context ....................................................................................................... 3
3. Literature Review................................................................................................... 5
3.1. Tourism Industry ........................................................................................ 5
3.2. Cruise Industry ........................................................................................... 5
3.3. Cruise ......................................................................................................... 6
3.4. Cruise Terminal and Port service ............................................................... 7
3.5. Impacts ....................................................................................................... 9
3.5.1. Social and cultural impacts ............................ 9
3.5.2. Environmental impacts ................................ 10
3.5.3. Economic impacts ........................................ 10
4. Research Methodology ........................................................................................ 11
4.1. Research background ............................................................................... 11
4.2. Applications in tourism research ............................................................. 11
4.3. Research method ...................................................................................... 11
4.3.1. Questionnaire ............................................... 12
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4.3.2. Survey .......................................................... 12
4.4. Limitation ................................................................................................. 13
5. Findings and Analysis .......................................................................................... 15
5.1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 15
5.2. Questionnaires analysis ............................................................................ 15
5.2.1. Part A ........................................................... 15
5.2.2. Part B ........................................................... 16
5.3. Summary of the findings .......................................................................... 26
6. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 28
6.1. Impacts Confirmed................................................................................... 28
6.2. The ability of Hong Kong cruise tourism ................................................ 32
7. Recommendations ................................................................................................ 35
8. Reference ............................................................................................................. 36
9. Appendix .............................................................................................................. 39
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List of Figures
Figure 1 .......................................................................................................................... 1
Figure 2 .......................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 2 ........................................................................................................................ 33
Figure 3 ........................................................................................................................ 33
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List of Tables
Table 1 ............................................................................................................................ 8
Table 2a ........................................................................................................................ 15
Table 2b ........................................................................................................................ 16
Table 2c ........................................................................................................................ 17
Table 2d ........................................................................................................................ 17
Table 2e ........................................................................................................................ 18
Table 2f ........................................................................................................................ 18
Table 2g ........................................................................................................................ 19
Table 2h ........................................................................................................................ 20
Table 2i ......................................................................................................................... 20
Table 2j ......................................................................................................................... 21
Table 2k ........................................................................................................................ 22
Table 2l ......................................................................................................................... 22
Table 2m ....................................................................................................................... 23
Table 2n ........................................................................................................................ 24
Table 2o ........................................................................................................................ 24
Table 2p ........................................................................................................................ 25
Table 2q ........................................................................................................................ 26
Table 3 .......................................................................................................................... 31
Table 4 .......................................................................................................................... 32
Table 5 .......................................................................................................................... 33
Table 6 .......................................................................................................................... 34
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List of Appendices
Appendix 1 ................................................................................................................... 39
Appendix 2 ................................................................................................................... 40
Appendix 3 ................................................................................................................... 41
Appendix 4 ................................................................................................................... 42
Appendix 5 ................................................................................................................... 44
Appendix 6 ................................................................................................................... 49
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Acknowledgements
I want to give special thanks for the help from Professor Ray Pine for his supervisions
and guidance that help me to have clear direction to develop this dissertation and keep
on trails, and, Miss Iris Cheung for the administrative needs.
Finally, I am appreciated to many people, including those who have done the
questionnaires on the internet and the travelers who have interviewed. For their time
and valuable answers, I can have further analysis on the topics.
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1. Introduction
Due to the figure designed by the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) in 1996,
tourism is responsible for over 10% of global gross domestic product, and they
forecast to rise to over 11% early in the twenty-first century. It is clear that tourism is
a major force in the benefits of tourism in the world, which is an activity of global
importance and significance. (Copper, Fletcher et. al. 1998) Tourism is one of the
revenues to Hong Kong business market, expanding industries already done to
achieve and handle to increasing number of tourism been to Hong Kong. It is a model
about the Total Vacation Position, the larger triangle represents the total market and
the smaller is the cruise market. It should be a large market in cruise and attract more
and more countries to development their cruise industries.
Figure 1
(Dickinson & Vladimir, 1997)
Hong Kong is an international city that its special culture combined traditional
Chinese and Western attracted travelers. As the airport and the road system have
already developed and being saturated, the third tourism transport system for tourism
industry need to develop is the cruise service in Hong Kong. By the awareness and
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product improvement of cruise industry, more people willing to try cruising. About
36.03 million tourists recorded by the Hong Kong Tourism Board in 2010 and the
number will be increase due to the expanding of cruise market. (Appendix 1)
Ocean Terminal located at Tsim Sha Tsui is the only terminal for cruise service,
however, it mainly provides port services to the medium or low class of cruise ships
aboard. Although the facilities and attractions are inviting international cruise line to
be their port of call, the size of the Ocean Terminal is not enough the handle mega
vessels nowadays. It was news that the Queen Mary 2 by Cunard was come to Hong
Kong as their round-world trip. However, they only can abort at the Kwai Chung
container terminal. (Appendix 2) It was a joke that Hong Kong as an international city,
but there are no formal cruise terminal which can afford huge vessels. It may give bad
impression for the cruiser. So, a new cruise terminal is needed.
The government decided to build a new cruise terminal at Kai Tak area to achieve the
customer needs. The new cruise terminal will have two ports that enough to let the
largest vessel (The Oasis of the Sea) anchor. And the Kai Tak area will be developing
that provide hotel, shopping and catering services to the cruisers. The terminal is
being built now and will be operated at 2015. It is an important infrastructure that it
may create impacts to Hong Kong, we are looking forward that the terminal will bring
a new image to the world then come to a success.
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2. Aim
To find out impacts from the new cruise terminal in Hong Kong, in order to clarify a
potential cruise travel market with other countries in Asia area.
2.1. Objectives
Carry out a study of cruise market in Hong Kong and the Asia area
The future development potential of cruise terminal and tourism in Hong Kong
Analysis impacts that created by the terminal and hence to take further actions
Maximized positive impacts and minimized negative impacts and references
with other cruise terminal in Asia area
To prove Hong Kong has potential to be one of the leaders of cruise industry
2.2. Context
To expand the tourism market, Hong Kong government confirmed to build a new
cruise terminal at Kai Tak area in South East Kowloon. This dissertation will be
analysis the impacts of developing a new cruise terminal in Hong Kong.
First of all, the cruise market in Hong Kong has already developed to have basic
services to cruise line at Ocean Terminal. It is a home port of Star Cruise Company
that provides medium service with smaller vessels. However, Ocean Terminal is not
available to anchor the large vessels nowadays. As a reason, Kai Tak cruise terminal is
needed to handle large cruise line and the increasing travelers.
Second, the impacts for the cruise terminal are the main topic of this dissertation. This
study will research about the cruise impacts may be occur, and then analysis those
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impacts if they are benefits or damage to Hong Kong business and image. The
positive impacts will have discussion to prove if Hong Kong can achieve or not. The
other terminal can be references that the criteria Hong Kong should have as being one
of the leaders in cruise industry.
Third, it is common to have different voices when having infrastructures. New Kai
Tak cruise terminal also rejected by environment protection groups as it will damage
the nature coast and affect the transport system. To minimize the negative impacts,
contrary opinion should be listening and take further action to dismiss publics anxious
hence maximized positive impacts.
Last, some recommendations follows by the negative impacts that need to be consider
and conclude the summary of impacts that Hong Kong will have. It can also be
proved that the ability of Hong Kong can be a leader of cruise industry.
