biol 101 chp 54: community ecology
DESCRIPTION
This is a lecture presentation for my BIOL 101 General Biology I students on Chapter 54: Community Ecology. (Campbell Biology, 10th Ed. by Reece et al). Rob Swatski, Associate Professor of Biology, Harrisburg Area Community College - York Campus, York, PA. Email: [email protected] Please visit my website for more anatomy and biology learning resources: http://robswatski.virb.com/TRANSCRIPT
Community Ecology
BIOL 101: General Biology I
Chapter 54
Rob SwatskiAsst. Prof. Biology
HACC - York1
2 What is a “Community”?
3
InterspecificInteractions
Predation & Herbivory
Competition
Symbiosis
4
5
InterspecificCompetition
-/-interaction
Competitive Exclusion Principle
Resource partitioning
Ecological niche
A. ricordii
A. aliniger
A. distichus
A. insolitus
A. christophei
A. cybotes
A. etheridgei
Resource Partitioning6
7
Ecological Niche
Realized Niche
Fundamental Niche
Ocean
Chthamalus
Balanus
EXPERIMENT
High tide
Low tide
Chthamalusrealized niche
Balanusrealized niche
8
RESULTS
High tide
Chthamalusfundamental niche
Low tideOcean
9
10
Predation &
Herbivory
+/-interaction
Feeding adaptations of predators
Defensive adaptations
of prey
Cryptic Coloration (Camouflage)
11
12
13
Which is Which?
14
15
16
17
18
19
Aposematic (Warning) Coloration
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32Aposematic or Cryptic Coloration?
33
Mimicry
Batesian Mullerian
34
Batesian Mimicry
Syrphid fly
Honey bee
35
36
37
38
39
40
Mullerian Mimicry
Viceroy
41Monarch
42
42
43
Symbiosis
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
44
Parasitism
Parasite-host interaction (+/-)
Ectoparasite
Endoparasite
45Human Head Louse
Ectoparasite
46Tick
47
Ectoparasite
Tapeworm scolex
48
Mutualism
+/+ interaction
Obligate
Facultative
Ants & Acacia tree
49
50
51
52Ants & Aphids
53
54
Commensalism
+/0 interaction
55
56
Species Diversity
Species richness
Relative abundance
Community 1A: 25% B: 25% C: 25% D: 25%
Community 2A: 80% B: 5% C: 5% D: 10%
A B C D
Two communities can have the same species richness, but have a different relative abundance 57
Soil pH
Shan
no
n d
ive
rsit
y (H
)
3.6
RESULTS
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.23 4 5 6 7 8 9
Microbial Species
Richness
Molecular evidence
58
Food Chains
Carnivore
Carnivore
Carnivore
Herbivore
Plant
Terrestrial
Quaternaryconsumers
Tertiaryconsumers
Secondaryconsumers
Primaryconsumers
Primaryproducers
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
Carnivore
Carnivore
Carnivore
Marine 59
Humans
Smallertoothedwhales
Baleenwhales
Spermwhales
Elephantseals
Leopardseals
Crab-eaterseals
Birds Fishes Squids
Carnivorousplankton
CopepodsEuphausids(krill)
Phyto-plankton
Food Web
60
Sea nettle
Fish larvae
Juvenile striped bass
Fish eggs Zooplankton 61
62
Limits on Food Chain Length
Most are 3-4 links
Energetic Hypothesis
Dynamic Stability
Hypothesis
63
Dominant Species
Are either the most abundant
or…
have the highest biomass
How?
64
Invasive Species
65Purple Loosestrife
66
Keystone Species
Is Pisasterochraceus a
keystone predator?
67
With Pisaster (control)
Without Pisaster (experimental)
Nu
mb
er
of
spe
cie
sp
rese
nt
Year
20
15
10
5
01963 ’64 ’65 ’66 ’67 ’68 ’69 ’70 ’71 ’72 ’73
RESULTS
68
(a) Sea otter abundanceO
tte
r n
um
be
r(%
max
. co
un
t)
100
80
60
40
20
0
400
300
200
100
0
(b) Sea urchin biomass
Gra
ms
pe
r0
.25
m2
108
642
01972
Nu
mb
er
pe
r0
.25
m2
1985 1997Year
(c) Total kelp densityFood chain
1989 1993
69
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