blood groups(bb)
DESCRIPTION
BB GROUPING PPTTRANSCRIPT
Other Major Blood Groups
1. Lewis 5. Kell2. MNSs 6. Duffy3. P 7. Kidd4. I 8. Lutheran
1.ABO
2.Rh
Major Blood Groups
ABO The most important of all blood
groups in transfusion practice The only blood group system in
which individuals have antibodies in their serum to antigens that are
absent from their RBCs Due to presence of antibodies,
transfusion of an incompatible ABO type may result in Lysis of donor’s
RBCLeading cause of HTR
ABO AntibodiesFormation of A, B and H Red C ell Antigens
Individuals normally roduce antibodies directed against the Aand/or B antigen(s) absent from their RBCs
They are naturally loccuring because they are produced w/out any exposure toor colder RBCs
ABO are predominantly IgM
Activate complementReact at room
temperature
Results from the interaction of genes at three separate loci ( ABO, Hh, and Se)
A,B and H antigens are formed from the same basic precursor material called paragloboside or glycam- to which sugars are attached in response to specific enzyme transferases elicited by an inherited gene
H antigen is actually the precusoror strucure on which A and B antigens are made
The H antigen must be inherited to form the ABO antigens on the RBCs
Se gene must be inherited as well to form ABO secretions
ABH antigens develop early in fetal life but do not increase much in strength during gestational period
Fully developed by 2 to 4 years and remains throughout life
Also expression of Antigens vary with race, genetic, and interaction, and disease states
Rh The term Rh refers to a specific red blood cell
(RBC) antigen and to a complex blood group system currently composed of over 50 different
antigen specificities. Rh is the 2nd most important blood group
system in terms of transfusion. Once present they can produce significant
HDFN as well as HTR. The terms RH positive or positive and RH
negative or negative are routinely used when referring to blood typing.
Rh positive- indicates that individual RBCs possess one particular Rh Ag, the D Ag
Rh negative – indicates that RBCs lack the D Ag.
The Abo and Rh blood groups are the most significant in transfusion practice. However, there are over 300 RBC antigens that are formally recognized internationally.
Blood group antigens are defined by carbohydrates (sugars) attached to glycoprotein or glycolipid structures or by amino acids on protein.
All blood group system is one or more antigens produced by alleles at a single gene locus or at loci so closely linked that crossing over does not occur or is very rare.
With a few notable exceptions, most blood group genes are located on the autosomal chomosomes and demonstrate straightforward Mondelian inheritance.
Lewis (007) Lewis gene (Le) codes for the production of fucosyltransferase enzyme Le phenotype are acquired by Erythrocytes by adsorbing Lewis substances from the plasma, rather than being membrane-bound antigens Are not considered as red cell Ag Produced by tissue cell rather than RBC Not well-developed at birth
Lewis Antigens Lewis AntibodiesCord blood and red
cells from newborn infants phenotype as Le (a-b-)
Decrease in expression of Lewis antigens on red cells of pregnant women
Considered naturally occuring
IgM in natureActivate the
complement & can cause in vivo and in vitro hemolysis
MN AgLocated on
Glycophorin AMN antigens differ in
their amino acid residue at position 1 (M) and has a Serine and Glycine while at position 5 (N) and has Leucine and Glutamic acid
Most are naturally occuring
Either IgG or IgM antibody
Usually do not bind complement
Do not react with enzyme-treated ells
Are pH dependent, reacting best at 6.5 and Glucose dependent
Rarely cause HTR and HDN
Anti-M
Ss Ag• Located on Glycophorin B• Both are positioned at 29 of the amino acid• S has Methionine and s has Threonine• Well developed at birth• Less degraded by enzymes
Anti-N Anti-S & Anti-sCold reactive IgG or IgM
AntibodyDo not bind
complementImplicated only
with rare cases of HDN
Seen in renal patients, who are dialyzed on equipment sterilized with formaldehyde
Most are IgGReactive at 37˚cImplicated with
severe HTR with Hemoglobinuria and HDN
PThe P blood groups comprised the P, P1, & Pk Ag, &
later ,Luke (LKE)P is assigned to the Globoside blood group system
(028,symbol GLOB).
P1 AntigenFou nd on fetal cells as
arly as 12 weeks but it weakens with gestational age
Deteriorates rapidly on storage
P1
Kell Immunogenic, K is rate4d second only to D in
terms of immunogenicity Well developed at birth
Expression very weakon McLeod phenotype cells
Fy Antigens Fy AntibodiesIdentified on fetal
red cells as early as 6 weeks gestational age and are well developed at birth
Destroyed by common proteolytic enzymes (MNSs, Fy)
Usually IgG and react best at the antiglobulin phase
Activity is enhanced in a low ionoc strength medium
Do not react with enzyme-treated red cells
Associated with HTR, although hemolysis is not often severe
Jk Antigens Jk AntibodiesDetected on fetal
red cells as early as 11 weeks for Jk and 7 weeks for Jk
Well developed at birth
Not altered by enzymes
Have notorious reputation in the blood bank
Immune antibodies, made in rtesponse to pregnancy or transfusion
Detected in the antiglobulin test
Common cause of HTR,
Associated with infrequent and mild cases of HDN
Lu and Lu Antigens
Anti-Lu
Poorly developed at birth and do not reach adult levels until age 15
Most are naturally occurring saline agglutinins that react better at room temperature than 37˚C
Few react at 37 ˚C by indirect antiglobulin test
May be IgA, IgM or IgG
a b
a
Anti-Lub
• Most are IgG (often IgG4) although IgM and IgA antibodies have been noted• Reactive at 37˚C and the antiglobulin phase• Made in response to pregnancy or transfusion• Implicated with shortened survival of transfused cells and post transfusion jaundice
Minor Blood Groups 1. Diego 6. Colton2. Cartwright 7.
Chido/Rodgers3. Xg 8. Gerbich4. Scianna 9. Cromer5. Dombrock 10. Knops
11. Indian
Cartwright (011) YT antigens have been located on
erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase, which is an enzyme involved in neurotransmission
Xg (012) Gene that encodes for the Xg allele is located on the
short arm of the X chromosome Difference in the frequency of the Xg antigen is noted
between the sexes: approximately 89% of the female population expresses Xg, whereas 66% for males
Colton (015)CO antigens have been located on the
transport protein known as channel-forming integral protein (CHIP) which forms the
primary erythrocyte water channel and is reponsible for water permeability
Chido/Rodgers (017)CH/RG antigens were associated with the human leukocytes antigen (HLA) system:
alleles for RG and CH have been located two closely linked genes known as C4A and C4B
on chromosome 6.
Gerbich (020)GE antigens are inherited on chromosome 2 and are expressed on glycophorins C (GPC)
and/or D (GPD)
Cromer (021)Antigens are carried by decay accelerating
factor (DAF), which is involved with the regulation of complement activation by
accelerating the decay of c3 and c5 convertases
Knops (022)Alleles for the Kn blood group have been
located on chromosome 1, with the antigens residing on complement receptor one (CR1)