histology: study of tissues four types? two components of tissue?
TRANSCRIPT
HISTOLOGY:HISTOLOGY:Study of TissuesStudy of Tissues
Four Types?Four Types?
Two components of tissue?Two components of tissue?
2 Components of Tissue2 Components of Tissue
CellsCells
Extracellular matrixExtracellular matrix
These four tissue types have a These four tissue types have a wide range of wide range of
functions, as shown functions, as shown in the in the following table.following table.
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Focus: EpitheliumFocus: Epithelium
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIUM:OF EPITHELIUM:
Epithelial tissues are anchored to a basement membrane, are made up of tightly packed cells containing little intercellular material, generally lack blood vessels, and are replaced frequently.
LOCATIONLOCATION
Lining of body Lining of body cavitiescavitiesLining of digestive Lining of digestive tracttractLining of heart and Lining of heart and blood vesselsblood vesselsLining of gland ductsLining of gland ductsSkinSkin
FUNCTION OF EPITHELIUMFUNCTION OF EPITHELIUM
ProtectionProtection
Absorption – one side of the tissue is Absorption – one side of the tissue is always in contact w/ external opening always in contact w/ external opening (maintains homeostasis)(maintains homeostasis)
Secretions – hormones, mucus, enzymesSecretions – hormones, mucus, enzymes
How epithelial tissues are How epithelial tissues are classified:classified:
SHAPE:SHAPE:Squamous – thin, Squamous – thin, think “squished”think “squished”Cuboidal – cubed Cuboidal – cubed shapeshapeColumnar – Columnar – rectangular think rectangular think “column”“column”
LAYERS:LAYERS:
Simple = single Simple = single layerlayer
Stratified = more Stratified = more than one layerthan one layer
Types of epitheliumTypes of epithelium
Simple squamousSimple squamous
Simple cuboidalSimple cuboidal
Simple columnarSimple columnar
Stratified cuboidalStratified cuboidal
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SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
B.B. Simple Squamous EpitheliumSimple Squamous Epithelium
1.1. Simple squamous Simple squamous epithelium is epithelium is made up of a made up of a single layer of single layer of thin, thin, flattened cells.flattened cells.
2.2. Because it is suited for Because it is suited for diffusion, it diffusion, it
functions in the functions in the exchange of gases in the exchange of gases in the
lungs and lines blood and lungs and lines blood and lymph vessels as lymph vessels as
well as body well as body cavities. cavities.
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Simple Cuboidal
C.C. Simple Cuboidal EpitheliumSimple Cuboidal Epithelium
1.1. Simple cuboidal Simple cuboidal epithelium epithelium consists consists of a single layer of of a single layer of cube-shaped cells with cube-shaped cells with
centrally located nuclei.centrally located nuclei.
2.2. It functions in secretion It functions in secretion and and absorption in the absorption in the kidneys, and kidneys, and in secretion in secretion in glands.in glands.
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Simple ColumnarSimple Columnar
D.D. Simple Columnar EpitheliumSimple Columnar Epithelium
1.1. Simple columnar Simple columnar epithelium is epithelium is made up of a made up of a row of row of elongated elongated cells whose nuclei cells whose nuclei are all are all located near the located near the basement basement membrane. It may membrane. It may be ciliated.be ciliated.
2.2. It lines the uterus, It lines the uterus, stomach, stomach, and intestines and intestines where it where it protects protects underlying tissues, underlying tissues, secretes secretes digestive fluids, and digestive fluids, and absorbs absorbs nutrients.nutrients.
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3.3. In the intestine, these cells In the intestine, these cells possess possess
microvilli that increase the microvilli that increase the surface area available for absorption.surface area available for absorption.
4.4. Mucus-secreting goblet cells Mucus-secreting goblet cells can be found among can be found among
columnar columnar cells. cells.
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E. Stratified SquamousE. Stratified Squamous
EE.. Stratified Squamous Stratified Squamous EpitheliumEpithelium
1.1. This type of tissue is This type of tissue is made up made up of layers of of layers of flattened cells that flattened cells that are are designed to protect designed to protect underlying layers.underlying layers.
2.2. It makes up the outer It makes up the outer layer of layer of skin, skin, and lines and lines the mouth, the mouth, throat, throat, vagina, and anal canal.vagina, and anal canal.
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3.3. In the skin, outer layers of In the skin, outer layers of cells cells undergo undergo keratinization; however, keratinization; however, this this process does not process does not occur where occur where tissues remain moist in the throat, tissues remain moist in the throat, vagina, or anal canal. vagina, or anal canal.
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STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL
F. F. Stratified Cuboidal Stratified Cuboidal EpitheliumEpithelium
1.1.This tissue consists of two This tissue consists of two to to three layers of cuboidal three layers of cuboidal cells cells lining a lumen of lining a lumen of the mammary the mammary glands, sweat glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, salivary glands, glands, and pancreas.and pancreas.