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3. Literature Review
3.1. Tourism Industry
Tourism is an activity which was served by a number of other industries such as
hospitality and transport (Swarbrooke and Horner, 1999) and it would tough the
impacts to a countries from the tourisms. Tourism is now a global industry involving
hundreds of millions of people in international as well as domestic travel each year.
(Mason, 2008) By the number of tourism recorded by The World Tourism
Organization (2011), International tourist arrivals were up by almost 7% to 935
million, following the 4% decline in 2009 – the year hardest hit by the global
economic crisis. However, recoveries in different countries are successful and their
main economic systems remain stable after the global crisis. Asia area has the most
effective number in their recovery from the record that13% increasing was the first
region to recover and the strongest growing region in 2010. International tourist
arrivals into Asia reached a new record at 204 million last year, up from 181 million
in 2009. And it shows a potential power to increase in the future. (Appendix 3)
In Hong Kong, tourism is the main income and further planning will be process to
attract more tourism to go Hong Kong hence the number of tourism are increasing
especially the mainland travelers after the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement
(CEPA). It is a push to other tourism industries such as hotel, catering service,
recreation etc. in order to handle the increasing number of tourism.
3.2. Cruise Industry
Cruising is a vacation trip by ships. This definition excludes traveling by water for
purely business purposes, sailing on one’s own small pleasure craft, or travel on a
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vessel for primarily transportation purpose. A cruise is a leisure vacation experience,
with the ship’s staff doing all the work. (Mancini, 2004) The cruise industry has
grown and continues to grow enormously in scale. It is frequently regarded as a small
but significant sector of the tourism industry. (Gibson, 2006)
Ebersold (2004) have drawn attention to the growth of the industry in marketing term,
which has seen systematic and sustained expansion over 7 years. It also recorded a
huge increase percentage on the bed-day sold. In 2005, 11.1 million passengers are
expected to take a cruise with in more if the Cruise Lines International Association’s
member companies (Anon, 2005a), a projected 4.6%increase over 2004 figures. In
2004, 12 new ships were introduced, accounting for a 6.9% increase in capacity.
Hong Kong was formerly a British protectorate, but it was returned to China in 1997.
It retains a mix of Eastern and Western influences and a dynamism that reflects a city
on the cutting edge of a changing world. The city promotes itself as a shopper’s
paradise, but, in reality, there is more to this energetic, self-styled “cruise capital” of
Asia. To the Western tourist a visit to Hong Kong by cruise ship is a special
opportunity to savor its unique blend of sights and sounds. (HK Tourism, 2005)
3.3. Cruise
Cruise ship provides a mobile, consistent, and easily accessible location to act as a
home away from home while the tourist samples the port of call. The tourists adapt to
shipboard life and learn to relax into a vacation routine. (Gibson, 2003) Ward (2009)
also explained that cruise ships are really self-contained resorts, without crime, which
can take you to several destinations in the space of just a few days.
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Nowadays, ships are as a floating resort offering pleasurable activities, great food,
superb service etc. “Megaships”, a super-sized catamaran-like vessel that can carried
more than 300 passengers, appeared that far exceeded the size and scope of the
biggest ocean liners in 1990s, while smaller super-luxury vessels targeted people who
sought the very highest of experience.
Star Cruise is a Hong Kong based Cruise Company which provides medium class
services to the customers. Together with other small China based cruise ships, they
provide low-price package with short vacation and limit service of catering and
entertainment. It is popular for the new-cruisers, however, due to the size of the cruise
and the market in Asia area, it still far away with other international cruise brand.
3.4. Cruise Terminal and Port service
Port of call, or destinations, invariably offer a mix elements which, taken together,
have potency. It derives considerable income from cruise ships and destinations sell
themselves aggressively in order to attract cruise tourism. (Gibson, 2003)
However, it just can be placed as secondary port defined by Manuel (2003) that the
ports can be separated in two categories. Dickson and Vladimir (1997) have their idea
that ships were modified to be huge so as to provide more service and facilities to
entertain more customers. Kai Tak Cruise Terminal will operate in mid-2013. Dislike
Ocean Terminal gives basic reparation and maintenance service.
It will have two alongside berths and will be well equipped with supporting facilities
to accommodate the concurrent berthing of two mega cruise vessels (with gross
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tonnage of up to 220,000). It located at the East Kowloon waterfront and just 10
minutes away and is home to many of the world's best-known brands. (Hong Kong
Tourism Commission, 2006)
Table 1
Location Former Kai Tak Runway
Number of Berths 2
Length overall 360 meters
Length of apron area 850 meters
Gross tonnage 220,000 tones
Displacement tonnage 110,000 tones
Depth of water 12 meters - 13 meters (for
dredging)
Air draft restriction No
Customs, immigration and health
quarantine operation
Clear 3,000 passengers per hour
(Development parameters of the new cruise terminal, Hong Kong Tourism
Commission, 2006)
Figure 2
(Model of the new cruise terminal, Hong Kong Tourism Commission, 2006)
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It will be much bigger than the Ocean Terminal located at Tsim Sha Tsui and able to
handle the large vessels to be one of their ports. It will be improving the facilities on
both for the cruise operations and tourism, and it will be improved as a first port.
3.5. Impacts
Tourism, as a significant form of human activity, can have major impacts. These
impacts are very visible in the destination region, where tourists interact with local
environment, economy, culture and society. (Mason, 2008) It would have impacts
occurred from a project. The impacts may be benefits or effects to a hold county.
Tourism impacts can help to develop the system and the service quality of a place.
For develop the tourism attraction for the impacts, Hong Kong is going to build a new
cruise terminal in Kai Tak. Different impacts already created that may affect Hong
Kong. They can help to have improvement and correction to the idea planning and
come to a successful outcome.
3.5.1. Social and cultural impacts
The socio-cultural impact of tourism is manifested through an enormous range of
aspects from the arts and crafts through to the fundamental behavior of individuals
and collective groups. (Cooper, Fletcher et Al 1998) Hong Kong is going to build a
new cruise terminal. It would create social impact that job opportunities will be
creating from the building part to the service parts. Besides, the special culture in
Hong Kong can be promoted through more tourism to Hong Kong by cruise. Because
passengers on-board cruise ships interact with local communities, there is much scope
for both beneficial and adverse impacts. And the socio-culture impacts of cruising are
not confined to destination regions where ships visit. (Dowling, 2005)
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3.5.2. Environmental impacts
The environment, whether it is natural or artificial, is the most fundamental ingredient
of the tourism product. However, as soon as tourism activity takes place, the
environment is inevitably changed or modified either to facilitate tourism or during
the tourism process. (Cooper, Fletcher et Al 1998) Hong Kong new cruise terminal
will is a huge development and it would create environment concern about the coast
and the water flow. With the cruise industry is continued growth over the next decade,
it will be important to understand and address the potential impacts of cruising.
3.5.3. Economic impacts
In spite of the many altruistic and well-meaning reasons sometimes put forward to
support the case for the tourism development, it is the economic advantages that
provide the main driving force for cruise development. (Cooper, Fletcher et Al 1998)
Cruise terminal can bring an increase to the economy as more tourism come to Hong
Kong due to the by the government planning. Developing cruise would have a
considerable economic impact. Dowling (1998) has an example that US cruise
industry generates more than 450,000 jobs accounting for $15 billion in wages and
billions of incomes received.
