histology: study of tissues

HISTOLOGY:Study of Tissues

Four Types?Two components of tissue?

4 Types

• Epithelial tissue • Connective tissue• Muscular tissue• Nervous tissue

2 Components of Tissue

• Cells• Extracellular matrix

Focus: Epithelium

LOCATION OF EPITHELIUM:

• Lining of body cavities• Lining of digestive tract• Lining of heart and blood vessels• Lining of gland ducts• Skin

FUNCTION OF EPITHELIUM

• Protection• Absorption – one side of the tissue is

always in contact w/ external opening (maintains homeostasis)

• Secretions – hormones, mucus, enzymes

How epithelial tissues are classified:

SHAPE:• Squamous – thin,

think “squished”• Cuboidal – cubed

shape• Columnar –

rectangular think “column”

LAYERS:• Simple = single

layer• Stratified = more

than one layer

Types of epithelium

• Simple squamous• Simple cuboidal• Simple columnar• Stratified cuboidal

“special” types of epithelium

• Pseudostratified cuboidal or columnar – “false layers”, looks like there is more than one layer b/c nucleus alignment in cells

• Transitional epithelium – tissues that adjusts to various tensions (think bladder)

Anat/physiology October 9, 2006

1. Turn in epithelium packet w/ drawings attached

2. POP QUIZ on identifying types of Epithelial tissue

3. Test on Ch 5 – epithelium and connective tissue on Friday!!

Pop quiz #1

Pop quiz #2

Pop quiz #3

Pop quiz #4

Pop quiz #5

Pop quiz #6

Pop quiz #7

Pop quiz #8

Pop quiz #9

Pop quiz #10

Connective Tissue

3 TYPES•Connective tissue proper•Fluid connective tissue

•Supporting connective tissue

Connective tissue proper

• Many types of cells in a syrupy ground substance

• Ex of where found = tendons, surrounding organs, ligaments, surrounds respiratory passageway

• Two types of connective tissue– loose connective– dense connective

Connective tissue proper: CELLS

• Fibroblasts (slender and star-shaped cells)


• Macrophages

http://www.tulane.edu/~dmsander/WWW/Video/Mac.mov


• Adipose cells (stores fat)

http://www.drspiro.com/ani.html


• Mast Cells


• Plasma Cells

Connective tissue proper: FIBERS

• Collagen – Found in tendons and ligaments


• Elastic Fibers – Rare but important– Found between vertebrae and aorta


• Reticular Fibers– holds blood vessels to surface of organs

Marfan Syndrome

• Genetic disorder that effects the production of connective tissue– Effects just about every system in the body– Especially dangerous for blood vessels:

collapse and/or bursting of aorta

Connective tissue proper: GROUND SUBSTANCE

• Loose (aka areolar)• Dense• Adipose


• Loose connective (areolar)– “packing material”– Fills spaces between organs, supports

epithelium– Forms a layer that separates skin from deeper

structures like muscles– Highly vascularized, shots given in this tissue for quick transport of drugs


• Adipose– Cushioning and energy storage– Found under skin of groin, buttocks, breasts

and abdomen– Also fills bony sockets behind eyes– dominant connective tissue of thoracic and

abdominopelvic cavities


• Dense Connective– Tightly packed collagen fibers make this

tissue really strong– Found in tendons, ligaments, surrounding

muscles, and surrounds blood vessels and respiratory passageways

Fluid Connective Tissue

• Blood and Lymph

Supporting Connective Tissue

• Cartilage – ground substance surrounding chondrocytes (cartilage cells) called matrix, matrix is firm gel

• Bone – matrix is rigid because of calcification and contains osteocytes (bone cells) (more next chapter)

Supporting Connective Tissue: CARTILAGE

• Hyaline – found between ribs and the sternum, along passageway of respiratory tract, opposing surfaces of bones with many joints (elbow and knee)

• Elastic – outer ear, epiglottis and tip of nose

• Fibrocartilage – between vertebrae, pubic bones of pelvis, some joints and tendons

Cartilage and Knee Injuries

• Cartilages are avascular so they heal poorly

• New research in growing and replacing cartilage has showed promise in dog studies

Fig. 5.19b

Fig. 5.19c

Last Two Types

• Epithelial Tissue• Connective• Muscle• Nervous

Muscle

• Smooth• Skeletal (striated)• Cardiac

Smooth

• Lines organs such as those of the digestive tract

Fig. 5.22b

Skeletal

• Voluntary control – able to contract and create movement

• Multi-nucleated and visible striations

Fig. 5.21b

Nervous tissue

• Makes up tissue of Central and Periferal Nervous systems

Fig. 5.24b

Skeletal System

Instructions

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

1 2

Team Score

1. The outer covering of the diaphysis of the long bone, made from fibrous tissue is called the

Who is the strongest link?

