Blood and Lymphatic System

BY : Grace Moreno and Kelsey Bunch

Blood

The Function: to transport respiratory gases, chemical substances, and cells that act to protect the body from foreign substances

Formed Elements

Components that make up the blood

Erythrocytes(red blood cell): transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Thrombocytes(platelet): clots the blood

Leukocytes(white blood cells): defends against pathogens

Formed Elements

The Blood Groups

the differences in human blood is because the presence or absence of antibodies and antigens

A: 41% of the population

B: 10% of the population

AB: 4% of the population

O: 45% of the population

Rh Factor

Determines whether the Blood is positive or negative

85% of the population has the RH factor which makes them positive

15% of the population does not have the RH Factor which makes them negative

Plasma

Fluid part of the blood

circulation medium of blood cells, provides nutrients

removes metabolic waste products

Lymphatic System

Is a vessel system connected to the circulatory system

Returns fluids from tissue spaces to the bloodstream

Structures: lymphatic capillaries, vessels, ducts, and nodes

Functions of the Lymphatic System

Transports proteins and fluids, lost by capillary seepage, back into the bloodstream

Protects the body against pathogens by phagocytosis and immune response

Serves as the pathway for the absorption of fats from the small intestines into the bloodstream

Lymph

Clear, colorless, alkaline fluid

95% waterMade up protein

and plasma

How does this System Work With Other Systems ?

Works closely with the Immune System and Circulatory System

Both the Immune and Lymphatic Systems contain elements to fight off pathogens and antigens to protect the body

Accessory Organs

Spleen: soft, dark red, oval body in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, reservoir for blood

Tonsils: lymphoid masses, located in the face and pharynx, filter bacteria and help make white blood cells

Thymus: located in mediastinal cavity, forms antibodies, develops the immune response in newborn, makes T-Cells

Immune System

Consist of tissues, organs, and physiologic processes

Identifies abnormal cells, foreign substances, and foreign tissue cells that may have been transplanted into the body

Immune Response

Reaction of the body to foreign substances

Can be described as humoral immunity or antibody-mediated immunity and cellular immunity or cell-mediated immunity

Humoral Immunity

Involves the production of plasma lymphocytes (B Cells) in response to antigen exposure and formation of antibodies

Major defense against bacterial infections

Antigen

Substance such as bacteria, toxins, or certain allergens that induces the formation of antibodies

Antibody

Protein substances that are developed in response to a specific antigen

Also referred to as an immunoglobulin

Complex glycoprotein produced by B lymphocytes

Neutralize or destroy antigens

Cellular immunity or Cell-mediated immunity

Involves the production of lymphocytes (T cells)

Responds to injury and natural killer cells that attack other foreign/infected cells

Major defense against infections caused by viruses, fungi, and a few bacteria

Four Phases of Immune Response

1. Recognizes the foreign substance or the invader (enemy)

2. Body’s defenses are activated: body produces more white blood cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, B cells, and T cells

3. The attack phase where the preceding defenders of the body produce antibodies and seek out/kill foreign invader (phagocytosis)

4. Slowdown phase, number of defenders returns to normal

T and B cells

T Cell of the Helper type: identify the enemy and rush to the spleen and lymph nodes to make more cells to fight off the foreign substance

T Cell of the Natural Killer (NK) Type: large granular lymphocytes that specialize in killing/fighting infected cells

B Cell: reside in the spleen or lymph nodes and produce antibodies for specific antigens

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Aids)

Caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Final stage of HIV disease

Low T-Cell count

Symptoms can include headache, chronic cough, diarrhea, swollen glands, lack of energy etc.

Anyone can get HIV and Aids regardless of age

Treatment with antiviral therapy

Allergic Rhinitis

Collection of symptoms that typically occur in the nose and eyes

Typically occurs after exposure to airborne particles of dust, dander, or pollen

Commonly known as hay fever

Allergy testing can reveal specific allergens that a person is reacting to

Goal of treatment is to reduce inflammation

Treatment includes allergy shots

Allergic Rhinitis

Anaphylaxis

Sudden type of allergic reaction (within seconds or minutes) which affects the whole body

Response to a substance that a person has become very sensitive to

During reaction the body releases histamine and other substances

Symptoms include inflammation, difficulty breathing, abdominal pain, cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, and shock

Can occur in response to any allergen

Requires immediate treatment

Treatment includes CPR and Epi Pens

Anemia

Reduction in the number of circulating blood cells such as hemoglobin and red blood cells

Symptoms are due to tissue hypoxia or lack of oxygen

Symptoms include pallor, fatigue, dizziness, headaches etc.

One type is Iron deficiency anemia which causes hemorrhaging

Hemorrhaging is the loss of blood

Treatment according to the type of anemia can include supplemental iron, B12 injections, folic acid supplementation, blood transfusions etc.

Anemia

o Healthy blood Cells

o Iron deficient anemia blood cells

Leukemia

Any group of diseases of the blood involving uncontrolled increase of white blood cells

Common types include chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

CLL is a cancer of white blood cells characterized by a slow increase of white blood cells in the blood and bone marrow

CLL occurs in about 2 per 100,000 people

ALL is a cancer of the lymph cells characterized by large numbers of white blood cells

ALL causes blood cell to loose its ability to mature and specialize

ALL is responsible 80% of child leukemia, 20% of adult leukemia

What Leukemia Looks Like in the Bloodstream

Bibliography

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