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4. Research Methodology
4.1. Research background
Kai Tak area is confirmed to build a new cruise terminal as a part of cruise industry
development, it is need to know and analysis all the possible and potential impacts
that may affect the Hong Kong. Therefore, researches would be done for prove that
impacts of cruise terminal are effective. The details about the different researches
already done in this dissertation will be discuss and develop in the later parts.
4.2. Applications in tourism research
Some of the earliest applications of comparative studies in tourism were for purely
pragmatic purpose, namely to benefit from other countries’ experiences to help solve
practical problems (G. Pearce and W. Butler, 1993). The researches should be done to
find out the reactions from the citizen and the tourism in order to analysis the ability
to build a new cruise terminal if there are potential benefits to them. In this
dissertation, secondary and primary research will take to have a complete and
accurate data on both personal and objective side to have an all-round analysis. The
objective of those researches is to find out the impacts to the citizen and tourists about
the cruise tourism in Hong Kong and the building of Kai Tak new cruise terminal.
4.3. Research method
As the impacts may change over time and development, it should be monitored
continuously. G. Pearce and W. Butler (1993) have their ideas and the analysis of the
impacts can be done by quantitative and qualitative research. For the quantitative data,
there are two main ways to collect to have large amount of data for analysis use.
Questionnaires were done, and, surveys and case study could be done to receive
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qualitative data. Both data will be used to analysis to impacts of cruise terminal.
However, qualitative researches are time consuming and different to control, so in
some case, quantitative research could also be used as qualitative data because they
are more easily analysis and also can have objective results.
In the questionnaires and survey, rank-order, itemized rating and likert scale are used.
4.3.1. Questionnaire
To have a large number of analyzable data, questionnaires will be set for getting the
target information. The questions will focus on the impacts that may occur from the
new cruise terminal in Kai Tak. Those impacts factors are based on impacts about
tourism in three different segments (social, economic and environment) based on the
ideas by Cooper, Fletcher et Al. (1998), this questionnaires already put into the
internet at Qualtrics which is an internet engine for statistics and integrated the
numbers. I targeted 50 people in different aged area, for their different view, I can
have a more accurate data on the potential impacts that may affect their life.
Using questionnaire is an appropriate method that large amount can be received for
analysis. The result can have compare together to have different analysis and
expressions. Then, larger amount of data can be more objectivity. People with
different age, education and lifestyle will have different feelings on a same topic and
questions. So, averages for age groups are selected to have questionnaires. Larger
amount can arrange those data collected and analysis by different case in convenient.
4.3.2. Survey
The questions of survey are the same with the questionnaires. The target group of this
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survey is the cruise travelers at Ocean Terminal where is the only cruise terminal.
Those reactions are the most important as they have experience on compare with
different cruise terminal in Asia area or others. There 25 questionnaires were
completed, and 15 by mainland Chinese or Taiwanese and 10 by foreign cruise
travelers. Both of those groups are the main target of this research as they are the
“impacts” elements of the cruise terminal.
This survey would be combined qualitative and Quantitative.
The questionnaires can refer to the Appendix 4
4.4. Limitation
There are limitation that affecting the accuracy and processing of the questionnaires.
They are important to be acknowledged hence clarify the limitations then be solved.
Primary and Secondary research would have different limitation as follow:
For primary research:
Because of the time consumed and constraints limitations, sample size of
questionnaires is no enough to have greater research reliability.
Some interviewees answered questions with “Either agree or disagree”, which is
no meaning for the analysis
Due to the security reasons, some surveys were rejected and stop by the security
at the Ocean Terminal. Although I try to do survey at the Star ferry pier where
next to the Ocean Terminal, the accuracy of the questionnaires would be
insufficient.
Due to the language ability of the researchers, the survey only can access to the
visitors who speak Cantonese, Mandarin or English.
Questionnaires put to the internet with a comment box about their feelings,
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however, none of the interviewees had written anything. Further developments
about their feelings are limited as the interviewers cannot get any comment.
For secondary research
The data about the impacts and cruise terminal were collected from external
sources and accessible information. Lack of internal and official data might be
not accurate.
Some data were not up-to-date, those just can be a reference to the current figure.
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5. Findings and Analysis
5.1. Introduction
The questions asked were about the impacts that may influence the operation of the
new cruise terminal. The aim of those questions is defining the impacts that agree by
local citizens and the tourists. It can be said as if the interviewees giving comments to
a question, there should be impacts generally. And the mean of the questions can show
the level of agreement about different factors to see if there are possible impacts.
Those impacts are about different factors where 1-5 are about Social, 6-10 are about
Environment and 11-15 are about Economic. They are the main concern about the
cruise terminal in Kai Tak. The questionnaires and survey have the same question, and
totally 75 people were finished the questionnaires. The data from the survey were
input to the Qualtrics and get a total statistic about the results. The results received are
related to my estimation, and it mostly can define the problem that facing Hong Kong.
Each question will be discussed, and the total result attach into appendix 5.
5.2. Questionnaires analysis
5.2.1. Part A
Table 2a
As mention before, the personal data part is to identify the interviewees are in my
target group. Mainly, the internet questionnaires is for the local and survey for foreign
Question 15-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56 or above Responses Mean
Age 13 16 23 11 12 75 2.91
Question Elementary High
School College Graduate Above Responses Mean
Educational
Attainment 4 12 25 23 11 75 3.33
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cruisers. They are appreciated that giving me their valuable answers. For the age, we
can see the mean point is about 3. In addition, the interviewees at the younger age are
more than older age. It can be define as more young cruisers appear in the cruise
market. As the development of cruise image and market, more travelers willing to try
cruise by the attractive advertising about their life on board. Different education will
have different feelings on the same topic. In the survey, the most comment and
reactions were given by the higher educated. They are most well-educated and usually
travel as they can afford. So, they can have more expression on the cruise terminal.
5.2.2. Part B
New cruise terminal will be one of the attractions
Table 2b
Question Strongly
Disagree
Disagree Neither
Agree
nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree
Responses Mean
Level of
agreement 1 8 15 44 7 75 3.65
In the question, most answers reflect that the new terminal would be an attraction as
the mean point is 3.65. The development plan by the Tourism Board showed that the
Kai Tak area will be develop as rebuild the surround area to an attraction. Shopping
malls, theme park, Waterfront Promenade etc are the main structures of the Kai Tak
Urban area. It is an attraction to both local and tourism. The result can show the
ability to build a cruise terminal in Kai Tal, some reaction also said the Ocean
Terminal already have attractions, based on this comment, the new cruise terminal
should give better service to customer and hence be an attraction.
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The image of Hong Kong improve
Table 2c
Question Strongly
Disagree
Disagree Neither
Agree
nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree
Responses Mean
Level of
agreement 0 7 23 28 17 75 3.73
Over 60% of interviewees agree that the cruise terminal can improve Hong Kong’s
image as they can attract more tourism and promote Hong Kong’s special culture. The
tourism image of Hong Kong’s already in high grading for the foreign travelers. Also,
it might be a landmark of Hong Kong that creates the world attention and hence the
impression of Hong Kong from other foreign travelers will be improved.
Create job opportunities
Table 2d
Question Strongly
Disagree
Disagree Neither
Agree
nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree
Responses Mean
Level of
agreement 0 5 23 30 17 75 3.79
It must be create job opportunities from the construct part and operation parts. As
mentions by Dowling (1998), 450,000 jobs about cruise related industries created in
the case of US. Based on this record, the result should be equal to the real situation
that job opportunities will have created for the cruise terminal. It is a serious impact
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for the social that bring benefits to the local workers.