EPIPHYSIS DIAPHYSIS PERIOSTEUM ARTICULAR

CARTILAGE

Periosteum is the connective tissue that covers long bones and is thicker in children than adults.

Next Question

PERIOSTEUM

1. Compact bone is made up of _______ cemented together.


Osteons Osteocytes Perforating

canals

Trabiculae

Next Question

OSTEONS

The cells that tear down and remodel bone are the ____________.


Marophages Osteocytes Osteoblasts Osteoclasts

Osteoclasts release a strong acid that breaks down bone.

Next Question

OSTEOCLASTS

Inside the epiphyses of each long bone, mostly _______ can be found.


Yellow

Marrow

Cartilage Compact

bone

Spongy

bone

Next Question

Spongy

Bone

1. Which bones do not belong to the axial skeleton?


Hip

Bone

Skull Ribs Vertebrae

Only the coccyx bone of pelvic region belongs with the axial skeleton.

Next Question

HIP

BONES

1. How many bones are there total in the adult human body?


450 280 206 180

Children have approx 450 cartilaginous bones that develop and fuse into 206 adult bones.

Next Question

206

1. The medullary cavity in the diaphysis of an adult bone would contain _______.


Organic

salts

Blood

vessels

Spongy

bone

Compact

bone

Explanation of Answer Goes Here

Next Question

BLOODVESSELS

1. The part of the bone that articular cartilage covers directly is the ________.


Endosteum Periosteum Diaphysis Epiphysis

Next Question

EPIPHYSIS

The junction between the diaphysis and epiphysis in growing bone is called the


Epiphyseal

plate

Endosteum Periosteum Articular

plate

Contains dividing cells that cause bone elongation

Next Question

EPIPHYSEAL

PLATE

1. The broad, flat bones of the skull are ____________.


Cartilaginous Endochondral Spongy Intramembranous

Next Question

INTRAMEMBRANOUS

How to play The Strongest Link1. Divide the group up into two teams. Assign one group to be Team 1, the

other will be Team 2. Have each team choose a spokesperson.

2. Begin the PowerPoint and introduce the characters.

3. Have the spokesperson from one team choose a question.

4. Click on that number. Read the question and allow the spokesperson to confer with teammates to come up with an answer. Have them state the answer orally, then click on the arrow button.

5. Read the answer displayed on the next slide. Click on the button to move back to the board.

6. If the answer given was correct, type the correct number of points in the score box.

7. Continue to play until all questions have been answered. The team with the most points wins.

Let’s Play!

MUSCLES!

Instructions

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

1 2

Team Score

1. Most of the bones of the body are ____________.


Spongy bone

Intra membranous Endochondral Cartilaginous

Explanation of the Answer Goes Here

Next Question

ENDOCHONDRAL

1. Which of the following is an example of an irregular bone?


Rib Humerus ClavicleVertebrae

Next Question

VERTEBRAE

1. Which bone cell works to rebuild bone tissue?


Osteons Osteocytes Osteoclasts Osteoblasts

Osteoblasts lay down inorganic salts which help to form compact bone.

Next Question

Osteoblasts

1. In order to create movement, bones function as _______.


Fulcrums Pulleys Machines Levers

Next Question

LEVERS

1. Which component of the bone is responsible for creating blood cells?


Red

Marrow

Yellow

Marrow

Spongy

Bone

Compact

Bone

Red marrow contains premature blood cells that can be stimulated to mature when more blood cells are needed.

Next Question

RED

MARROW

A small bundle of muscle fibers


Fascia Myofibril Fascicle Epimysium

Next Question

Fascicle

Network of connective tissue that extends throughout the muscular system


Endomysium PerimysiumEpimysium Sarcolemma

Connective tissue that covers the muscle and is continuous with fascia

Next Question

EPIMYSIUM

Layer of connective tissue that surrounds a skeletal muscle


Perimysium Endomysium Epimysium Fascia

Next Question

FASCIA

Layer of connective tissue that separates a muscle into small bundles called fascicles


Perimysium Endomysium Epimysium Sarcolemma

Next Question

PERIMYSIUM

Cellular organelle in muscle fiber corresponding to the endoplasmic reticulum


Sarcoplasm Sarcolemma Sarcomere Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Next Question

SARCOPLASMIC

RETICULUM

How to play The Strongest Link1. Divide the group up into two teams. Assign one group to be Team 1, the

other will be Team 2. Have each team choose a spokesperson.

2. Begin the PowerPoint and introduce the characters.

3. Have the spokesperson from one team choose a question.

4. Click on that number. Read the question and allow the spokesperson to confer with teammates to come up with an answer. Have them state the answer orally, then click on the arrow button.

5. Read the answer displayed on the next slide. Click on the button to move back to the board.

6. If the answer given was correct, type the correct number of points in the score box.

7. Continue to play until all questions have been answered. The team with the most points wins.

Let’s Play!

histology: study of tissues

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