2.2.Several layers of cells Several layers of cells provide provide greater protection greater protection than one than one single layer.single layer.
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““special” types of epitheliumspecial” types of epithelium
Pseudostratified cuboidal or columnar – Pseudostratified cuboidal or columnar – “false layers”, looks like there is more than “false layers”, looks like there is more than one layer b/c nucleus alignment in cellsone layer b/c nucleus alignment in cells
Transitional epithelium – tissues that Transitional epithelium – tissues that adjusts to various tensions (think bladder)adjusts to various tensions (think bladder)
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E. E. Pseudostratified Columnar Pseudostratified Columnar EpitheliumEpithelium
1.1. These cells appear layered due These cells appear layered due to the to the varying positions of their varying positions of their nuclei within nuclei within the row of cells, but the row of cells, but are not truly are not truly layered.layered.
2.2. Cilia may be present, along Cilia may be present, along with with mucus-secreting globlet mucus-secreting globlet cells, that cells, that line and sweep line and sweep debris from debris from respiratory respiratory tubes.tubes.
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I.I. Transitional EpitheliumTransitional Epithelium
1.1. Transitional epithelium Transitional epithelium is is designed to designed to distend and return distend and return to its to its normal size, as it does in normal size, as it does in the the lining of the urinary lining of the urinary bladder.bladder.
2.2. This design provides This design provides distensibility distensibility
and keeps urine and keeps urine from from diffusing back into the diffusing back into the
internal cavity.internal cavity.
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PracticePractice
Connective TissueConnective Tissue
3 TYPES3 TYPESConnective tissue properConnective tissue properFluid connective tissueFluid connective tissue
Supporting connective tissueSupporting connective tissue
Connective tissue properConnective tissue proper
Many types of cells in a syrupy ground Many types of cells in a syrupy ground substancesubstance
Ex of where found = tendons, surrounding Ex of where found = tendons, surrounding organs, ligaments, surrounds respiratory organs, ligaments, surrounds respiratory passagewaypassageway
Two types of connective tissueTwo types of connective tissue– loose connectiveloose connective– dense connective dense connective
Connective tissue proper: CELLS Connective tissue proper: CELLS
Fibroblasts Fibroblasts
(slender and star-shaped cells)(slender and star-shaped cells)
Connective tissue proper: CELLSConnective tissue proper: CELLS
MacrophagesMacrophages
Connective tissue proper: CELLSConnective tissue proper: CELLS
Adipose cells (stores fat)Adipose cells (stores fat)
Connective tissue proper: CELLSConnective tissue proper: CELLS
Mast CellsMast Cells
Connective tissue proper: CELLSConnective tissue proper: CELLS
Plasma CellsPlasma Cells
Connective tissue proper: FIBERSConnective tissue proper: FIBERS
Collagen Collagen – Found in tendons and ligamentsFound in tendons and ligaments
Connective tissue proper: FIBERSConnective tissue proper: FIBERS
Elastic Fibers Elastic Fibers – Rare but importantRare but important– Found between vertebrae and aortaFound between vertebrae and aorta
Connective tissue proper: FIBERSConnective tissue proper: FIBERS
Reticular FibersReticular Fibers– holds blood vessels to surface of organs holds blood vessels to surface of organs
Marfan SyndromeMarfan Syndrome
Genetic disorder that effects the Genetic disorder that effects the production of connective tissueproduction of connective tissue– Effects just about every system in the bodyEffects just about every system in the body– Especially dangerous for blood vessels: Especially dangerous for blood vessels:
collapse and/or bursting of aortacollapse and/or bursting of aorta
Connective tissue proper: Connective tissue proper: GROUND SUBSTANCEGROUND SUBSTANCE
Loose (aka areolar)Loose (aka areolar)
DenseDense
AdiposeAdipose
Connective tissue proper: Connective tissue proper: GROUND SUBSTANCEGROUND SUBSTANCE
Loose connective (areolar)Loose connective (areolar)– ““packing material”packing material”– Fills spaces between organs, supports Fills spaces between organs, supports
epitheliumepithelium– Forms a layer that separates skin from deeper Forms a layer that separates skin from deeper
structures like musclesstructures like muscles– Highly vascularized, shots Highly vascularized, shots
given in this tissue for given in this tissue for
quick transport of drugsquick transport of drugs
Connective tissue proper: Connective tissue proper: GROUND SUBSTANCEGROUND SUBSTANCE