Shared cruise experiences from others
Table 2e
Question Strongly
Disagree
Disagree Neither
Agree
nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree
Responses Mean
Level of
agreement 0 10 31 28 6 75 3.40
The cruise market in Hong Kong is still in developing stage than other countries. The
cruise experience can be shared from other developed countries like Singapore. Most
of the results agree Hong Kong can gain experience from others and Hong Kong
already reference to the case of cruise terminal design in Singapore. It may have a
well balance to develop its owner terminal from others opinions. Comments also said
that Hong Kong has ability but develop too late.
Lack of recreation to the local citizen
Table 2f
Question Strongly
Disagree
Disagree Neither
Agree
nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree
Responses Mean
Level of
agreement 11 42 10 11 1 75 2.32
There was a concern that the cruise terminal will decrease the land for public use.
However, from the planning of the cruise terminal, there are designed areas for
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recreation to both local and tourism where should be a place full for attractions. In
addition, the areas was designed to have housing estate and park for local citizens at
the surround area near Kai Tak, it would not cut or decrease the land for public but
increase and improve the living quality for the people in Hong Kong.
Ideal environment to develop cruise industry
Table 2g
Question Strongly
Disagree
Disagree Neither
Agree
nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree
Responses Mean
Level of
agreement 0 5 17 42 11 75 3.85
Hong Kong surrounded by sea and already is an important port for trading service and
shipping. It was developed its trading and terminal service long time ago. Almost all
interviewees agree Hong Kong has ideal environment, the reasons that Hong Kong
has its benefits for the location where the southern of China and near distance to other
Asia countries. It is a transportation network that Hong Kong can make use of their
benefits to develop an industry. Also, Victory Harbor is a famous sight that able to
anchor large vessels, it is able to attract more big ships pass through Hong Kong.
Easy to access by cruise
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Table 2h
Question Strongly
Disagree
Disagree Neither
Agree
nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree
Responses Mean
Level of
agreement 1 6 20 36 12 75 3.69
The mean 3.69 means that more interviewees agree that Hong Kong is easy to access
by cruise. Same as the above question, Hong Kong surrounded by sea and already is
an important port for trading service and shipping. The location benefits to both
container terminals and cruise terminal that their ships can easy access to Hong Kong
as it surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and South China Sea where can
cover most countries in the world. The depth of the harbor is enough to let large
vessels pass through. Moreover, Ocean Terminal already provides basic service to
ships repairing; it gives convenient to all ships companies.
Increase loading to local transport system
Table 2i
Question Strongly
Disagree
Disagree Neither
Agree
nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree
Responses Mean
Level of
agreement 2 6 33 25 9 75 3.44
It is an impact that the cruise terminal will increase the tourism number and hence
increase the loading for the local transport system. Most of the answers reflect that
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concerning about the transport system can afford the increasing of tourism or not.
Also, the road system near Kai Tak was used for long time and its design may not
handle the increase of cars, coaches etc. It would be damage to the local system that
traffic jam and delay of transport may affect to the tourism and local live. Moreover,
the traffic on the sea may be one of the concerns as ships may pass through at the
same time, and create danger and treat to the ships.
Terminal and cruise vessels will bring pollutions
Table 2j
Question Strongly
Disagree
Disagree Neither
Agree
nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree
Responses Mean
Level of
agreement 3 38 21 11 2 75 2.61
It is an environment concern by the green group that ships will create black smoke
due to air pollutions, and leak of oil and other wastage will become water and land
pollution. However, the result shows it may be a serious problem that the mean point
is lower than 3 which mean they are disagree that pollution may cause. An
interviewee told me that the modern cruise ships already develop an environment
system which can filter the pollution matters to protect the environment. We should
have confident to the cruise structure that will not damage the environment.
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Cruise terminal would not damage the nature coast
Table 2k
Question Strongly
Disagree
Disagree Neither
Agree
nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree
Responses Mean
Level of
agreement 12 34 12 15 2 75 2.48
The infrastructure near the sea or coast may damage the nature coast and may lead to
flooding due to the change of the coast. However, most people are disagree the new
cruise terminal will damage the nature coast. And the reasons from the survey
explained that the Kai Tak area was develop as an airport, so the nature coast should
be “damage” already. This planning also can well use of this “damaged area” to
re-build a new revenue sources. Also, the governments also have method to solve the
problem about addition project on the sea.
Attract more people try cruising
Table 2l
Question Strongly
Disagree
Disagree Neither
Agree
nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree
Responses Mean
Level of
agreement 0 6 14 45 10 75 3.80
There are different types of travel method that planes, trains or cars are available to
the tourism industry. Cruising seem to be a luxury class of vacation that for high
expending-power group. But it is valuable methods of travel that attract more people
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try cruising. About 55 interviewees are agree the new cruise terminal will attract more
people cruising, and it may be one of the point that attracting those interviewees to try
cruising in Hong Kong. From the survey, about half of them are first-time cruise, and
we can see the awareness of cruising is increasing. So, it will be real that the terminal
can attract people cruising from Hong Kong or to Hong Kong.
The revenue from tourism will be increase
Table 2m
Question Strongly
Disagree
Disagree Neither
Agree
nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree
Responses Mean
Level of
agreement 0 6 24 28 17 75 3.75
3.75 of the mean point showed that most people tend to agree the revenue from
tourism will be increase when the cruise terminal built. The spending power of
tourism is becoming huge especially the Chinese. There is 210 billion of money spent
to the Hong Kong economic system in 2010 recorded by the Hong Kong Tourism
Board (Appendix 6). If cruise terminal built, it is optimistic to estimate that it will
increasing the tourists number and hence increase the money spent in Hong Kong.
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International cruise line as a home port
Table 2n
Question Strongly
Disagree
Disagree Neither
Agree
nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree
Responses Mean
Level of
agreement 0 8 25 26 16 75 3.67
There were cruise lines already use the Ocean Terminal as their home port. However,
as mentioned before, Ocean Terminal is not enough to anchor large vessels. The new
cruise terminal ideal to give more ports for large vessels anchored, it may attract more
international brands to try their new line to Hong Kong. It also can solve the problem
that those vessels anchored at container terminal. In addition, the up-graded
engineering service will be provide to the cruise ships, so the cruise line companies do
not need to worry their ships repairing and able to provide safe service to customers.
Related facilities gain benefits from the cruise terminal
Table 2o
Question Strongly
Disagree
Disagree Neither
Agree
nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree
Responses Mean
Level of
agreement 1 5 29 30 10 75 3.57
Only 6 of those interviewees are disagree that cruise terminal cannot benefits to the
related business what offered service to the tourism. However, Dickinson and
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Vladimir (1997) has compared a budget cruise and a land vacation, the result showed
that the average of spending money on land is about $204 US dollars. It can be an
objection to those disagreements, as a potential huge market of spending power from
the tourism. The industries can gain those moneys by the benefits from the terminal.
New cruise terminal is too expensive to build
Table 2p
Question Strongly
Disagree
Disagree Neither
Agree
nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree
Responses Mean
Level of
agreement 4 37 19 12 3 75 2.64
More interviewees think the cruise terminal is reasonable to build as 41 of them
giving disagree. Although the building fee is about 7 billion HK dollars, the return of
revenues received from the cruise terminal and the tourism business will be much
higher than the budget spent. Some interviewees gave their idea that the government
should focus on the future benefits. The budget may be too high in this moment, but,
it is valuable to development a profitable infrastructure that gains image and moneys.
