biology y11 paper 2 - lord williams's school
TRANSCRIPT
9-1 GCSE Combined ScienceKnowledge Organiser
Biology Y11 paper 2Topic 5-Homeostasis and Response pg 106-122
Topic 6 -Inheritance and evolution pg 125-154
Topic 7 – Ecology pg 155-176
Can you explain what negative feedback is?(pg 106)
(Pg 106)
Explain what homeostasis is maintaining?
Name 2 automatic control systems in your body that regulate your internal environment?
What do these 2 systems maintain (try and keep the same)?
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 5-homeostasis and response
Receptors and Effectors (pg 107)
1. What do receptors do?
2. Name at least 2 receptors?
3. Name the organs the receptors belong too?
4. Name 2 effectors?
The nervous system (p107)Draw a human body and label the different parts of
the nervous system.
Describe briefly what each part does?
GCSE Biology Revision –Topic 5-homeostasis and response
Looking at the diagram above can you give an example of a stimulus leading to a response? (pg108)
Draw and explain what a synapse is? (pg 108)
WHAT IS A REFLEX? (pg109)
Give an example of a reflex?
What is the passage of information in a reflex called?
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 5-homeostasis and response
Label the diagram above-the green parts are the
different neurones. (pg109)
Bullet point below what
happens when our receptors
in our skin feel the stimulus
of a bee sting? (pg109)
The Endocrine system (pg 112 and 113)
1. What are hormones?
2. How are they carried around the body?
3. Where are they produced?
4. Complete the table opposite.
5. List 3 differences between hormones and Nerves?
6. How can you tell that a hormonal response lasts for a longer time than the nervous response?
7. Why does the nervous response need to be quick?
1. How can you measure how long it takes to respond to stimuli? (page 110)
2. Why is a computer better at measuring this?
GCSE Biology Revision –Topic 5-homeostasis and response
Gland Location Function
(Pg 114)
What 2 hormones control Blood sugar levels?
How does glucose get into our blood from the gut?
Where does glucose get stored?
Is glucose stored as glucose?
What organ monitors and controls the level of glucose?
What is this cycle called?
Explain, with drawings what happens when Glucoses levels are too high and too low….
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 5-homeostasis and response
Too High
Too Low
Diabetes (pg115)
What is diabetes?
In the table below, write down 5 facts about each type of diabetes…
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 5-homeostasis and response
Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 diabetes
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 5-homeostasis and response
The Menstrual Cycle (pg 117-118)
Explain using bullet points, what happens between
day 1 and 28?
What happens after day 28?
Hormones… (pg 117-118)
1. What is the main reproductive hormone in men?
2. What is this hormones job?
3. List the 4 hormones that control the menstrual cycle
in women and explain what their role is…(use
table below)
Hormone… It’s role…
GCSE Biology Revision –Topic 5-homeostasis and response
Controlling fertility…(pg 119)How can Oestrogen and progesterone help in
reducing fertility.. (hint they are used in the pill)
What are the following?
•The contraceptive patch?
•The contraceptive implant
•The contraceptive injection?
•The intrauterine device?
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 5-homeostasis and response
Controlling fertility (pg120)
Barriers….explain what the barrier
method is and give 3 examples?
Sterilisation…. What does this
involve?
Natural method….What does this
method mean, and why might it not be
effective?
Abstinence…How does this method
work?
Increasing Fertility (pg 120)
1. How can the hormones
FSH and LH increase
fertility?
2. What are the pros for this?
3. What are the cons for this?
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 5-homeostasis and response
Controlling fertility (pg121)
Write down the 6 steps involved in
IVF?
Fertility (pg 121)
1. List at least 3 downsides
to IVF?
2. How have advances in
technology improved IVF?
3. Why would some people
be against IVF?
STEPS
1
2
3
4
5
6
Thyroxine (pg 122)
1. Where is Thyroxine released from?
2. What does it regulate?
3. What is it released in response to?
4. Explain using this hormone what a
negative feedback system is?
