kingdom protista. protists eukaryotic cells having a discrete membrane-bound nucleus (see page 420)...
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KINGDOM PROTISTAKINGDOM PROTISTA
PROTISTSPROTISTS
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells having a discrete having a discrete membrane-bound nucleus (see Page membrane-bound nucleus (see Page 420)420)
Contain Contain organellesorganelles (ribosomes, (ribosomes, mitochondria, & lysosomes)mitochondria, & lysosomes)
Most are unicellular and found in fresh Most are unicellular and found in fresh or salt water.or salt water.
Incredible biodiversity…occupying Incredible biodiversity…occupying almost every niche and habitat.almost every niche and habitat.
Three Distinct GroupsThree Distinct Groups1. Plant-like Protists1. Plant-like Protists
2. Animal-like Protists2. Animal-like Protists
3. Fungi-like Protists3. Fungi-like Protists
Plant-like ProtistsPlant-like Protists
– Organisms contain Organisms contain chlorophyll chlorophyll (autotrophs)(autotrophs)
– Can also absorb Can also absorb nutrients during nutrients during dark times dark times (heterotrophs)(heterotrophs)
– Most plantlike Most plantlike protists reproduce protists reproduce asexuallyasexually by by MITOSIS.MITOSIS.
EUGLENA
Animal-like ProtistsAnimal-like Protists Heterotrophs (engulf Heterotrophs (engulf
or absorb food)or absorb food) Reproduce Reproduce asexuallyasexually
by by BINARY FISSIONBINARY FISSION or or sexuallysexually by by CONJUGATIONCONJUGATION
Occupy a diverse Occupy a diverse range of moist range of moist habitats.habitats.
Locomotion: cilia or Locomotion: cilia or flagellaflagella
Sporozoans and Sporozoans and Malaria (see Malaria (see handout)handout)
Amoeba – Feeds by Phagocytosis
The Malarial Parasite's Life The Malarial Parasite's Life Cycle Cycle Plasmodium
The Malarial Parasite's Life The Malarial Parasite's Life CycleCycle
The Malarial Parasite's Life The Malarial Parasite's Life CycleCycle
Fungi-like ProtistsFungi-like Protists
Also referred to as Also referred to as Slime MouldsSlime Moulds
Prefer cool, shady, Prefer cool, shady, moist places and are moist places and are usually found under usually found under fallen leaves or on fallen leaves or on rotting logs.rotting logs.
Most fungi-like protists Most fungi-like protists reproduce sexually reproduce sexually through through meiosis meiosis and and SPORE FORMATIONSPORE FORMATION
The Importance of ProtistsThe Importance of Protists
Provide the critical Provide the critical base to most food base to most food webs.webs.
ZooplanktonZooplankton; ; animal-like protists.animal-like protists.
PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton; ; plant-like protists.plant-like protists.
Eg. Algae - 80% of Eg. Algae - 80% of world’s oxygenworld’s oxygen
KINGDOM FUNGIKINGDOM FUNGI
Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi Common Examples: Common Examples:
Moulds, yeasts and Moulds, yeasts and mushrooms.mushrooms.
HeterotrophicHeterotrophic Saprobes – absorb their Saprobes – absorb their
food from decaying matterfood from decaying matter Bodies of most fungi Bodies of most fungi
consist of hyphae – consist of hyphae – threadlike filaments threadlike filaments (attached to a substrate)(attached to a substrate)
Fungi have cell walls made Fungi have cell walls made of chitinof chitin
Hyphae branch, forming a Hyphae branch, forming a tangled mass called tangled mass called myceliummycelium
Fungi ReproductionFungi Reproduction
Asexually: Asexually: Fragmentation and Fragmentation and BuddingBudding
Sexually: Spores. Sexually: Spores. Often the only Often the only
visible portion of visible portion of the fungi are its the fungi are its reproductive reproductive structures. (see structures. (see spore diagram)spore diagram)
SPORES
ReproductionReproduction
BUDDING
YUMMY!!
One Deadly ‘Shroom!One Deadly ‘Shroom! Amanita phalloidesAmanita phalloides
is the most is the most poisionous of all poisionous of all mushrooms. mushrooms.
Other mushrooms Other mushrooms have hallucinogenic have hallucinogenic properties (such as properties (such as the drug psilocybin) the drug psilocybin) important in native important in native religious rituals in religious rituals in Central and South Central and South America. America.
