BIOLOGY EOCT REVIEW

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF CELLS?Eukaryotic cells

•true nucleus and organelles•plants, animals, protists, and fungi are eukaryotes

Prokaryotic cells •lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

•bacteria

WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF CELLS?• Cell membrane -passage of materials

into and out of the cell• Nucleus - controls cell functions; DNA

• Nucleolus – produces ribosomes• Mitochondria- cell energy • Ribosome- protein synthesis• Vacuole- cell storage• Lysosome- cell digestion

WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF CELLS? (CONTINUED)

• Endoplasmic reticulum- chemical synthesis

• Golgi apparatus- packages proteins for secretion

• Cell wall (plants )- rigid outer wall• Chloroplasts (plants only)-

photosynthesis• Centrioles (animals only) - cell

division • Cilia – short hair like structures• Flagella – long whip like tails

THE CELL - ANIMAL

THE CELL - PLANT

WHAT IS THE CELL THEORY?• All organisms are made up of one or more cells.

• The cell is the basic unit of organization of all organisms.

• All cells come from other cells all ready in existence.

HOW ARE CELLS ORGANIZED?• Cell

• Tissue – functioning group of cells

• Organ – functioning group of tissues

• Organ System – functioning group of organs

• Organism – functioning group of organ systems

WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS?•Homeostasis

• Steady State• Self-adjusting mechanism that helps to maintain your

internal environment

HOW DO CELLS TRANSPORT MATERIALS?

• Diffusion- movement of materials form a higher concentration to a lower concentration• Hypertonic• Hypotonic• Isotonic

• Osmosis- diffusion of water through a Membrane

HOW DO CELLS TRANSPORT MATERIALS?

• Passive transport is the movement of materials without energy• Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated

diffusion

• Active Transport requires energy • Pumps, exocytosis,

endocytosis

WHAT ARE THE CHEMICALS OF LIFE?

ElementsElements Building Building BlocksBlocks

UsesUses

CarbohydratCarbohydratesesEx-sugar,starchEx-sugar,starch

C,H,OC,H,O Mono-Mono-saccharidesaccharidess

EnergyEnergy

LipidsLipidsEx-butter, oilEx-butter, oil

C,H,OC,H,O Fatty Acids Fatty Acids & glycerol& glycerol

EnergyEnergy

ProteinsProteinsEx-meat, Ex-meat, cheesecheese

C,H,O,N,SC,H,O,N,S Amino Amino AcidsAcids

Structure, Structure, growth & growth & repairrepair

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Ex-DNA,RNAEx-DNA,RNAC,H,O,N,PC,H,O,N,P NucleotideNucleotide

ssGenetic Genetic InformatioInformationn

WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS?

•6 CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

•Occurs in chloroplasts•Two parts:•Light reaction•Calvin cycle (dark reaction)

WHERE DOES A CELL GET ENERGY? •Cellular

respiration, glucose is broken down to a form the cell can use.•Energy is stored in an ATP molecule (adenosine triphosphate) .

WHAT IS RESPIRATION?

•The process of breaking down food molecules to release energy•Occurs in the mitochondria•Two types:•Aerobic – requires oxygen•Anaerobic – occurs without oxygen

• C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION

• Inseparable cycles

HOW DO CELLS DIVIDE?

The Cell Cycle

Interphase

Mitosis PMAT

Cytokinesis

Somatic Cells

HOW DO CELLS DIVIDE?

ReproductiveCells

ASEXUAL VS. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Asexual• Diploid cells produced

by mitosis, binary fission

• Identical copy produced

Sexual•Gametes, haploid cells, produced by meiosis•Gametes combine during fertilization to produce diploid cell•First diploid cell known as a zygote•Zygote grows into an embryo through mitosis•Infinite possibilities

WHAT IS DNA?• DNA - blueprint for life

• Double helix

• Nucleotides are the building blocks

• Contains a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and

• 4 bases:

• Adenine - Thymine• Cytosine – Guanine

• Copies itself by Replication

HOW ARE DNA & RNA DIFFERENT?

DNA •Deoxyribose • Thymine•Double stranded• Found only in nucleus

RNA• Ribose•Uracil • Single stranded

HOW DOES DNA CONTROL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS?