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 5-homeostasis and response
ADRENALINE (pg 122)
1. Where is adrenaline
released from?
2. Why is it released?
3. What does it get the
body ready for?
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 6 Inheritance – DNA= reproduction (pg 125-127)
Genomes (pg 126)
A genome is…
State three important uses of determining the sequence of the human genome
• 1
• 2
• 3
Genes code for p______.
Proteins are made up of a sequence of a_______ a______. The gene determines the s_______ of these amino acids. Each three b_____ of DNA codes for ___ amino acid.
Label the diagram: (pg 25)
A gene is a section of D____. It controls a c____________ of
your body. You have ___ chromosomes in the n______ of your
b_______ cells. Arranged in _____ pairs. One of each pair is
inherited from your m________ and one from your f_________.
Your sex cells or g_________ only have _____ chromosomes.
Pg 126
In sexual reproduction there is…
Asexual reproduction involves…
Pg 127
Sex chromosomes pg 129-130
There are ____ pairs of chromosomes in every cell. We get one set from…..
and the second set from….
22 pairs are…
The 23rd pair are called ____ chromosomes
_ _ = a boy and _ _ = a girl
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 6– Inheritance- Meiosis and X/Y chromosomes pg 128-130
Complete the genetic cross diagram to show how sex is determined
Meiosis – number the diagrams and explain what is happening at each stage (pg 128)
Key Word Definition
Cell division that produces identical cells – for growth, repair and asexual reproduction
A sex cell containing HALF the number of chromosomes
Cell division that produces GAMETES
A process where GAMETES fuse to form a ZYGOTE
A fertilised egg cell
Zygote, fertilisation, gamete, meiosis, mitosis
Unicorn Genetics: H= horse (dominant) h= unicorn (recessive)
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 6– Inheritance – genetic Crosses (pg 132-135)
Q1) Complete the genetic cross diagram to show how two heterozygous horses can have a unicorn foal
Genotype = HH (_______ zygous _________)
Phenotype= horse
Genotype = __ __ (homozygous ___________)
Phenotype= unicorn
Genotype = __ __ (heterozygous)
Phenotype = ________
Hh
Word Definition (pg 132)
Homozygous An allele that has to be inherited from both parents to
lead to the development of a particular characteristic
Heterozygous An individual who has the same alleles in a pair
controlling a particular characteristic (e.g. BB or bb)
Allele The genes possessed by an individual (e.g. BB, Bb or
bb)
Genotype Different forms of a gene
Phenotype An alleles that only has to be inherited from one parent
to lead to the development of a particular characteristic
Dominant The characteristic that results from the genes inherited
(e.g. brown eyes or blue eyes)
Recessive An individual who has different alleles in a pair
controlling a particular characteristic (e.g. Bb)
__ __
H
__ ____ ____ __ __ __
Q2) Draw a punnet square to show how a horse and a unicorn can have unicorn offspring. What are the ratios?
A) The ratio is…
__ __ hh
Hh -unicorn
H
h
Identify the phenotype (horse/unicorn) and state the ratios
Q3) If you had a horse,
how could you work out
whether it was
homozygous dominant
(HH) or heterozygous?
(Hh)
A) By breeding it with a
unicorn you would find
out:
i) if the offspring were…
the horse would be…
ii) If the offspring were
…
the horse would be…
Cystic Fibrosis pg 136
Describe how the disease affects the body
The cystic fibrosis allele is (dominant/recessive)which means that…
Draw a genetic cross to show how two carrier parents can have a child with CF
Polydactyly pg 136
Describe how the disease affects the body
The polydactyly allele is ____________ which means that….
Draw a genetic cross to show how a dad with 6 fingers and a mum with 5 fingers can have a mixture of children, some with and some without polydactyly
Complete the family tree above using this information
Jane’s dad is called Nic
Peter’s daughter is called Liz
Jon has PKU
Jane’s sons are called Paul and Phil
Paul’s grandma is called Rebecca
Liz’s cousin is called Claire
Q1) Is PKU caused by a dominant or recessive allele?