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Building new cruise terminal is beneficial to Hong Kong
Table 2q
Question Strongly
Disagree
Disagree Neither
Agree
nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree
Responses Mean
Level of
agreement 1 5 17 38 14 75 3.79
It is the last question of the questionnaires and the research want to know the overall
agreement on the benefits or impacts to build a new cruise terminal. And the result of
this question reflected that most people do think building new cruise terminal is
beneficial to Hong Kong. It is a great idea to develop in a wonderful and attractive
place and the government will put a strong attention to this big project.
There are comment box for the interviewees that write down their comments or
recommendations about the new cruise terminal at Kai Tak. Although only 16 of those
have wrote their words, there are meaningful to the analysis and the project
development. They were attaching in the appendix part. (Appendix 5)
5.3. Summary of the findings
The questions are separated into three segments that included social, environment,
and economic impacts that may occur from the building of new cruise terminal in Kai
Tak. Most of them are focus on the positive impacts and the results are tending to be
positive results. Although many agreement is selected “Neither Agree nor Disagree“,
the mean point as have a clear direction that showing the level of agreement. Each of
the questions had developed a general analysis about the reasons and the effects to the
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infrastructure. We can now clarify the possible impacts agreed by the interviewees
and confirmed as potential impacts. Further solution and recommendation is needed to
balance the impacts. Maximized the positive impact and minimized the negative
impact is the main mission to this dissertation and they will be discuss at the
recommendation part. And it will be an improvement for the cruise terminal.
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6. Conclusion
In the 1990s, the cruise phenomenon reached the UK and then the rest of Europe and
Asia and the Pacific. Passengers are generally provided with full-board style
accommodation and can enjoy a broad range of on-board facilities. (G .C . K ESTER,
2002) It attracted more travelers to try cruising, and leading the explosion of the
cruise industries development. More cruise line and larger vessels appear in the cruise
market and hence more countries will spend their budget on building a cruise terminal
to attract and handle the increasing number of tourism.
As the worldwide cruise industry demonstrated an important trend of expansion over
the past decade, the Hong Kong cruise market has great potential for growth and
development in the future. Motivation, service quality and customer satisfaction are
essential to marketers and cruise companies. (Qu & Wong, 1998) As a reason, the aim
of this dissertation is analyzing the impacts that may occur from the cruise terminal
and hence prove Hong Kong can be one of the leaders in cruise industries.
This conclusion will defined into two parts that the first part will focus the impacts
that elaborated from the questionnaires and findings mentioned before. The second
part will develop cases and facts to prove Hong Kong can be one of the leaders.
Recommendation chapter followed to give advice to the negative impacts’ solutions.
6.1. Impacts Confirmed
At the above chapter about the analysis on different impacts from the questionnaires,
they can be separated into three factors of impacts. (1. Social impacts, 2. Environment
impacts, 3. Economic impacts) Each of them shard importance to the impacts that
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may influencing Hong Kong. Those impacts already be agree or disagree by the
interviewees, and we can see the different level of agreement of the impacts for the
tourism. And the following parts will conclude those three factors of impacts.
Building a new cruise terminal will have a direct social impact to Hong Kong. The
first benefits are that the project will create job opportunities to the local company and
citizen and hence decrease the unemployment rate. According to consultancy studies
by the Hong Kong government, with the availability of new cruise terminal facilities
and appropriate marketing strategies, it may also support some 6,900 to 10,900
employment opportunities by 2020. (Hong Kong Tourism Commission, 2006) At the
period of building the terminal, building workers are needed to have different duty.
And the companies like shops, hotels, cruise operators etc will also be hiring for the
operation of the terminal. 6,900 to 10,900 employment opportunities should be a
conservative estimation by the government that the number of employees should be
more. Nation identity in an abstraction incorporating elements of the past, present and
future, which help to define and reinforce a feeling of community and belonging
amongst individuals and groups. (C. Henderson, 2002) Kai Tak area will provide wide
range of public place to the local and tourism. Both of them can share public place
and communication between them can create give a friendly impression about the
local. It would become one of the attraction such as the Ocean Terminal in Tsim Sha
Tsui and. Besides, cruise tourism is popular in Asia in this years, the cruise
experiences can be promoted and shared, liaises closely with the cruise market and
tourism industry on promoting cruise tourism and developing new itineraries. The
Hong Kong Tourism Board promotes Hong Kong as a "must-see" cruise destination in
the region. (Hong Kong Tourism Board, 2009) Hong Kong develop their cruise
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industries can share the social image as attracting more cruisers to travel Hong Kong.
Hence, the image of international city can be improved.
The main concern is about the building of the new cruise terminal is about the
environment impacts. There are many voices and reject ideas from some
environment-concerning group, Lau (2004) and Chu (2006) also have ideas about the
environment concern. However, both the interviewees and Government also consider
the environment problem and they are optimistic to the cruise terminal would not
damage the nature environment in Hong Kong. Kai Tak area was an airport with
runway about 3390 meters in length. The runway extends out into the ocean, and as a
result the waters surrounding the approach are deep enough to support larger cruise
ships, up to 50 meters deep. (Leung, Miller, Pierce, Tsai, 2006) It also means that
almost none of the reclamations are needed. Using the railway also is an environment
friendly action that reusing a place for development and building wastage can
decrease as much as possible. New technologies were use on cruise ships, black
smokes and threat of leak of oil were prevented in order to protect the environment.
Hong Kong located at the southern of China and facing a large opportunities on cruise
tourism, transport systems also become an impact in Hong Kong that some of the
locals through the transport systems are not enough to handle large amount of cruisers.
Due to the develop plan, the roads and railways systems are undertaking improvement
for the traffic flow increase from the cruises. Government also has their planning
about the nearby area’s development to contribute the improvement of the Kai Tak
surround area’s environment.
The most positive impacts should be come from the economic benefits. From other
official or informal research, there are wide ranges of economical benefits created by
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the cruise terminal that the first effect is to increase to tourism number to Hong Kong.
Those travelers will spend money on shopping, dining or other activities and hence
foreign income and currency will be earn in order to have economic benefits. The
cruise industry is an $8 billion industry now, with 1,400 percent growth rate since
1970. In 2010, almost 21 million people will take cruise estimated by The
International Council of Cruise Lines. Cruising probably will continue to grow at a
very high rate as a large number of new cruise liners have recently been placed in
service. (Berger, 2004) The market of cruise has already over their estimation and
keeps in high development. The revenue for the home port cities also can gain their
benefit from the tourism. The following is a table record by Dickinson and Vladimir
(1997) which showing the money gained by the cruise terminal and the land services.
Table 3
(The budget spend per diem basis, Dickinson & Vladimir, 1997)
As mentioned, about 2011 billion income of foreign tourism revenue was recorded in
2010 which is a huge number to the Hong Kong’s economic then improve the
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economical system and investment industries. The data need to the increase when the
cruise terminal starts their operation. Hong Kong government had a proposal about
new cruise terminal done in 1994. They suggested the economic benefit will
contributions in present value terms in the region of $1.1 to $3.4 billion assuming a
real discount rate of 4% per annum or $560 million to $1.6 billion with an annual
discount rate of 10% per annum. (Hong Kong Tourism Association, 1994) And they
have a table about the scenario about no new terminal and new terminal.
