integrated science m2 blood groups

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ABO Blood Groups

ABO Blood Groups

Blood types and blood transfusionBlood types and

blood transfusionWhy know your

blood type?Why know your

blood type? QUIZQUIZINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION The Rhesus Factor

The Rhesus Factor

Module 2 Unit 4 Lesson 5Integrated Science

BEGINImage Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0087_Blood_Transfusion.png


ABO Blood Groups





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INTRODUCTION

• This slide set relates to Integrated Science lesson for: Module 2: Unit 4: Lesson 5 – Blood Groups

• In this slide presentation, you will explore why there are four groups in the ABO system and how they are inherited by humans.

• You will also explore the importance of understanding which groups can be mixed with other groups as well as the inheritance of the Rh factor.

For the activities, you will be asked to type your responses in boxes. To do so, you must be in Slide Show View. You can insert and delete text in the box in Slide Show View.

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OBJECTIVES

On completion of this slide set, you should be able to: • list the types of human blood groups and outline how they are

inherited.• explain what is an antigen and an antibody.• explain why only certain groups are compatible with one

another and what occurs when incompatible types are mixed.• relate the Rh factor to risks in pregnancy.

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ABO Blood groups

In 1900 Karl Landsteiner discovered that human blood differed from one individual to another. Click the link to read more about Landsteiner:

http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/curiosity/ten-discoveries-from-curious-people5.html

What is it really that makes one individual’s blood different from another? Type your response in the box on the left.

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Difference in blood type is due to the presence of antigens (a type of protein) on the membranes of red blood cells and on the presence or absence of antibodies (a type of protein) in plasma.Click here for feedback.


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ABO Blood groups

• If you have a specific antigen on your red blood cells you will not have the corresponding antibody in your plasma.

• An antigen is a foreign or potentially dangerous protein substance. An antibody is also a type of protein molecule; it is ‘triggered’ into action by the presence of antigens which it seeks to destroy.

• Look at the table on the next slide and note the relationships between antigen and antibody that gives the four blood types in the ABO Blood –typing system.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type


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Blood types and blood transfusion

• If someone is in an accident, or has had surgery, and has lost a lot of blood, they may need another person’s blood to help them survive.

• The transfer of blood from one individual to another is called blood transfusion.

• The person who gives the blood is called a blood donor; the recipient receives the blood.

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Do you know anyone who has donated or received blood? Ask them what the experience was like!


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Who can really give you blood?

• Because of the differences in blood groups, due to the antigens and antibodies, when a patient receives a blood transfusion the blood types must be able to mix successfully.

• If the blood types are incompatible, then the antibodies in the recipient's plasma will react with the antigens of the donor’s red blood cells and cause agglutination (clumping) of red blood cells.

• Look at the animated diagram on the next slide. Click on the image of the blood drop on the left to see who can really give you blood. The direction of the arrows represent blood donation.

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Is it safe to get that type of blood?

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There are very specific ways in which blood types must be matched to ensure a safe transfusion!

O

A

B

AB

O

A

B

AB

Donor RecipientClick the image of the ‘blood drop’ on the left to start the animation.


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Activity 2.1: Is it safe - who can really give you blood?

1. In the figure on the previous slide: What do you notice about individuals with Type O blood?

2. What do you notice about individuals with type AB blood? Cont’d

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1. People with Type O blood can give blood to any blood type. They are called Universal Donors.

2. People with Type AB blood can receive any blood type. They are called Universal Recipients. Click here for feedback.


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Activity 2.1: Is it safe - who can really give you blood?

3. Explain the donor-recipient situation with persons with Group A and Group B blood type.

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Group A can receive blood from Groups

O and A

Group A can receive blood from Groups

O and A

Group B can receive blood from Groups

O and B.

Group B can receive blood from Groups

O and B.

Group A can donate red blood cells to Groups A and AB

Group A can donate red blood cells to Groups A and AB

Group B can donate red blood cells to Groups B and AB

Group B can donate red blood cells to Groups B and AB

Click here for feedback.


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Who is a universal recipient?

• “A universal recipient is a person …(who) can receive a blood transfusion, or even a donated organ, from a person with any blood type. To put it another way, the immune system of a (universal recipient ) will accept blood from all possible donors. “ http://surgery.about.com/od/questionsanswers/f/What-Is-A-Universal-Recipient.htm

• “Blood type AB is the universal recipient because individuals who have blood type AB do not have the… anti-A or Anti-B antibodies. They can receive from all types of blood types: A, B, O and AB “: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_is_blood_type_AB_the_universal_recipient#ixzz22EJ46FHT

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Activity 2.2: Donating and receiving blood

Explain why blood from individuals with Blood group O can be given to any recipient.