Q2) How can you tell?
Q3) Name the three people with PKU
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 6– Inheritance- Genetic Diagrams and disorders pg 135-137
Genetic screening is (pg 137)…
Screening can be performed before pregnancy by…
A disadvantage of this is…
Screening can occur during pregnancy by…
A disadvantage of this is…
Reasons for genetic screening are…
Reasons against genetic screening are…
Explain the following terms:
Genotype
Allele
Phenotype
Gene
Explain why not all members of the same species are identical
Explain how mutations affect phenotype (pg 141)
Selective Breeding (pg 145)Explain how you would go about selectively breeding sheep that had long/thick wool
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 6– Variation (pg 140-141) and selective breeding (pg 145)
Genetic EnvironmentBody mass
Ability to roll tongue
Blood group
Number of fingers
Favourite pizzatopping
Hair colour
Cause of variation (pg 140) Provide other examples of
Variation due to genetics:
Variation due to the
environment
Variation due to both
genes and the
environment Gene Pool (pg 145)What is meant by a gene pool?
What is the problem of selective breeding?
Natural selection pg 142 Explain how antibiotic resistance occurs (pg 150)
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 6– Evolution (pg 142) and antibiotic resistance (pg 150)
Darwin’s theory pg 142)
Explain why Darwin’s theory wasn’t accepted at first
What evidence has now come to light to support his theory?
• 1)
• 2)
• 3)
Stage Explanation Example (match to the
stage)1) Variation The short rooted cacti can’t get
enough water and so die
2) Survival of the
fittest
Some cacti have long roots
and some have short roots
3) Passing on
successful alleles
Over time, all the cacti have
long roots
4) Death The long rooted cacti survive
in the desert
5) Useful features
become more
frequent
The cacti flower and make
seeds
List factors that encourage the problem of antibiotic resistance
How is antibiotic resistance evidence for natural selection?
Controversies of growing GM crops (pg 147)
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 6– Genetic engineering (pg 146-147)
Genetically engineered human insulin pg 146
Word Match the explanation (pg 146)
Gene therapy These are used like small pairs of scissors to cut DNA
Plasmid Small micro-organisms that are easily genetically
modified
Enzymes A protein hormone that lowers blood sugar; one of the
first examples of genetic modification
Genetic
modification
A circular loop of DNA found in bacteria that can act as
a vector
Bacteria A process of transferring genes from one organism to
another
Insulin Curing a genetic disease by inserting healthy genes
into patients
Provide two other examples of GM-
Advantage DisadvantageModifying crops to be resistant to weed killers/insecticides could reduce biodiversityGM crops might cause health concerns
GM crops have a higher yield (can feed more people for the same amount of land)Transplanted genes could spread in the natural environmentCrops could be engineered to be more nutritious
Evaluation Overall I think that developing GM crops is a _______ idea
Because…
Sequence the following steps to explain how GM human insulin is made
The bacteria can now make GM human insulin
The insulin gene is cut out from human DNA using the same
enzyme
A plasmid is obtained from bacteria and cut open with an enzyme
The engineered plasmid is inserted into a target cell (bacterium)
The human insulin gene is stuck into the plasmid
What is a fossil? Pg 149
Explain how fossils can be formed
Hard parts
No decay
Traces
Replacement
What is extinction? Pg
143
Why is the fossil record not
complete?Organism dies and falls to the ground
Extinction caused by
environmental changes
Extinction caused by living organisms:
•New predators:
•New diseases
Successful competition:
What is mass extinction:
Dinosaurs extinction theories:
Sexual reproduction and mutation
Population with a wide range of alleles
As a result the features of the isolated population will slowly change
Natural selection
Geographical isolation
Speciation
SPECIATION
Geographical isolation:
Endemic:
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 6– Fossils speciation and extinction (pg 143, 149)
Pg 143
Linnaean system (pg 151)
Keep - Kingdom
Ponds – P______
Clean- C_____
Or – O______
Frogs- F______
Get – G______
Sick- S_______
Who was Carl Linnaeus?