Table 4
(No new terminal and new terminal scenario, Hong Kong Tourism Association, 1994)
We can see the different between them and hence the potential of the economic
benefits to Hong Kong. Due to the advantages of the new cruise terminal, Hong Kong
can be benefited and becomes one of the leaders in cruise industries.
6.2. The ability of Hong Kong cruise tourism
World position
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Figure 2
( Tourists’ favorite overseas city, Gibson, 2006)
Above figure showing the position of Hong Kong and it would be one of the ability to
Hong Kong to develop tourism industries and the cruise terminal. Hong Kong places
at the front besides other Asia countries, and means it attracted the most tourists’
attention. It would be a key to success of the terminal.
Port Called
There are a system for the cruises and the ports. And no port was visited by all ten
cruise ships from same company, so separated ships to different port is needed.
Figure 3 (Number of ships passes through the area, Dowling, 2006)
Figure 3 represent the number of ships pass through the sea and Hong Kong has the
same number to the Caribbean.
Table 5
(Favored ports of call, round-the-world cruise, Dowling, 2006)
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And Table 3 shows the number of calls in Hong Kong what just one port less than
other three countries. There is huge competitiveness to gain market share of cruise
industries.
Kai Tak area
A number of experts believe the Kai Tak Approach is a more suitable site for the
cruise terminal as its natural assets may allow for a more successful terminal. (Leung,
Miller, Pierce, Tsai, 2006) And the Hong Kong Tourism Board (2006) generates the
advantage.
Table 6
Natural advantages and modern infrastructure
Magnificent harbor - deep with no air draft limit;
With modern infrastructure, excellent connectivity and superior airlift capacity
to serve fly-cruise passengers;
Tourism industry with rich experience to serve cruise companies and
passengers on international standards;
Located at a strategic geographical position in Asia Pacific and offers diverse
choices for itinerary development
(Hong Kong Tourism Board, 2006)
It is an item that cruise terminal and cruise industries can be successfully develop in
Hong Kong.
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7. Recommendations
Impacts both positive and negative are useful for the development of an infrastructure.
The Kai Tak new terminal should improve their positive impacts to maximize the
benefits to cruise industries and Hong Kong. Conversely, negative impacts must be
minimized. For clarify the impacts, all the information about the cruise terminal need
to be open for public. For the social factors, a platform for public is needed to share
their idea about the terminal. Their voice need to listen and hence find for the best
method to start operation. For the economic, the market needs to open for all business
and all people. Beside, private sector interest would encourage as their investment
power. The rejection of the terminal is about the environment. More consideration
about the protection about the environment needs to monitor either the preparation or
operation to maintain the high quality of environment in Hong Kong.
If the current opportunity is foregone, then Hong Kong stands to lose the opportunity
to develop further its cruise sector, and hence the chance to reinforce generally its
development of tourism (Hong Kong Tourism Association, 1994)
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8. Reference
ANON. (2005, 15 March), Full steam ahead [online] Last accessed 3rd
March 2011 at
www.cruiseindustrynews.com
BERGER, A. A. (2004) Ocean travel and cruising: A culture analysis, New York,
Haworth Hospitality Press
CHU, Winston (2006) South East Kowloon Kai Tak International Cruise Terminal,
Hong Kong, Society for Protection of the Harbor
COOPER Chris, FLETCHER John et al. (1998) Tourism principles and practice,
second edition, UK, Longman.
Cruising from Hong Kong Tourism Board [Online] Hong Kong, Last accessed 3rd
April, 2011 at
www.discoverhongkong.com/usa/trip-planner/gethere-cruise-ships.html
DICKINSON, Bob & VLADIMIR, Andy (1997), Selling the sea: An inside look at
the cruise industry, New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
DOWLING, Ross K (2006) Cruise Ship Tourism, UK, CAB International, Biddles
Ltd.
DWYER, Larry & FORSYTH, Peter (1996), Economic significance of cruise tourism,
Australia, Pergamon
EBERSOLD, W. B. (2004) Cruise Industry in Figures, Washington, US Department
of Transport.
G. PEARCE, Douglas & W. Butler Richard (1993) Tourism research Critiques and
challenges, UK, Routledge
G. PEARCE, Douglas & W. Butler Richard (1993) Tourism research, UK, LaserScript
Limited, Biddles Ltd
GIBSON, Philip (2003) Learning, culture, curriculum and college: A social
anthropology, Unpublished PhD, University of Exeter, Exeter.
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GIBSON, Philip (2006) Cruise Operations Management, UK, Buttereorth-Heinemann
HALL, C. Michael (2001) Trends in ocean and coastal tourism: the end of the last
frontier?, New Zealand, Dunedin
HENDERSON, John C. (2002) Heritage Attractions and Tourism Development in
Asia: A Comparative Study of Hong Kong and Sinapore, Singapore, Nanyang Avenue
Hong Kong Tourism (2005) All about Hong Kong, [online] retrieved 27th
April, 2005,
Last accessed 6th
April, 2011 at http://www.discoverhongkong.com
Hong Kong Tourism Association (1998) Study on the cruise market of Hong Kong,
Summary of findings
Hong Kong Tourism Board [online], Hong Kong Last accessed 4th
April, 2011 at
partnernet.hktb.com
K ESTER, JOHN G .C . (2002), Cruise tourism, Spain, World Tourism Organization
(WTO)
KEANE, John (2004) A ‘Chinese’ View of Democracy: Looking at China, Hong Kong
and Singapore. Retrieves 6th
November, 2005, from John Keane web site [online]:
Last accessed 20th
March, 2011 at http://www.johnkeane.net
LAU, Edwin (2004) Hong Kong: Fragrant Harbor? Retrieved 22 November, 2005,
Last accessed 20th
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http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/~sustain/suscoats/edwinlau.html
LEUNG, Wai-Mun, MILLER Michael, PIERCE, Michael and TSAI, Irene (2006)
Urban Planning and Development of Kai Tak Area, Hong Kong, Civic Exchange
MANCINI, M. (2004) Cruising: a guide to the cruise line industry. 2nd
ed. Clifton
Park, New York, Thomson/Delmar Learning
MANUEL, B. (2003) Worldwide Cruise Ship Activity, Spain : World Tourism
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MASON, Peter (2008), Tourism impacts, planning and management, UK,
Buttereorth-Heinemann
Metagini (2008) Hong Kong Kwai Chung [onlne] Last accessed on 28th
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at http://metagini.com/location/Hong%20Kong/Kwai%20Chung/52455/Pictures
QU, Hailin & WONG, Elsa (1999) A service performance model of Hong Kong cruise
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9. Appendix
Appendix 1 (The number of tourists to Hong Kong)
RELEASE OF PROVISIONAL VISITOR ARRIVALS FOR 2010
The Hong Kong Tourism Board (HKTB) announced today (7 January) that provisional total arrivals in 2010
reached 36.03 million, a 21.8%-increase compared to 2009. These were made up by approximately 22.47
million Mainland arrivals (+27.0%), 8.72 million short-haul (excluding Mainland) arrivals (+16.5%), and
4.84 million long-haul arrivals (+9.6%).