AdiposeAdipose– Cushioning and energy storageCushioning and energy storage– Found under skin of groin, buttocks, breasts Found under skin of groin, buttocks, breasts
and abdomenand abdomen– Also fills bony sockets behind eyesAlso fills bony sockets behind eyes– dominant connective tissue of thoracic and dominant connective tissue of thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavitiesabdominopelvic cavities
Connective tissue proper: Connective tissue proper: GROUND SUBSTANCEGROUND SUBSTANCE
Dense ConnectiveDense Connective– Tightly packed collagen fibers make this Tightly packed collagen fibers make this
tissue really strongtissue really strong– Found in tendons, ligaments, surrounding Found in tendons, ligaments, surrounding
muscles, and surrounds blood vessels and muscles, and surrounds blood vessels and respiratory passagewaysrespiratory passageways
Fluid Connective TissueFluid Connective Tissue
Blood and LymphBlood and Lymph
Supporting Connective TissueSupporting Connective Tissue
Cartilage – ground substance surrounding Cartilage – ground substance surrounding chondrocytes (cartilage cells) called chondrocytes (cartilage cells) called matrix, matrix is firm gelmatrix, matrix is firm gel
Bone – matrix is rigid because of Bone – matrix is rigid because of calcification and contains osteocytes calcification and contains osteocytes (bone cells) (more next chapter)(bone cells) (more next chapter)
Supporting Connective Tissue: Supporting Connective Tissue: CARTILAGECARTILAGE
Hyaline – found between ribs and the Hyaline – found between ribs and the sternum, along passageway of respiratory sternum, along passageway of respiratory tract, opposing surfaces of bones with tract, opposing surfaces of bones with many joints (elbow and knee)many joints (elbow and knee)
Elastic – outer ear, epiglottis and tip of Elastic – outer ear, epiglottis and tip of nosenose
Fibrocartilage – between vertebrae, pubic Fibrocartilage – between vertebrae, pubic bones of pelvis, some joints and tendonsbones of pelvis, some joints and tendons
Cartilage and Knee InjuriesCartilage and Knee Injuries
Cartilages are Cartilages are avascular so avascular so they heal poorlythey heal poorly
New research in New research in growing and growing and replacing replacing cartilage has cartilage has showed promise showed promise in dog studiesin dog studies
YOUR TURNYOUR TURN
Now practice your own microscope skills Now practice your own microscope skills and identify the various types of epithelial and identify the various types of epithelial and connective tissuesand connective tissues
Lab Book: Lab #8 and #9, pages 63-71Lab Book: Lab #8 and #9, pages 63-71
Rules for proper microscopic Rules for proper microscopic drawingsdrawings
1.1. Don’t even think of starting your drawing Don’t even think of starting your drawing unless you have a unless you have a PENCIL! Drawings in PENCIL! Drawings in PEN are UNACCEPTABLE! PEN are UNACCEPTABLE! This is for This is for two reasons:two reasons: (a) You can (a) You can eraseerase pencil! pencil! (b) You can (b) You can shade in areasshade in areas more more
easily in pencil.easily in pencil.
Drawing rules continuedDrawing rules continued
2.2. Each Drawing Each Drawing must include clear, must include clear, proper labels! proper labels!
AlwaysAlways include the name of the tissue, include the name of the tissue, location and location and magnificationmagnification (100x or 430x) (100x or 430x)
Drawing rules continuedDrawing rules continued
3.3. Labels should start on the Labels should start on the outsideoutside of the circle. of the circle. The circle indicates the field of view as seen The circle indicates the field of view as seen through the eyepiece.through the eyepiece. All arrows should end with All arrows should end with thethe pointpoint touching the object to be labeled.touching the object to be labeled.
4. 4. Epithelial cells should Epithelial cells should always always include include at leastat least the following the following fivefive labels: labels: Cell membrane, Cell membrane, Basement membrane, Nucleus, Chromatin, Basement membrane, Nucleus, Chromatin, Cytoplasm.Cytoplasm.
5. Connective tissues: label cell type and 5. Connective tissues: label cell type and fibersfibers
Tissue Drawing ExampleTissue Drawing ExampleSimple Columnar EpitheliumSimple Columnar Epithelium
Small Intestine 430X
Chromatin
Nuclear membrane
Nucleus Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Basement membrane
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
PAGE 66 and PAGES 70-71PAGE 66 and PAGES 70-71
We must share – please take care of We must share – please take care of slides and put back slides and put back properlyproperly for next for next person. Slots are numbered!!person. Slots are numbered!!