How many kingdoms can you list?
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 6– Classification (pg 151-152)
Binomial system (pg 152)
This is an (Italian/International/English) method of
naming organisms
It is called binomial because all the names have
(one/two/three) parts
The first part is the g________ (written with a
______ letter) and the second part is the
s_______ (written in ____________)
The words need to be either written in i________
or u___________
Humans are known as _________ ____________
Three domain system (pg 151)
Who came up with this?
When?
Why?
What are the three domains?
• 1
• 2
• 3
1) Birds are most closely related to
_________
2) The cat and the human are both
m_________
3) Add where the last common
ancestor of birds and cats existed
4) Amphibia (frogs) are most closely
related to __________
5) Place in order sequence of
common ancestors: birds with
Fish ___, reptiles____, frogs____,
cats ____
Evolutionary Trees – pg 152
Key words- mix and match (pg 155)
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 7 Ecology- competition, biotic and abiotic factors (pg 155-157)
Biotic factors (pg 156)
Biotic factors are…
List four examples and explain how they affect the number of organisms within an ecosystem
1)
2)
3)
4)
Abiotic Factors (pg 156) Abiotic factors are…
Name four things that plants compete for
1) 2) 3) 4)
Name four things that animals compete for
1) 2) 3) 4)
Explain the term interdependence and give an example
Word Definition Example
Habitat All of the organisms of different populations that live within a habitat
All of the daisies within the meadow
Population Where an organism lives Whether there are rabbits eating the plants, fungal diseases
Ecosystem A non-biological (non-living) factor that determines the survival of an organism
A meadow
Community The total number of organisms of a particular species in a particular habitat
The amount of sunlight, rain, the minerals in the soil
Biotic A biological factor that determines the survival of anorganism
All of the daisies, the buttercups, the grass, the plantain and the clover
Abiotic All of the living organisms and how they interact with the abiotic factors within their environment
All of the different plants, the soil, the animals, the water, the stones
Abiotic factor Explanation
Moisture level In the desert, an increase in precipitation will lead to more plant growth
t
C_________d_________ level
Soil _________________________
O__________level
L__________i___________
Wind __________
Define the term adaptation and state three ways that organisms can be adapted
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 7 Ecology- adaptations and food chains (pg 158-159)
Arguments against the use of stem cells
Draw a predator:prey cycle – annotate it
Food chains, webs and interdependence (pg 155+159
1) Name the producers
2) Name an omnivore
3) Name a primary consumer
4) What “trophic level” do foxes occupy
5) If the mice died out due to disease – what would happen to the number of grasshoppers? Why?
6) What do the arrows represent?
Label the adaptations of the elephant
Label the adaptations of the cactus
Extremophiles are…
Water cycle
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 7 Ecology- Field work and Water/Carbon Cycles pg 161-164
Carbon Cycle
What is an organ system?
The digestive system’s function is
Label the diagram> For each organ describe the function it performs
Explain the term transpiration
How are we making increase demands on our environment? Pg 168
Summarise the waste (pg 168):
a) In water
b) On land
c) In the air
What is biodiversity?
Why is it important?
Why is it under threat?
Sketch the population growth over the last 1000 years
Why has this happened?
GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 7 Ecology- Biodiversity and Waste management (pg 167-174)
Forests and peat bogs (pg 171-172)
1) Why are these known as “carbon sinks”
2) Describe how peat bogs are formed
3) Why does farming and land use threaten peat bogs?
4) How does this contribute to the greenhouse effect?
5) What is deforestation and why does it happen?
6) What are three of the problems of deforestation?
Draw a diagram to explain about the greenhouse effect (pg 169)
State four consequences of global warming (pg 170)1)
2)
3)
4)
Maintaining ecosystems and biodiversity (pg 173-174)
Describe four programmes that protect ecosystems and biodiversity
1)
2)
3)
4)
Describe the 4 conflicting pressures
1)
2)
3)
4)