Advanced Higher Modern Studies

Evaluate key studies which attempt to link biology and genetics to criminal behaviour

Analyse the value of such studies and their contribution to the field of criminology

Although flawed, as in Lombruso’s (1876) attempt to classify criminal atavistic types biological theories have generally captured a great deal of attention.

Many of the studies have lead to further, more detailed work which is of value, such as the examination of psychological factors and mental illness in criminals.

All studies have simply tried to link a single biological feature to criminal behaviour e.g. facial appearance.

It is now widely accepted that a range of factors contribute to a person’s likelihood to commit a crime.

However, it is important to understand the studies and their place in explaining why some people commit crime.

Lombroso’s ideas were mirrored in later studies, so in that sense they are significant.

Sheldon suggested that humans could be grouped into three body types.

Ectomorphs

Endomorphs

Mesomorphs

He concluded that delinquents tended to mesomorphy.

“The mesomorph seeks and needs vigorous physical activity, enjoys risk taking and is adventurous.”

Sheldon argued that the mesomorph is likely to have a high pain threshold, will be aggressive and callous and may be ruthless.

Sheldon pictured (naked) ‘delinquents’ and compared their body shapes with ‘normal’ students at Yale.

Followed Sheldon’s research in “Unravelling Juvenille Delinquency”

Concluded that the majority (60%) of delinquents were mesomorphs

However, other research that they themselves completed indicated that the family and early childhood experiences were factors in criminality.

Confirmation of prejudices

Evidence of a criminal class

Psychologically comforting

Scientific approach

Studies have shown that people widely believe there is a criminal ‘type’

This stereotype can influence perception of innocence or guilt

Evidence of enthusiasm for biological theories of crime ( even if flawed)

Empirical data followed scientific principles

Weaknesses in research led to academic study in significant directs.

Evidence of social identity theory.