EOCT REVIEW!!!

Powhatan in Virginia

Many die from European diseases

Different views on land ownership

Get along better with French in Canada

Puritans seeking religious freedom

Write the Mayflower Compact – 1st written government

Intolerant of others

Settled by Dutch & Germans

Quakers in PA & Huguenots & Jews in NY

Religious toleration & middle class

Good relations with Indians

Jamestown – 1st permanent English colony

Established by the Virginia Company

Settled by English cavaliers looking to make money

Strong ties to England

Evangelical Revival across the colonies in 1700’s

Jonathan Edwards – famous preacher

Methodists and Baptists and challenge order.

Lays social foundations for the American Revolution

Middle Passage to America

Tobacco/cotton are labor intensive crops on plantations

Replace Indentured Servants as labor force

Direct democracy withTown hall meetings

Democratic principals

House of Burgesses – elected assembly

John Locke

“Natural rights of Life, liberty, and property can not be taken away. Power comes from the consent of the governed – a social contract.” – English philosopher who most influenced Founders.

Thomas Paine – author of Common Sense pamphlet

Encourages Revolution

Proclamation of 1763 – bans settlement west of Appalachian Mnts.

Stamp Act – tax on paper used to pay costs of French & Indian War

Boston Tea Party & Boston Massacre

1st Continental Congress – all colonies except Georgia act together for 1st time

Written by Thomas Jefferson

Uses ideas of Locke & Paine

List of grievances against the king

“We hold these truths to be selfevident, that all men are created equal”

Equal voting rights to women & African-Americans

Liberty – eventually abolishing slavery, civil rights

Regulating free enterprise, economics

Ben Franklin – secures alliance with France

George Washington leadership

keeps the army

together

Sam Adams Leads the minutemen who fight Brits at Lexington & Concord

Patrick Henry “Give me liberty or give death”

Want independenceProvide troops

Tories loyal England, economic & cultural ties

Many stay uninvolved as possible

Alliance with France

War was unpopular in England

Washington avoids major defeats

French navy’s help at Yorktown ends the war in victory

Weak national government

no power to tax

Common currency

Executive or judicial branch

1 vote regardless of size

President

George Mason’s human rights for Virginia

Thomas Jefferson outlaws established church

George Washington – chairman

James Madison – Father of the Constitution, wrote The Virginia Plan

Big states vs. smalls states

Slaves counting toward population

3 Branches of Government

2 House Legislature (Senate & House)

3/5 Compromise on slavery

Strong National government

Promote economic development

See government’s role in solving national problems

Madison & Washington

Fear an overly powerful government

Want states to have more power

Wanted a Bill of Rights to protect people

Leads to today’s conservatives of free market & no interference

Patrick Henry & George Mason

1st Ten Amendments to the Constitution

Written by James Madison

Freedom of speech, religion, right to bear arms

3 Branches of Government

2 House Legislature (Senate & House)

3/5 Compromise on slavery

FederalistsAlexander Hamilton

John Adams

Democratic -Republicans

Jefferson, farmers

Thomas Jefferson

Wins election of 1800 – 1st time power transferred peacefully

Buys Louisiana Purchase from France

Has Lewis & Clark (and Sacajawea) explore it

Marbury v MadisonCreates judicial review

McCulloch v. MarylandEstablishes implied powers of Constitution

Gibbons v. OgdenGov can regulates commerce

John AdamsSupported by Northeast & Business

Supports Bank of US

Undeclared war on France

James Monroe

Issues Monroe Doctrine in 1823

Western Hemisphere is closed to Europe

Europe interfering in West is a threat to America

US would stay out of Europe

Andrew JacksonPersonifies new “democratic spirit”

Spoils System – gives offices to members of party

Nullification Crisis: South Carolina says it can nullify Tariff of 1832

Jackson threatens to send troops to collect tariff in SC

Expands democracy – more people m can vote

James Madison

War of 1812 victory over England

US gets Oregon Territory

US gets Florida from Spain

War opposed by Federalists

Homestead Act gives free land out west in 1862

North – industrialFavor high protective tariffs to protect from foreign competition

The Missouri Compromise (1820) – line through Louisiana Purchase, slavery banned above (except Missouri) & allowed below

Compromise of 1850

Admits California a free State

Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 Repeals Missouri Comp.

Kans. and Neb. vote on slavery (popular sovereignty)

Results in fighting in Kansas

Manifest Destiny - Settlers move west for land & opportunity

The Alamo – Americans in Texas have revolt against Mexican

Texas joins the Union with slavery

Eli Whitney’s cotton gin creates “cotton kingdom” in the Deep South

Mexican War in 1840s adds California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico.