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There are no antigens on the red blood cells for the recipient’s antibodies to combine with.

Because type O blood has no antigens, it is called the universal donor blood group and if transfused, it will not cause any adverse or haemolytic reactions.



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Symptoms of blood type mis-match

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ACUTE HAEMOLYTIC REACTION


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Blood group testing

• Before any transfusion, a patient’s blood group needs to be determined.

• This can be done by adding pure anti-a and anti-b antibodies to small spots of the patient’s blood.

• The results of these tests allows you to know your blood type.• Watch the video at this link to observe how blood typing can

be done:http://www.healthvideos.eu/5787/Finding_Out_Your_Blood_Type.html

(Finding out your blood type)

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Blood group typing

Blood sample

addanti-A (A antibody)

addanti-b (B antibody)

Bloodgroup

1

2

3

4

KEY: agglutination

no agglutination

Complete column 4 of the table. In Slide Show view, type in your response in the cell of the table.

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A

B

AB

O


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Feedback to Activity - Blood group typing

Blood sample

addanti-A (A antibody)

addanti-b (B antibody)

bloodgroup

1 A

2 B

3 AB

4 O

KEY: agglutination

no agglutination

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The Rhesus (or Rh) factor

• Some individuals have another antigen on their red cells. These people are Rhesus positive (Rh+).

• People who have this antigen have no antibodies in their plasma.

• Individuals who do not have this antigen are Rhesus negative (Rh-).

• Rh- people will form antibodies to the antigen if exposed to it.

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The Rhesus factor

• Rhesus antibodies develop slowly.• After first exposure to the Rhesus antigen, too few are

produced to cause a reaction before red cells are destroyed.• On second exposure to the Rhesus antigen, antibodies already

formed and present will cause haemolysis (bursting) of red cells.

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The Rhesus factor: Transfusions

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Rh+ Rh-

Rh+ x

Rh- x donor

recipient

safe transfusion ()

unsafe transfusion (x)


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The Rhesus factor

• When a Rh+ foetus develops within a Rh- mother, some of the rhesus antigen from the foetus may pass via the placenta into the mother. This usually occurs at delivery.

• The mother then forms rhesus antibodies which stays in her system.

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The Rhesus factor

• If the mother has another Rh+ foetus, the antibodies in her system can diffuse into the blood of the foetus causing agglutination and then haemolysis.

• This condition is called haemolytic disease of the newborn.

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Activity 3.1: Rh factor

Explain why it is not safe to donate B+ blood to an O- recipient.

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• The B antigens in the donors blood will cause the production of anti-B antibody by the recipient. This will lead to agglutination.

• The Rhesus antigens in the donors blood will also cause the recipient to produce Rhesus antibodies which will destroy the donors red blood cells.



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Why Know your Blood Type?

Do you know your blood type? If not you can find out by doing a simple procedure from a health care provider. Click on the link below to see the percentage of individuals in the Jamaican population with your blood type.http://www.nbts.gov.jm/pages.php?id=6

(Distribution of Blood Types in the Jamaican Population )

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Click here for feedback.Click here for feedback.

Can you think of a reason why it is good to know your blood type? Tell your teacher.


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Why Know your Blood Type?

Why do you need to know your blood type?

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• If you lose blood in an accident or by other means (e.g., surgery), it may have to be replaced. If being replaced it has to be with the correct type of blood.

• If two parents have incompatible blood types it could negatively affect the health of a potential child when conceived.

• When donating blood, some types are in more demand and it would be good to know whether it is your type as you could assist greatly in saving another’s life. For example, it is noticed that the stock of two of the blood groups in Jamaica is low.


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QUIZ on “Blood Groups”

Attempt the quiz at this website! http://www.neok12.com/quiz/CIRSYS08(Quiz on Blood Groups)

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CREDITS

• Blood Type. Retrieved July 2012 from > http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type

• What is a universal donor? Retrieved July 2012 from> http://topics.wisegeek.com/topics.htm?o-negative-blood-universal-donor#

• Blood Types. The ABO Blood Group System; Retrieved July 2012 from > http://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/blood-types

• Blood bag. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0086_Blood_Bag.png

• Blood Transfusion http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0087_Blood_Transfusion.png

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integrated science m2 blood groups

Education

blood transfusion blood

rhesus factor abo blood

types of human blood

individuals blood different

membranes of red blood

certain groups

rhesus factor module

rhesus factor objectives