Commenting on the satisfactory growth in 2010 arrivals, HKTB Chairman Mr James Tien said: “Hong
Kong’s tourism experienced a strong rebound in 2010 after the severe blow dealt by the financial tsunami and
human swine influenza in 2009. The result could be attributed to the collaborative effort between the SAR
Government, the local travel trade and the HKTB in rolling out various promotions, such as the Hong Kong
Dragon Boat Carnival, the Wine and Dine Festival and the New Year Countdown Celebrations, as well as the
policies implemented by the Central Government to facilitate individual visits by Mainland residents.
“Looking into 2011, Asia will be the key driver in the global tourism growth. The HKTB will maintain our
close partnership with the travel trade to uphold Hong Kong’s image as an international, cosmopolitan city.
Meanwhile, we hope the Central Government will extend the Individual Visit Scheme to even more Mainland
cities, such as the major cities in the three provinces of Northeast China, and to the entire Zhejiang and
Jiangsu provinces. We also hope that the measures for individual visits by both Guangdong residents and
non-Guangdong residents residing in Shenzhen could be extended to other cities in the province, so that we
could bring even greater momentum to the growth of Mainland arrivals.”
(Full breakdown on arrivals by markets for December 2010 and January-December 2010 will be released
later this month.)
Source from the Hong Kong Tourism Board new release at 7 January 2011
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Appendix 2
Queen Mary 2 at Hong Kong container terminal
Hong Kong's cruise sector to soar with new terminal (Global travel industry
news, 2008)
Feb 26, 2008
Hong Kong - Hong Kong's fabled skyline helped lure about 27 million visitors to the
territory last year, but passengers on the luxury liner Queen Mary 2 saw a slightly
different vista when the mega-vessel docked in the territory. Instead of soaring
skyscrapers and green hills, the vessel's passengers saw mountains of metal shipping
containers and skeleton-like cranes when the 151,400-ton ship docked at the city's
container port at Kwai Chung.
Yet the Queen Mary 2 is not unique in being too big to dock at the territory's existing
Ocean Terminal passenger liner facility in the heart of the Tsim Sha Tsui tourist
district.
Sean Kelly, chief executive of Modern Terminals, the terminal operator which
handled the Queen Mary 2, said the Kwai Chung terminal companies tried to handle
the passenger vessels, but it was not always possible because the terminals were busy
with container ships.
About six cruise liners a year have to jostle with container carrying ships to tie-up at
the Kwai Chung container terminals.
Queen Mary 2 arrives at Kwai Chung container terminal (Metagini, 2008)
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Appendix 3
The economics of tourism in the world
Multi-speed recovery for international tourism in 2010
Boosted by improved economic conditions worldwide, international tourism has
recovered faster than expected from the impacts of the global financial crisis and
economic recession of late 2008 and 2009. International tourist arrivals were up by
6.7% compared to 2009, with positive growth reported in all world regions.
Worldwide, the number of international tourist arrivals reached 935 million, up 58
million from 2009 and 22 million more than the pre-crisis peak level of 2008 (913
million).
While all regions posted growth in international tourist arrivals, emerging economies
remain the main drivers of this recovery. This multi-speed recovery, lower in
advanced economies (+5%), faster in emerging ones (+8%), is a reflection of the
broader global economic situation and is set to dominate 2011 and the foreseeable
future.
“The recovery in international tourism is good news, especially for those developing
countries that rely on the sector for much-needed revenue and jobs,” said UNWTO
Secretary-General, Taleb Rifai. “The challenge now will be to consolidate this growth
over the coming years amid a still uncertain global economic environment”.
Asia (+13%) was the first region to recover and the strongest growing region in 2010.
International tourist arrivals into Asia reached a new record at 204 million last year,
up from 181 million in 2009.
(Source from World Tourism Organization, Press release, 2011)
Sheffield Hallam University
42
BSc (Honours) Hospitality Business Management
Leung Tsz Hung [91206517]
Appendix 4
Survey Questionnaire
The researcher is conducting a survey concerning the impacts that may
influence the New Kai Tak Cruise Terminal in Hong Kong. To enable the researcher
to make the further development and analysis for this topic, it would be very much
appreciated if you feel free to finish this questionnaire.
Information given will be treated in confidence and for academic use only
Thank you very much
Part A. Personal Data
Age:
□15-25 □ 26-35 □ 36-45 □ 46-55 □ 56 or above
Gender
□Male □ Female
Educational Attainment
□ Elementary □ High School □ College □ Graduate
Part B. Perception of the Respondents
Base on your experience, select the best choice that reflects your level of agreement.
1
STRONGLY
DISAGREE
2
DISAGREE
3
UNDECIDED
4
AGREEE
5
STRONGLY
AGREE
STATEMENTS 1 2 3 4 5
1. Hong Kong new cruise terminal will be one of the
attractions
1 2 3 4 5
2. Hong Kong will improve image by the new cruise
terminal
1 2 3 4 5
3. Building and operating cruise terminal would create
job opportunities
1 2 3 4 5
Sheffield Hallam University
43
BSc (Honours) Hospitality Business Management
Leung Tsz Hung [91206517]
4. Hong Kong can shared cruise experiences from others 1 2 3 4 5
5. The planning of the terminal do not consider the
recreation to the local citizen
1 2 3 4 5
6. Hong Kong has an ideal environment to develop cruise
industry
1 2 3 4 5
7. Hong Kong is a destination that easy to access by
cruise
1 2 3 4 5
8. New cruise terminal will increase loading to the local
transport system
1 2 3 4 5
9. Terminal and cruise vessels will bring pollutions 1 2 3 4 5
10. New cruise terminal damage the nature coast 1 2 3 4 5
11. Cruise terminal can attract more people try cruising 1 2 3 4 5
12. The revenue from tourism will be increase when new
cruise terminal built
1 2 3 4 5
13. Hong Kong will attract International cruise line as a
home port
1 2 3 4 5
14. The related facilities near the new cruise terminal will
gain benefits from the cruise terminal
1 2 3 4 5
15. New cruise terminal is too expensive to build 1 2 3 4 5
16. Overall, building new cruise terminal is beneficial to
Hong Kong
1 2 3 4 5
Part C Comments
Other comments or recommendations about the new cruise terminal at Kai Tak:
The End Thank you
Remark:
Sheffield Hallam University
44
BSc (Honours) Hospitality Business Management
Leung Tsz Hung [91206517]
Appendix 5
Initial Report (Results) Last Modified: 04/02/2011
1. Age
# Question 15-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56 or above Responses Mean
1 Age 13 16 23 11 12 75 2.91
2. Gender
# Question Male Female Responses Mean
1 Gender 41 34 75 1.45
3. Educational Attainment
# Question Elementary High
School College Graduate Above Responses Mean
1 Educational
Attainment 4 12 25 23 11 75 3.33
4. Hong Kong new cruise terminal will be one of the attractions
# Question Strongly
Disagree Disagree
Neither
Agree nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree Responses Mean
1 Level of
agreement 1 8 15 44 7 75 3.65
Variance 0.72 Deviation 0.85
5. Hong Kong will improve image by the new cruise terminal
# Question Strongly
Disagree Disagree
Neither
Agree nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree Responses Mean
1 Level of
agreement 0 7 23 28 17 75 3.73
Variance 0.85 Deviation 0.92
6. Building and operating cruise terminal would create job opportunities
# Question Strongly
Disagree Disagree
Neither
Agree nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree Responses Mean
Sheffield Hallam University
45
BSc (Honours) Hospitality Business Management
