bioenergy in bosnia and herzegovina
TRANSCRIPT
Bioenergy in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Country status Polity: a parliamentary democracyTerritory: 51.209 km²Population: 3.829 Mil.Capital: SarajevoAdministration: Federation BiH, FBIH (10 cantons, 79 municipalities) Republic of Srpska, RS, (63 municipalities), District BrckoGDP: near 13 billion €GDP per capita: 5.297 € Currency: Convertible Mark BAM 1.95583 BAM = 1 EURVAT: 17%Trade agreement: with all neighboring CEFTA countries, EU 27, Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Russia, Switzerland and the United States.The average net salary: 428 €/month
Index of Economic Freedom 2015 shows that BiH is very close to the level of moderately free
Biomass potentialBIOMASSOne of the most promising renewable sources in Bosnia and Herzegovina Wood biomass
Forest waste Wood processing industry waste
Agriculture Animal waste Agricultural waste Synthetic fuels
Categories of forest wood products in Bosnia and Herzegovina
m³ Logs Other round wood
Pulpwood
Firewood
Net mass of large wood
Residue after
cutting and
production of FWP
Gross mass of
large wood
Federation BiH
905.830
53.952 248.017 669.375 1.877.174 306.569 2.183.743
Republika Srpska
862.997
84.811 340.073 560.777 1.848.658 296.765 2.145.423
BiH 1.768.827
138.763 588.090 1.230.152
3.725.932 603.334 4.329.166
Bureau of Statistics of Republic of Srpska 2013; Ministry of Economy, Water Management and Forestry, FBiH 2013
Available quantities of wood biomass for energy production
SourcesCONFIFER
SDICIDUOUS TREES
TOTAL
m³ m³ m³
Cordwood for energy 1.711 1.228.441 1.230.152Residues after cutting and production of FWP
342.181 261.154 603.334
Small branches 314.848 401.432 716.280Residues and waste after production of sawn timber, veneer and furniture
354.857 200.843 555.701
Stumps 314.848 334.527 649.375TOTAL: 1.328.446 2.426.396 3.754.842
Pellet potential
Total current available capacity of pellet production in Bosnia and Herzegovina is estimated at around 200,000
tons per year
Agriculture and waste potentialArable land by type of using in BiH (000 ha)Year Grain
sIndustrial crops
Vegetables
Fodder
crops
Total
Uncultivated arable
land
Seedbeds,
gardens and
other
Total
2014 290 9 73 129 501 508 2 1011
2%14%
26%58%
Planted
Industrial crops VegetablesFodder crops Grains
22%
62%
16%
Grains
wheat maize other grains
Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations, Annual Report
Agriculture and waste potential
Number of livestock and poultry in BiH 2014
Total / pcsSpecies
Cattle 444.000
Sheep 1.025.000
Pigs 533.000
Poultry 20.664.000
Hens for eggs 392.000
Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations, Annual Report
The huge potential of organic residues from farms
Basis for biogas production on farms - multiple effects (production of electricity, heat energy, organic fertilizer)
Biogas plant-example plant, Germany
Livestock and poultry in slaughterhouses
2014Total number Tons
Species
Cattle 71.987 11.429
Sheep 97.957 1.484
Pigs 131.425 9.663
Poultry 28.218.000 43.431
Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations, Annual Report
The enormous potential of slaughterhouse waste - serious ecological challenge
The technical potential estimate based on experience and practice – overwiev
Total technical potential 33.52 PJ/year
Biogas 20.000.000 m³
Waste from fruit and wine gardens
211.257 tons
Crop waste 634.000 tons
Waste from oil seeds 3.858 tons
Industry wood processing 1.142.698 m³
Firewood 1.466.973 m³
Forest biomass 599.728 m³
Technologies / Project DevelopmentTo turn a biomass resource into productive heat and electricity requires a number of steps and considerations, most notably evaluating the availability of suitable biomass resources: determining the economics of collection, storage and transportation, evaluating available technology options for
converting biomass into useful heat or electricity.
Technologies / Project DevelopmentCogenerationThere are two types of cogeneration—“topping cycle” and “bottoming cycle.” The most common type of cogeneration is the “topping cycle” where fuel is first used to generate electricity or mechanical energy at the facility and a portion of the waste heat from power generation is then used to provide useful thermal energy. The less common “bottoming cycle” type of cogeneration systems first produce useful heat for a manufacturing process via fuel combustion or another heat-generating chemical reaction and recover some portion of the exhaust heat to generate electricity.