TWO SLIDE BOXES: LABELEDTWO SLIDE BOXES: LABELED– Epithelium = blue boxEpithelium = blue box– Connective tissues = black boxConnective tissues = black box
Epithelium ConnectiveEpithelium ConnectiveSIMPLE SQUAMOUSSIMPLE SQUAMOUS
– Simple squamousSimple squamous– Squamous cheek cellsSquamous cheek cells
SIMPLE CUBOIDALSIMPLE CUBOIDAL– Simple cuboidalSimple cuboidal– Thyroid glandThyroid gland
SIMPLE COLUMNARSIMPLE COLUMNAR– StomachStomach– JejunumJejunum– Esophagus and stomach Esophagus and stomach
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNARPSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR– no slides availableno slides available
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUSSTRATIFIED SQUAMOUS– Skin hairy mammalSkin hairy mammal– Stratified epitheliumStratified epithelium
ColonColon– TRANSITIONALTRANSITIONAL– Mammal urinary bladderMammal urinary bladder
LOOSE CONNECTIVEAreolar
ADIPOSEno slide available
DENSE CONNECTIVEno slide available
HYALINE CARTILAGEHyaline cartilage
ELASTIC CARTILAGEElastic cartilage
FIBROCARTILAGE – replace with INTRAMEMBRANOUSIntramembranous fetal skull
BONEFemur
BloodBlood human
2. Match the epithelial tissue with 2. Match the epithelial tissue with the correct descroption.the correct descroption.
CC
DD
BB
AA
FF
FF
3. Match epithelium with correct 3. Match epithelium with correct location.location.
EE
FF
AA
DD
CC
BB
4. Match epithelium tissue with the 4. Match epithelium tissue with the correct function.correct function.
CC
DD
BB
AA
FF
EE
5. Basement membrane function?5. Basement membrane function?
Holds epithelial cells to next layer of tissueHolds epithelial cells to next layer of tissue
6. Match description with the 6. Match description with the correct tissue type.correct tissue type.
BB
AA
CC
DD
DD
CC
BB
11. Identify each of the cells in the 11. Identify each of the cells in the connective tissue.connective tissue.
Cell #1Cell #1
Cell #2Cell #2
CELL #2
Cell #3Cell #3
12 ID connective tissue cell and 12 ID connective tissue cell and description.description.
P – Oval, dark nucleusP – Oval, dark nucleus
Ms – Irreg shapeMs – Irreg shape
A- Large round, cytoplasm pushed to sideA- Large round, cytoplasm pushed to side
Ms –Oval to irreg., small nucleiMs –Oval to irreg., small nuclei
F – large, flat branchingF – large, flat branching
F – most abundantF – most abundant
F- production of fibersF- production of fibers
Ma – active phagocytesMa – active phagocytesMa – big eatersMa – big eatersMa – engulf and destroy damaged cellMa – engulf and destroy damaged cellA – synthesizes and stores fatA – synthesizes and stores fatMs – releases compound that prevents blood Ms – releases compound that prevents blood
from clotting as it flowsfrom clotting as it flowsMs- initiates allergic responseMs- initiates allergic responseP – produces antibodiesP – produces antibodiesP – fights infectionP – fights infection
19. Fibers19. Fibers
EECCCC
CCEERREERR
26. ID the Connective Tissue 26. ID the Connective Tissue Proper: Adipose, Loose or DenseProper: Adipose, Loose or Dense
Loose - reticularLoose - reticular
Tissue #2Tissue #2
Loose - mesentaryLoose - mesentary
Tissue #3Tissue #3
AdiposeAdipose
Tissue #4Tissue #4
Dense
Tissue #5Tissue #5
DENSEDENSE
Tissue # 6Tissue # 6
DENSEDENSE
Tissue #7Tissue #7
DENSEDENSE
Tissue #8Tissue #8
ADIPOSE
TYPE OF CARTILAGE: Supporting TYPE OF CARTILAGE: Supporting Connective TissueConnective Tissue
Tissue #9Tissue #9
hyalinehyaline
Tissue #10Tissue #10
ELASTIC
Tissue #11Tissue #11
Fibrocartilage
Tissue #12Tissue #12
HyalineHyaline
28. Location of connective tissue28. Location of connective tissue
LooseLoose
LooseLoose
AdiposeAdipose
AdiposeAdipose
DenseDense
DenseDense
29. ID cartilage function29. ID cartilage function
Hyaline – prevents bone of bone contactHyaline – prevents bone of bone contact
Elastic – tolerates slight distortion Elastic – tolerates slight distortion
HyalineHyaline
HyalineHyaline
FibrocartilageFibrocartilage
ElasticElastic
Chapter 5 Tissue TestChapter 5 Tissue TestReviewReview
Epithelium TissueEpithelium Tissue
andand
Connective TissueConnective Tissue
Test layoutTest layout
Part I = identificationPart I = identification
Part II and Part III = matching (refer to lab Part II and Part III = matching (refer to lab bookbook
Part IV = multiple choicePart IV = multiple choice
What to studyWhat to study
Pictures of tissues (lab book, textbook, Pictures of tissues (lab book, textbook, PPT and your flashcards)PPT and your flashcards)
Use you notes to complete matching in lab Use you notes to complete matching in lab bookbook
TGT review game played in classTGT review game played in class