Biology 322Human Anatomy I

Cells and Tissues

(Basic Cytology and Histology)

Recall:

SYSTEMS are composed of one or more organs, all serving a common function

ORGANELLES are composed of different types of molecules, all serving a common function

ORGANS are composed of one or more types of tissues, all serving a common function

TISSUES are composed of one or more types of cells and their products, all serving a common function

CELLS are composed of different types of organelles, all serving a common function

All cells in the human body share some important characteristics:

Cells:

Cells:

Size:

Cells:

Shape:

Independent Study:

Your textbook discusses the organelles of most cells.

You should understand thebasic structure and functionof each of the following: Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex Mitochondria Lysosomes Peroxisomes Vesicles Cytoskeleton

You will be responsible for these on exams

You should also understand the basic structure and function of cilia and flagella

Plasma Membrane:Also called "plasmalemma"May have special names in specific types of cells e.g. "sarcolemma" in muscle cells, "neurolemma" in nerve cells

- Keeps inside in and outside out while- Contolling movement of ions/molecules into and out of cell

- Interacts with other cells and with extracellular materials around cell

- Allows cell to recognize and respond to chemical signals

Plasma Membrane:

Basic structure =

Plasma Membrane:

Has specialized junctions for cell-to-cell attachment and/or communication

1.

Plasma Membrane:

Has specialized junctions for cell-to-cell attachment and/or communication

2.

Plasma Membrane:

Has specialized junctions for cell-to-cell attachment and/or communication

3.

Let's move on to tissues

Recall:

SYSTEMS are composed of one or more organs, all serving a common function

ORGANS are composed of one or more types of tissues, all serving a common function

TISSUES are composed of one or more types of cells and their products, all serving a common function

All tissues:

With only a few, rare exceptions, all organs of the human body are composed of four types of tissue:

Each of these can have one or more subtypes

Let’s start with Epithelium

- Covers body surfaces (e.g. skin, cornea)

- Lines body cavities (e.g. peritoneal cavity, pericardial cavity

- Lines insides of hollow organs (e.g. stomach, heart, lung. aorta, oviduct)

- Forms glands (e.g. sweat glands, pancreas, salivary glands)

Characteristics of Epithelium

Functional characteristics of epithelia

Epithelium always supported by

Epithelium

Different types for different functions.

Classified according to:

Epithelium

Number of layers Shape of surface cells

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

(Stratified) Transitional Epithelium

Epithelium

No good examples of stratified columnar epithelium. Found only in parts of the male reproductive system

Epithelium also forms all glands in the body

Glands classified by

a)

b)

Exocrine glands also classified by

c)

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

Functional characteristics of connective tissues

Connective Tissues

Ordinary connective tissues

Specialized connective tissues

Ordinary Connective Tissues

Common cells Fibers

Loose Areolar Connective Tissues

Adipose Connective Tissues

Dense Regular Connective Tissues

Dense Irregular Connective Tissues

Specialized Connective Tissues: Hyaline Cartilage

Specialized Connective Tissues: Elastic Cartilage

Specialized Connective Tissues: Fibrous Cartilage

Specialized Connective Tissues: Bone

Muscle Tissue:

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Muscle Muscle Muscle

Myocytes

Nuclei

Striations

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

More detail on muscle tissues and their cells when we discuss the muscular system

Nervous Tissue: (no subtypes)

1)

2)