Technologies / Project DevelopmentBiomass Cogeneration Systems
Technologies / Project DevelopmentBiomass fuels are typically used most efficiently and beneficially when generating both power and heat through a Combined Heat and Power (or Cogeneration) system. A typical CHP system provides: Distributed generation of electrical and/or
mechanical power, Waste-heat recovery for heating, cooling, or process
applications, Seamless system integration for a variety of
technologies, thermal applications, and fuel types into existing building infrastructure.
Technologies / Project Development
Each cogeneration system is adapted to meet the needs of an individual building or facility. System design is modified based on the location, size, and energy requirements of the site. Cogeneration is not limited to any specific type of facility but is generally used in operations with sustained heating requirements. Most CHP systems are designed to meet the heat demand of the energy user since this leads to the most efficient systems. Larger facilities generally use customized systems, while smaller-scale applications can use prepackaged units.
Cogeneration
Technologies / Project DevelopmentCogeneration systems are categorized according to their prime movers (the heat engines), though the systems also include generators, heat recovery, and electrical interconnection components. There are currently five primary, commercially available prime movers: gas turbines, steam turbines, reciprocating engines, micro turbines, and fuel cells. Steam turbines and gas, or combustion turbines are the prime movers (heat engines) best suited for industrial processes due to their large capacity and ability to produce the medium- to high-temperature steam typically needed in industrial processes.
Gas turbinesGas turbines typically have capacities between 500 kilowatts (kW) and 250 megawatts (MW), can be used for high-grade heat applications, and are highly reliable. Gas turbines operate similarly to jet engines—natural gas is combusted and used to turn the turbine blades and spin an electrical generator. The cogeneration system then uses a heat recovery system to capture the heat from the gas turbine’s exhaust stream. This exhaust heat can be used for heating (e.g., for generating steam for industrial processes) or cooling (generating chilled water through an absorption chiller).
Steam TurbinesSteam turbines are highly reliable and can meet multiple heat grade requirements. Steam turbines typically have capacities between 50 kW and 250 MW and work by combusting fuel in a boiler to heat water and create high-pressure steam, which turns a turbine to generate electricity. The low-pressure steam that subsequently exits the steam turbine can then be used to provide useful thermal energy. Ideal applications of steam turbine-based cogeneration systems include medium- and large-scale industrial or institutional facilities with high thermal loads and where solid or waste fuels are readily available for boiler use.
Steam turbine
Reciprocating EnginesIn terms of the number of units, reciprocating internal combustion engines are the most widespread technology for power generation, found in the form of small, portable generators as well as large industrial engines that power generators of several megawatts; Reciprocating engines are well suited for CHP in commercial and light industrial applications of less than 5 MW. Smaller engine systems produce hot water. Larger systems can be designed to produce low-pressure steam. Multiple reciprocating engines can be used to increase system capacity and enhance overall reliability.
Reciprocating Engines
Micro - turbinesMicro-turbines are small, compact, lightweight combustion turbines that typically have power outputs of 30 to 300 kW. A heat exchanger recovers thermal energy from the micro-turbine exhaust to produce hot water or low-pressure steam. The thermal energy from the heat recovery system can be used for potable water heating, absorption cooling, desiccant dehumidification, space heating, process heating, and other building uses. Micro-turbines can burn a variety of fuels including natural gas and liquid fuels.
Micro – turbines
Fuel cell A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction of positively charged hydrogen ions with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Fuel cells are different from batteries in that they require a continuous source of fuel and oxygen or air to sustain the chemical reaction, whereas in a battery the chemicals present in the battery react with each other to generate an electromotive force (emf). Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as these inputs are supplied.
Fuel cell
About half of the CHP capacity consists of large combined cycle systems that include two electricity generation steps (the combustion turbine and a steam turbine powered by heat recovered from the gas turbine exhaust) that supply steam to large industrial or commercial users and maximize power production for sale to the grid.
Plant, Germany
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
Advanced technologies include biomass integrated gasification combined cycle (BIGCC) systems, co- firing (with coal or gas), pyrolysis and second generation biofuels. Second generation biofuels can make use of biochemical technologies to convert the cellulose to sugars which can be converted to bioethanol, biodiesel, dimethyl ester, hydrogen and chemical intermediates in large scale bio-refineries.
Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants can achieve major CO2 reduction by effectively capturing the feedstock's carbon inventory from the syngas, before it is combusted in the gas turbine. Captured CO2 can then be buried underground. Significant overall integration know-how on the processes that prepare the gasified fuel for combustion enables the design of optimized IGCC plants, the maximization not only of efficiency and low emissions parameters, but also the life-cycle electricity costs and reliability.
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle -plant, Germany
Legislation and FrameworkLaw on Use of Renewable Energy Sources and Efficient Cogeneration (Official Gazette of the Federation of BiH, No: 70/13),Law on Renewable Sources of Energy and Efficient Cogeneration of Republika Srpska (Official Gazette of Republika Srpska, No: 39/13)It is necessary to enhance national action plan and constantly improve coordination and cooperation between state, entity, cantonal and local institutions and the public. The problem of inter-sectoral cooperation implies definition of the level to which public institutions responsible for the sectors which are directly or indirectly involved in the issue of using biomass (mining, agriculture, forestry, transport, spatial planning, environmental protection, protection of nature, finances, etc.) mutually cooperate and coordinate their activities.
Procedures to build a plant1. Information on location (contains information about the possibilities and limitations of building on the land plot, based on the planning document; Local government - the Department of Urbanism),2. Conditions distributors for energy permit (opinion of the competent Electric Power Company on the conditions and possibilities of connection to the distribution system),3. Energy license (design studies, the competent Ministry),4. The license for carrying out energy activities (Energy Agency),5. Obtaining conditions for planning permission (Ministry of Interior, connection to municipal infrastructure),6. The connection of the facility to the transmission, transportation and distribution systems.
Prior actions 7. Feasibility Study, preliminary project, 8. Location permit (in accordance with the valid planning document; location permit is issued on the basis of general regulation, to parts of the territory in the coverage plan that does not provide a detailed regulation plan), 9. Compensation for land development,10. Impact Assessment on the environment,11. The main project (main project shall be for the purpose of construction of the structure and the building permit),12. Technical control,13. Study of fire protection,14. Permission of the main projects (Water management public institution; Electric Power Company; Ministry of Interior; connection to municipal infrastructure),15. Building permit (issued by the local government).
Construction of the facility16. Appointment to the responsible contractor (contract with the contractor, the contractor Decision on the appointment of a responsible person with a license; Investor),17. Registration for construction (the competent institutions and important building inspector in the municipality),18. Naming supervision for proper work (decision on the appointment of the investor for the proper supervision works with licenses),19. Construction facility (building evidence of the contractor and supervision),20. Technical inspection of the building (the required certificates for devices and installations),21. Certified construction Diaries (commission formed by the authority that gave the building license),22. Geodetic surveying and measuring a new building (authorized geometer),23. Certificates of marked underground installations (cadastre),24. Usage permit (decision issued by the local government).
After obtaining use permit25. Recording of constructed building (cadastre),26. The status of privileged power producers (the competent Ministry),27. Contract for the sale of electricity (Electric Power Company).
Feed In Tariffs in BiH – Federation of BiH (FBiH)Biomass power plants:micro 2.9605mini 2.3640low 2.2770medium 2.1482Biogas:micro 8.6673mini 6.3046low 2.6388Efficient cogeneration plants:micro 1.4588mini 1.4588low 1.4588medium 1.4588
Guaranteed price (KM/kWh) – Republic of Srpska (RS) Power plants using biomass:- Up to and including 1 MW - 0.2413- Over 1 MW up to 10 MW - 0.2261Power plants on agricultural biogas:- Up to and including 1 MW - 0.2402Conventional energy resources in an efficient cogeneration plant:- New cogeneration plant at the gas up to and including 1 MW - 0.2117- New cogeneration plants Gas 1 MW up to 10 MW - 0.1864- New cogeneration plant at lignite to 1 MW - 0.1197- New cogeneration plants using lignite from 1 MW up to and including 10 MW - 0.0882Landfill gas in an efficient cogeneration plant:- Up to 1 MW - 0.0698- From 1 MW up to 10 MW - 0.0541
Darijo Lazić MBAOwner/Consultant
LAZIC Consulting s.p.Ljubovijska b.b.
78420 SrbacBosnia and Herzegovina
+387 51 92 35 10+387 63 64 71 76