•Transcription•mRNA copies the message from DNA in the nucleus

•Translation• Forms a protein by translating the message on RNA into an amino acid sequence

HEREDITY AND GENETICS•A TRAIT is each variant for a characteristic. For example, a

flower’s color may be red of white (trait).

•An ALLELE is an alternative version of a gene.

•Two alleles that are the same are said to be HOMOZYGOUS.

•Two alleles that are different are said to be HETEROZYGOUS.

•A DOMINANT allele is represented by a capital letter (ex. D). A dominant allele always makes its presence known in a phenotype

•A RECESSIVE allele is represented by a lower case letter (ex. d). In a heterozygote, it is usually masked by a dominant allele, and only is expressed if both alleles are recessive (ex. dd).

•PHENOTYPE is the way an organism looks.

•GENOTYPE is the genetic makeup of an organism.

HEREDITY AND GENETICS• A Punnett square is used to predict what will happen

when a male and a female reproduce.

MENDEL’S LAWS

• Principle of Dominance – some forms of a gene or trait are dominant over the others

• Principle of Segregation – when forming sex cells the paired alleles separate so that each egg or sperm carries only on form of the allele

• Principle of Independent Assortment – each pair of alleles segregates independently during the formation of the egg or sperm

HOW DO MUTATIONS OCCUR?

• Gene mutations – affect individual genes• Substitution GAU instead of GAA – calls for a

different amino acid• Frameshift – entire line gets shifted – calls for

different amino acid chain

• Chromosomal mutations – affect entire chromosome• Duplication – extra chromosome• Deletion – missing chromosome• Inversion – chromosome reattaches backwards• Translocation – segment of chromosome attached to

another pair

DNA IN FORENSICS, MEDICINE, AND AGRICULTURE

• Forensics - DNA sequence of every person is unique and can be used for identification• Medicine-Diagnosis of genetic diseases and the development of cures and gene therapy• Agriculture-Using genetic technology, plants are mutated to improve disease resistance and crop output

EVOLUTION – DARWIN’S THEORY• Natural selection - how species evolve by adapting to

their environment also known as survival of the fittest

• Evidence• Fossil record• Antibiotic resistance• Adaptations• Vestigial organs• Homologous structures• Embryonic development• Genetic makeup

TAXONOMY•Taxonomy – classification of organisms based on structure, behavior, development, genetic make-up•Evolutionary theory is the basis for taxonomy•Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species•Aristotle first classified plants and animals•Carolus Linnaeus developed basis of system used today

THE EVOLUTION OF THE SIX KINGDOMS

• Eubacteria – the earliest

• Archaebacteria – closest to eukaryotes

• Protista – most diverse, all other eukaryotes evolved from protista

• Fungi – decomposers

• Plantae – producers

• Animalia – Invertebrates & Vertebrates

THE SIX KINGDOMS

ECOLOGY

Individual

Population

Ecosystem

WHAT ARE THE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF

ECOLOGY?Population – group of a single species living in the same place

Communities - group of interacting populations

Ecosystem – the community and its environment

Biome – group of ecosystems with the same communities

Biosphere – the circle of life

WHAT DETERMINES A TERRESTRIAL BIOME?• Climate – temperature and rainfall

• 6 major biomes• Tundra• Coniferous Forest• Deciduous Forest• Grasslands• Desert• Tropical Rainforest

WHAT DETERMINES AN AQUATIC BIOME?

• Amount of light, oxygen and salinity• Lakes• Ponds• Wetlands

• Marshes• Swamps• Estuaries

• Coral Reefs• Deep Ocean

HOW DOES MATTER & ENERGY FLOW IN AN

ECOSYSTEM?•Food Chains – one path of energy flow •Food Webs – complex model that expresses all the possible feeding relationships in a community

WHAT DOES AN ORGANISM NEED TO

SURVIVE?• Food

• Space

• Water

• Air

• Shelter

WHAT ARE THE TROPHIC LEVELS?

PYRAMID OF ENERGY, NUMBERS, OR BIOMASS

Saprovores

Saprovoresor Carnivores

Carnivores

Carnivores

Herbivoresor omnivores

Herbivores

WHAT ARE THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN

ORGANISMS? •Predation + - Predator kills the prey for food•Competition - - both compete for same resources•Parasitism + - parasite lives in or on host•Mutualism + + symbiotic relationship in which both benefits•Commensalism + 0 symbiotic relationship in which one benefits and the other is not harmed