Opposed high tariffs b/c it depended on imports

Plessy v. Ferguson- allows segregation of whites & blacks

Fugitive Slave Act –requires escaped slaves to be returned

The Missouri Compromise (1820) – line through the Louisiana Purchase, slavery banned above (except Missouri) and allowed below

Compromise of 1850 Admits California a free State

Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 repeals Missouri CompromiseKansas and Nebraska can vote to allow slavery (popular sovereignty)Results in bloody fighting in Kansas

Abolitionists

Slave revolts in Virginia, led by Nat Turner and Gabriel Prosser

Harriet Beecher Stowe- writes Uncle Tom’s Cabin, anti-slavery novel

William Lloyd Garrison – publishes The Liberator, anti-slavery newspaper

Lincoln-Douglas debates in Illinois over slavery & popular sovereignty

W.E.B. DuBois– writes Souls of Black Folk about struggle for rights

Women

Seneca Falls Convention – 1848 meeting for women’s rights in NY

Elizabeth Cady Stanton – organized convention

Susan B. Anthony – fought for women’s suffrage

Not successful until 19th Amendment in 1920

John Brown

Fought in Bleeding Kansas after Kansas-Nebraska Act

Led slave rebellion in Harper’s Ferry

1860 – South secedes, fears Lincoln will abolish slavery

Opening confrontation in South Carolina, Jefferson Davis elected Confederate president

First major land battle in Manassas, VA

Deadliest dayLincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation afterwards

Victory for the North & turning point of the War

Robert E. Lee surrenders Army of N. Virginia to Grant

Emancipation Proclamation

Frees slaves in rebelling states

Makes other countries unlikely to help South

Gettysburg Address

War is dedicated to “all men are created equal” and “government of the people, by the people, and for the people”

Ulysses S. Grant

Union general

Later advocated rights for free blacks

Opposed punishing the defeated South

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general

Urged Southerners to reconcile

Served as president of Washington College (W&L University)

Frederick Douglass

Encouraged using freed slaves in Union Army

Got US to protect blacks in the South after war

Served as ambassador to Haiti

Lincoln’s Plan“With malice toward none, charity for all” --Welcome back the South quickly

Punish the South

Occupy with military

Guarantee civil rights to former slaves

Andrew JohnsonImpeached over rights for freed slaves

Slavery abolished

Guarantees Civil Rights to All

Voting rights guaranteed regardless of race

A. Extremely close!B. Compromise of 1877 C. South agrees to support

Hayes as PresidentD. Military removed from

SouthE. Confederate Democrats

take power in SouthF. Begins Jim Crow era

Poll Tax – Blacks forced to pay to vote

Literacy tests – must pass to vote

Klan takes power

Pre-1871

Northwest Europe

Germany

England

Ireland

After 1870s

South & East Europe

Italy

Asia

Freedom and economic opportunity

Gives free land in West

Built by Chinese immigrants

Assimilate into the Melting PotFace hostility

1882 – limits immigration from Asia

Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 cuts it further

Thomas Edison

Alexander Graham Bell

Wright Brothers

Henry Ford

Henry Bessemer

Laissez-faire gov. creates millionaires

Railroads

Steel

Finance/Banking

Oil

Knights of Labor – early union

Samuel Gompers – leader of American Federation of Labor

Eugene Debs – leader of Railway Union

Teddy Roosevelt – “Square Deal”

Muckrakers - reporters

Eliminate social injustices

End Child labor

Better working conditions

Women’s suffrage

Sherman Anti-Trust Act — breaks up monopolies

Haymarket & Homestead strikes

17th Amendment – direct election of senators

Scopes Trial – over teaching of evolution in schools

John Hay’s plan to give all nations equal trading

rights to ChinaPresident Taft’s plan for banks to invest

in Latin America

Teddy Roosevelt – encourages

Panama’s indep.Builds canal

Fights America for it’s independence after Spanish-American War

US annexes Puerto Rico and Philippines

US asserts the right to intervene in Cuba

US overthrows monarchyAdded as a US territory

Isolationism German submarine warfare – sinking LusitaniaTies to England“Make world safe for democracy”

Wilson’s peace plan

- Self-determination

– Freedom of the sea

– League of Nations

– Mandate system

France & England want to punish

Germany

Boundaries redrawn creating new nations

World alliance for peace

Senate does not approve TreatyUSA never joins

Overspeculation on stocks with borrowed money 1929 stock market crashFederal Reserve doesn’t protect bank failuresHawley Smoot Tariff - high protective tariff

UnemploymentHomelessnessBank closingsPolitical unrest Farm foreclosuresMigration

Roosevelt’s Plan“We have nothing to fear, but fear itself.”