Leung Tsz Hung [91206517]
1 Level of
agreement 0 5 23 30 17 75 3.79
Variance 0.76 Deviation 0.87
7. Hong Kong can shared cruise experiences from others
# Question Strongly
Disagree Disagree
Neither
Agree nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree Responses Mean
1 Level of
agreement 0 10 31 28 6 75 3.40
Variance 0.68 Deviation 0.82
8. The planning of the terminal do not consider the recreation to the local citizen
# Question Strongly
Disagree Disagree
Neither
Agree nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree Responses Mean
1 Level of
agreement 11 42 10 11 1 75 2.32
Variance 0.90 Deviation 0.95
9. Hong Kong has an ideal environment to develop cruise industry
# Question Strongly
Disagree Disagree
Neither Agree
nor Disagree Agree
Strongly
Agree Responses Mean
1 Level of
agreement 0 5 17 42 9 73 3.75
Variance 0.58 Deviation 0.76
10. Hong Kong is a destination that easy to access by cruise
# Question Strongly
Disagree Disagree
Neither
Agree nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree Responses Mean
1 Level of
agreement 1 6 20 36 12 75 3.69
Variance 0.78 Deviation 0.88
Sheffield Hallam University
46
BSc (Honours) Hospitality Business Management
Leung Tsz Hung [91206517]
11. New cruise terminal will increase loading to the local transport system
# Question Strongly
Disagree Disagree
Neither
Agree nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree Responses Mean
1 Level of
agreement 2 6 33 25 9 75 3.44
Variance 0.82 Deviation 0.90
12. Terminal and cruise vessels will bring pollutions
# Question Strongly
Disagree Disagree
Neither
Agree nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree Responses Mean
1 Level of
agreement 3 38 21 11 2 75 2.61
Variance 0.79 Deviation 0.89
13. New cruise terminal damage the nature coast
# Question Strongly
Disagree Disagree
Neither
Agree nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree Responses Mean
1 Level of
agreement 12 34 12 15 2 75 2.48
Variance 1.14 Deviation 1.07
14. Cruise terminal can attract more people try cruising
# Question Strongly
Disagree Disagree
Neither
Agree nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree Responses Mean
1 Level of
agreement 0 6 13 45 10 74 3.80
Variance 0.60 Deviation 0.78
Sheffield Hallam University
47
BSc (Honours) Hospitality Business Management
Leung Tsz Hung [91206517]
15. The revenue from tourism will be increase when new cruise terminal built
# Question Strongly
Disagree Disagree
Neither
Agree nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree Responses Mean
1 Level of
agreement 0 6 24 28 17 75 3.75
Variance 0.81 Deviation 0.90
16. Hong Kong will attract International cruise line as a home port
# Question Strongly
Disagree Disagree
Neither
Agree nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree Responses Mean
1 Level of
agreement 0 8 25 26 16 75 3.67
Variance 0.87 Deviation 0.93
17. The related facilities near the new cruise terminal will gain benefits from the cruise terminal
# Question Strongly
Disagree Disagree
Neither
Agree nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree Responses Mean
1 Level of
agreement 1 5 29 30 10 75 3.57
Variance 0.73 Deviation 0.86
18. New cruise terminal is too expensive to build
# Question Strongly
Disagree Disagree
Neither
Agree nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree Responses Mean
1 Level of
agreement 4 37 19 12 3 75 2.64
Variance 0.92 Deviation 0.96
Sheffield Hallam University
48
BSc (Honours) Hospitality Business Management
Leung Tsz Hung [91206517]
19. Overall, building new cruise terminal is beneficial to Hong Kong
# Question Strongly
Disagree Disagree
Neither
Agree nor
Disagree
Agree Strongly
Agree Responses Mean
1 Level of
agreement 1 5 17 38 14 75 3.79
Variance 0.76 Deviation 0.87
20. Other comments or recommendations about the new cruise terminal at Kai Tak:
Hong Kong already a potential market on cruise industry, and they should be develop 10 or 20 years
ago for getting more customers
It's too late for the development
The new terminal should have more shopping centre for the tourism, similar to the Citycate providing
outlet for brands
The government should focus on the future benefits. Although the budget may be high, the revenue for
the tourism should be much high than the budget 10 years later.
I don't know Hong Kong is going to build a cruise terminal
I have experience on Qm2 that was a great experience. I hope Hong Kong can attract more line like
QM2, and I think I will cruise again here.
Great development that can keep on track to the market
Environment is the main concern in this project
New style of traveling is needed in Hong Kong
Kai Tak was an airport and this report can "reuse" the airport, fewer pollution will be create as i think
Government should balance the good and bad impacts
Why Hong Kong develop cruise terminal so late, Singapore already has success case
The cruise terminal should consider more about the environment problem, and it should benefits to
both tourism and local people
The facilities surround the terminal should be enough for tourism to stay for a day
If more international cruise line brand can come to Hong Kong, the immigration of those tourism
should be well consider to maintain HK's image
The problem is how the cruise terminal can attract more tourism. The tourism board should give more
information to promote HK and get more business from tourism
Total Responses 16
Sheffield Hallam University
49
BSc (Honours) Hospitality Business Management
Leung Tsz Hung [91206517]
Appendix 6
2010 TOTAL TOURISM SPENDING REACHES
ALL-TIME HIGH OF OVER HK$200 BILLION
The Hong Kong Tourism Board (HKTB) announced today (3 April) that the Total Tourism Expenditure
Associated to Inbound Tourism (TEAIT) in 2010 reached a historic high of HK$209.98 billion, 32.7% more
than in 2009. Also showing increase was the per capita spending of overnight visitors, which surged by
16.6% to HK$6,728, while that of same-day, in-town visitors rose by 2.7% to HK$1,846.
HKTB Chairman Mr James Tien said: “Last year, we welcomed 36.03 million visitor arrivals to Hong Kong,
21.8% more than 2009. The increase in arrivals, along with the strengthening of most currencies against the
Hong Kong dollar, which stimulated visitors’ spending, led to remarkable growth in the total tourism
expenditure. Looking into 2011, we expect further growth in arrivals to 39.64 million, provided that the
global economy remains stable and the Mainland maintains its robust economic growth. Another contributory
factor would be the implementation of measures to facilitate individual visits by both non-Guangdong and
Guangdong residents in Shenzhen. All these are projected to give a further boost to the tourism receipts to
around HK$244.40 billion in 2011.”
Total Spending by Overnight and Same-Day Visitors
In 2010, the total spending by overnight visitors amounted to HK$135.14 billion, which represents a
significant growth of 38.4% over 2009. As for the per capita spending of overnight visitors, this increased by
16.6% year-on-year to an average of HK$6,728.
All market regions achieved remarkable growth in their respective overnight per capita spending figure in
2010, with especially outstanding performance by the long-haul regions, which showed increases of 30% or
more. Furthermore, the per capita spending figures of individual long-haul markets were either close to or
above the average of all overnight visitors. As for the short-haul regions, the per capita spending of overnight
visitors from North Asia and from South and Southeast Asia also made an impressive leap of 27.8% and
17.7% respectively.
Among all overnight visitors, those from Mainland China continued to have the highest per capita spending
at HK$7,453, 12.6% more than in 2009. The higher spending not only reflected the rapid economic growth of
the Mainland, which stimulated spending and outbound travel, but also underlined Hong Kong’s position as
one of the first-choice destinations among Mainland travelers.
(Source from Hong Kong Tourism Board, 2011)