KINGDOM PLANTAEKINGDOM PLANTAE
Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae
CharacteristicsCharacteristics:: Lack mobilityLack mobility Eukaryotic, multi-cellular, have tissuesEukaryotic, multi-cellular, have tissues PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Cell walls contain celluloseCell walls contain cellulose May or may not have vascular tissue: May or may not have vascular tissue:
tissue that conducts/transports water and tissue that conducts/transports water and nutrients (xylem and phloem)nutrients (xylem and phloem)
Plants originated in water and since have Plants originated in water and since have been evolving for life on landbeen evolving for life on land
Plant KingdomPlant Kingdom
Non-vascular plantsNon-vascular plants Vascular plantsVascular plants
Seedless plants Seedless plants Seed plants Seed plants
““naked” seedsnaked” seeds enclosed seeds enclosed seeds (gymnosperms) (gymnosperms) (angiosperms)(angiosperms)
Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction
MITOSISMITOSIS Runners, cuttings, grafting etc.Runners, cuttings, grafting etc.
Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction ~Alternation of Generations~~Alternation of Generations~
Gametophyte generationGametophyte generation
Haploid = 1 Set Haploid = 1 Set (gamete)(gamete)
Sporophyte generationSporophyte generation
Diploid = 2 sets of chromosomesDiploid = 2 sets of chromosomes
See Page 435
Similarities and Differences Similarities and Differences Between Plants and FungiBetween Plants and Fungi
Similarities:Similarities: Cells are eukaryoticCells are eukaryotic Numerous OrganellesNumerous Organelles Have cell wallsHave cell walls Most anchored in soil or other Most anchored in soil or other substratesubstrate Reproduction can be asexual, sexual, or bothReproduction can be asexual, sexual, or both StationaryStationary
Differences:Differences: PLANTSPLANTS FUNGI FUNGI
Most are autotrophs Are HeterotrophsMost are autotrophs Are HeterotrophsStarch is the main storage Have few or no storage Starch is the main storage Have few or no storage moleculesmoleculesMost have roots Have no rootsMost have roots Have no rootsHave cellulose in cell walls Often have Have cellulose in cell walls Often have chitinchitin in cell in cell wallswallsSome reproduce by seed None reproduce by seedSome reproduce by seed None reproduce by seed
KINGDOM ANIMALIAKINGDOM ANIMALIA
Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia
Cell membraneCell membrane HeterotrophicHeterotrophic Must Must coordinatecoordinate
their activitiestheir activities– Avoid predatorsAvoid predators– GrowGrow– ReproduceReproduce
Bilateral and Radial Bilateral and Radial SymmetrySymmetry
– Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry: if one half of a shape is the : if one half of a shape is the mirror image of the other half. Eg. Humansmirror image of the other half. Eg. Humans
– Radial symmetryRadial symmetry: if shape of one part is : if shape of one part is repeated a number of times about a central repeated a number of times about a central axis. Eg. Starfishaxis. Eg. Starfish
InvertebratesInvertebrates Zoology: study of Zoology: study of
animal lifeanimal life MulticellularMulticellular Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Heterotrophs that do Heterotrophs that do
not have a notochord not have a notochord (skeletal rod of (skeletal rod of connective tissue that connective tissue that runs lengthwise along runs lengthwise along dorsal surface and dorsal surface and beneath nerve cord). beneath nerve cord).
No backbone.No backbone.
Worm – Like AnimalsWorm – Like Animals
Eg. TapewormsEg. Tapeworms
ArthropodsArthropods
Jointed Jointed appendagesappendages
Chitin exteriorChitin exterior Spiders, insects, Spiders, insects,
crustaceanscrustaceans
Vertebrates – Internal SkeletonVertebrates – Internal Skeleton
MulticellularMulticellular EukaryoticEukaryotic Heterotrophs that Heterotrophs that
have a notochord at have a notochord at some stage in their some stage in their life. life.
Backbone.Backbone. Amphibians, Amphibians,
Reptiles, Mammals, Reptiles, Mammals, Fish, Birds. Fish, Birds.
Animal Reproduction Animal Reproduction StationsStations
Go from station to station and Go from station to station and examine the various specimens.examine the various specimens.
Use your text to fill out the Use your text to fill out the worksheet!worksheet!
Phylum CnidariaPhylum Cnidaria
Jellyfish Sting!!!
JellyfishJellyfish
Sea AnemonesSea Anemones
Coral ReefsCoral Reefs