Relief – direct help for people (WPA)

Recovery – programs to get out of depression over time (AAA)

Reform - correct unsound banking and investment (FDIC)

Social Security Act – safety net

Legacy: Government is responsible for providing services to promote public welfare & intervening in economy

Hitler invades Poland in 1939, starts war

Germany conquers France, then invades Soviet Union

Lend-Lease Act – neutral US helps England

Roosevelt: “lending a garden hose to a neighbor whose house is on fire.”

BattlesBattle of Britain – England defeats Germans in air

Stalingrad – crushing German defeat in Soviet Union

El Alamein - Germans defeated by British at Suez Canal

D-Day – US & allied troops under Eisenhower land at Normandy, France on June 6, 1944, invasion begins

Japan invades China

Pearl Harbor surprise attack – Dec. 7, 1941

US island hops to Japan

Midway – US defeats larger Japanese force

Iwo Jima & Okinawa – difficult invasions close to Japan

Hiroshima & Nagasaki – Truman orders a-bombs dropped

African Americans – segregated units (Tuskegee Airmen)Nisei Regiments of Asian-AmericansNavajo Indians – provide code in PacificRosie the Riveter – women in the workforce

Rationing – limits goodsWar bonds – sold to raise $$Selective Service – drafted menAfrican Americans migrate to cities for jobsJapanese placed in internment campsHollywood propaganda for war

World body to prevent future wars

Nazis convicted of war crimes – no “just following orders”

Ensures humane treatment of POWs (after Bataan Death March)

US Marshall Plan helps rebuild EuropeTruman Doctrine – containment, stop spread of communism

NATO – democratic military allianceWarsaw Pact – communist alliance

President John Kennedy: “Pay any price

… for success of liberty” “…Ask what you can do

for your country.”Assassinated in Dallas in 1963

Soviets occupy Eastern EuropeGermany split into East & WestKorean War – ends in stalemate

China & Cuba - communist

Fidel Castro Bay of Pigs – failed invasion of CubaCuban Missile Crisis – Kennedy orders Soviet missiles removed

SpiesAlger Hiss Julius & Ethel Rosenberg– executed for spying

FearsMcCarthyism– Senator Joe McCarthy recklessly accuses many of being communist

Vietnam WarPres. Kennedy, Johnson, & Nixon all intensify war

Divides country – pro or anti war protests

Vietnamization – plan to end war by replacing US troops with South VietnameseWatergate – scandal forces Nixon to resign

Space RaceNeil Armstrong – first man on moon 1969

Sally Ride – first woman in space

Virginia benefits from military spending

End of the Cold WarSoviet economy collapsingGlasnost– openness Arms reduction treatiesPerestroika – economic reformsRonald Reagan– challenges morals of Soviets – “tear down this wall!”

Martin Luther King, Jr. –

“I have a dream” speech at 1963 March on Washington

Gets public to support civil rights legislation

Demonstrates power of non-violent protest

Bans discrimination of race, religion, nationality, gender

Desegregates

President Johnson helps get it passed

Outlaws literacy tests

Workers sent South to register voters

Increases African American voters

Supreme Court ends segregated schools

Thurgood Marshall —NAACP lawyer

Oliver Hill —lawyer in Virginia

Massive Resistance & white flight

Fill low-paying jobs

Border issues with Mexico

Bilingual education

New pathways to citizenship

More scientists & Doctors from abroad

More minorities - Sandra Day O’Connor, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Clarence Thomas

Protects individual rights in Constitution

Establishes “right to privacy” from government (Roe v. Wade)

Keeps powers of Congress and President in check

Ronald ReaganTax cuts & reducing governmentAppointment of “judicial restraint” judgesFederal Reserve – controls money supply to expand/contract economic growth

George H. W. Bush

Continues “Reagan Revolution”

Persian Gulf War in Iraq (1st with females in combat)

Fall of Communism

Bill Clinton

NAFTA Trade agreement

Full relations with Vietnam

NATO action in Yugoslavia

Lifts sanctions on South Africa

George W. Bush9/11 Terrorist AttacksWars in Iraq & AfghanistanPatriot Act– heightens security at homeJobs outsourced to foreign countries

Barack ObamaPresident & Congress work on fiscal policy decisions (taxing & spending)