Botany Review: What kind of plant is this?

Angiosperms Gymnosperms Bryophytes Pteridophytes

The land plants are monophyletic; all land plants descended froma single common ancestor. One of the key derived traits is developmentof an embryo protected by tissues of the parent plant. For this reason land plant are sometimes called embryophytes.

Botany 101

• Plants are eukaryotic, autotrophic, multicellular

• Plant cells have a cell wall made of cellulose

• Have meristematic tissue which allows indeterminate growth

Important Vocabulary

• Seed- diploid, multicellular; contains embryonic plant

• Spore- haploid, unicellular; develops into gametophyte

• Vascular- (in plants) refers to the presence of xylem and phloem

• Nonvascular (avascular)- lacks xylem and phloem

More vocabulary- (plants speak a foreign language)

• Gametophyte- stage in a plant’s life cycle (and some algae); cells of a gametophyte are haploid; a gametophyte produces gametes

• Sporophyte – stage of a plant’s life cycle (and some algae); cells of a sporophyte are diploid; a sporophyte produces spores

Adapations to life on landCuticle- a waxy covering that retards water loss (dessication)

Gametangia- cases that enclose plant gametes & keep them from drying out

Embryos- young plants contained within a protective structure

Thick spore walls that contain sporopollenin

Mycorrhizae- a beneficial association with a fungus that promotes nutrient uptake

Pigments that afford protection against the mutagenic ultraviolet radiation

The first land plants were nonvascular. The first true vascular plants arose later. Vascular plants include the ferns (and fern allies), gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms and angiosperms produce seeds and are the dominant vegetation on the planet.

Explain why vascular tissue and seeds are major evolutionary advantages of the land plants.

Which vascular tissue is responsible for carrying sugars down from the leaves to the rest of the plant?

A. xylemB. tracheidsC. phloem D. vessel element

Plant Organs-

Function of leaves?-photosynthesis

-energy production-CHO production

-gas exchange-transpiration

Roots anchor plant in soil, absorb minerals & water, & store food

fibrous roots mat of thin roots that spread outMonocots

tap roots 1 large vertical root also produces many small lateral, or branch roots Dicots

root hairs increase absorptive surface area

Which term describes the relationship between the roots of many species of plants and fungi?

A. xylem and phloem B. apoplast and symplastC. humus and earthwormsD. mycorrhizae

Regions of growthperpetually embryonic tissue that regenerates new cells

apical shoot meristemgrowth in lengthprimary growth

apical root meristemgrowth in lengthprimary growth

lateral meristemgrowth in girthsecondary growth

Relationship between flowers and their pollinators- coevolution

ANGIOSPERMS3 “F”s

Fruit

Flower

Double Fertilization

Transpira

tion

All of the following contribute to the closing of the stomata during the day EXCEPT

A.water deficiencyB.excessive rainfallC. wiltingD. excessive tanspiration

Water enters and leaves a plant primarily by:

A.EndocytosisB. PhagocytosisC. OsmosisD. Facilitated diffusion

Vascular Tissue/Tracheophytes

Plant Responses

What are these plants responding to?

A tropism is the turning or bending movement of an organism or a part toward or away from an external stimulus, such as light, heat, or gravity.

Plant hormones trigger a signal transduction pathway

Besides photosynthesis, describe how light influences the growth and development of a plant.The timing of flowering must coincide with the presence of pollinators and leaves must be abundant during the time of year that is best for photosynthesis. The environmental stimulus plants use most often to detect the time of year is photoperiod, the relative lengths of night and day. “Long day” plants, flower in the spring and summer when the light period is longer than a certain number of hours . “Short day” plants require a light period shorter than a critical length to flower. (Actually what they require is a long night, but they are still called short day plants. The long day plants, likewise, are short night plants.) What the plants are actually responding to? Plants contain pigments called phytochromes. Phytochrome consists of two identical proteins, joined to form one molecule. One end of each phytochrome is a photoreceptor; the other end is a kinase (kinases activate other chemicals by phosphorylating them). Depending on the wavelength of light, phytochomes can switch between the Pr and Pfr form. Phytochromes provide the plant with information about light. This sensing mechanism enables the plant to adapt to changes in light conditions. They also function in a plant’s ability to keep track of the passage of days and seasons.

• Photoperiodism is the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of day or night.

• It occurs in plants and animals.

• In the 1940s researchers learned photoperiodism is controlled by night length.

• Photoperiodism can also be defined as the developmental responses of plants to the relative lengths of the light and dark periods.

Calculate the water potential of a 0.35 M sucrose solution. Assume a temperature of 24C.

A laboratory study is conducted to test the conditions under which red-spotted newt can regenerate forelimbs. The forelimbs are amputated immediately proximal to the elbow. All the animals are maintained in an aerated pond at 21° Celsius and are provided with equal amounts of food. The data are summarized in the table below.

Structures found in the cells of both angiosperms and mammals areA) cell walls and cell membranesB) centrioles and lysosomesC) chloroplasts and ribosomesD) cell membranes and chromosomesE) contractile vacuoles and leucoplasts

If 2n = 48 for a particular cell, then the chromosome number in each cell after meiosis would be

A) 96B) 48C) 24D) 12E) 6

Members of the kingdom Fungi generally differ from members of the kingdom Plantae in that fungiA) have cell wallsB) are multicellularC) are heterotrophicD) are both aquatic and terrestrialE) are eukaryotic

All of the following cells have either cilia or flagella EXCEPTA) cells lining the oviduct in mammalsB) pollen produced in the anthers of angiospermsC) the sperm produced in the antheridia of fernsD) cells lining the respiratory tract of humansE) Paramecium and Euglena

A large stand of aspen trees may be a group of genetically identical individuals produced by vegetative reproduction. Such a collection of individuals is called a

A. familyB. hybridC. cloneD. genusE. community

Which of the following types of chemicals released into the air by female gypsy moths and female silk moths attract males of their respective moth species?

A) EcdysonesB) PheromonesC) AuxinsD) PhytotoxinsE) Neurotransmitters

(A) Root pressure(B) Transpiration(C) Translocation(D) Adhesion(E) Guttation

Is the loss of water vapor through stomata

Accounts for water being held to the walls of xylem vessel

Is the exudation of water droplets from the tip of a leaf or stem