BOSNIA&HERZEGOVINA

Country Profile Full Name: Bosnia & Herzegovina

Population: 3,8 million(UN,2010)

Regime: Federation-Federation of

Bosnia &Herzegovina, Republika Srpska-

Capital: Sarajevo, Bunja Luka( capital

city of Republika Srpska), Mostar (capital city of Herzegovina)

The president: The Precidency roteas every eight months between Serbs, Croats, Muslims

Major Languages: Bosnian, Croation, Serbian

Major Religious: Christianity( Orthodox Serbs, Catholic Croats) and

Muslim Bosnians

Life Expetancy: For men 73, for women 78 ( UN Report)

Monetary Unit:Pfenniga( 100 Pfenniga= 1 Deutche Mark)

Main exports: Wood, Paper and metal products

Gross National Income per capita:US 4$700(World Bank, 2009)

Area: 51.129 square kilometres

70 per cent of lands is mountains and forested

Only 13.6 per cent is arable( ekilebilir)

44 per cent of workforce is unemployed.

Who are the Bosnians?• Slavic origin

• Similar language with Serbs and Croats

• The largest group in Bosnia&Herzegovina

• 48 percent of population: Bosniak(Muslim)

• 31.1 percent of territory: Eastern Orthodox( Serbs second largest group)

• 14 percent of population: Croat( Roman Catholic)

• In 2000,• 40 percent of population: Muslim

• 31 percent of population: Orthodox Christian

• 15 Percent of population: Roman Catholic

• 14 percent of population: Athaist

• Before First World War, Bosnians meant TURKS

• With the 19.cc differentation of Bosnia

• Before 19.cc: determination of identity

in accordince with territorial and religious

affilation.

(UNDER A SINGLE ETHNIC GROUP)

• After the intensification of nationalism in 19th cc

• Translation of religious groups as ethnich affilations:

Catholic must be Croat

Orthodox must be Serb

Muslim must be Bosniak(later)

OTTOMAN CONQUEST AND ISLAMIZATION OF BOSNIA (1378-

1528)• Gradual, non-coercive, incomplete

• Two judgements about islamization of Bosnia

1. Bosnians accepted Islam to get rich( Ottoman tax system)

2. Similarities between Bogomilism

(“Heretic” Christianity) and Islam. Also, pressure

of Catholich Church

BOSNIA&HERZEGOVINA UNDER THE HAUBSBURG OCCUPATION

(1878-1918)• In 1878 ( Berlin Treaty) Serbia,

Montenegro Independent.

• Bulgaria autonomous

• Bosnia&Herzegovina under the occupation

of Austria Empire untill the end of First World War.

• Under the Austria-Hungary Empire,

Struggle between Croats and Serbs.

For Greater Serbia For Greater Croatia

• 1882-1903: Suporting of Bosnian nationalism by the Austria Empire to balance Croat and Serb nationalism

BOSNIA&HERZEGOVINA IN THE FIRST YUGOSLAVIA (1918-1941)

• Aim of Serbia: Unification of south Slavs

• In 1918, unification of Serbia, Montenegro, Slavic States of Austria-Hungary Empire

• Under the Karayorgiyeviç Family with the Corfu Pact:

Kingdom of Serb-Croat-Slovenian

• Annexation of Bosnia&Herzegovina

• Based on equality of Serbs-Croation-Slovenian

• Ambition of Serbs to be hehemon on all Kingdom

• Starting of struggle between Craots and Serbs

• In 1929 under the leadership of King Karayoryevic: establishment of Kingdom

of Yugoslavia to prevent nationalist

movements

• During this period, Bosnians were seen as

inheritor of Ottoman• On 20 August: decleration of

independent Croatia

Half of Bosnians’ territory came under the hegemony of autonomaus Croatia

TERM OF SECOND YUGOSLAVIAUnder the Communist Federation 1945-90

• Joining to facist Axis( by force)

• Military coup in Yugoslavia against Facist Germany

• Occupation of Yugoslavia by Germany on 17 April 1942

• Independence of Croatia by the help of Germany

• During this period, occupation of Bosnia&Herzegovina by Facist Croations “Ustaša”

• Resisting of Serbs against Facist Germany

under the leadership of Tito (Partisan Power)

• On 7 March 1945 declaration of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

• This new state consisted of six republic and

two autonomous structures(Voyvodina, Kosova)

SERBIA

MONTENEGRO

CROATIA

SLOVENIA

BOSNIA&HERZEGOVINA

MACEDONIA

• During this period, main aim of Tito:

creation of ahomogenous state

• Untill 1960, inreasing of pressure on Bosnians

• İmigration of Bosnians to Turkey

• On April 1963, new Yugoslavia Constitution

• Name of state: Socialists Federal Repuplic of Yugoslavia

• Declining of pressure on Bosnia

• 1974 Constitution: Recognation of Bosnians

as a founder of Yugoslavia

DISSOLUTION OF YUGOSLAVIA

• Nationalist movements

• Economic problems

• Death of Tito as a unifying factor

• 1990 elections and nationalist expressions during elecetion process

RESULTS OF 1990 ELECTIONS

• First Party: Party of Democratic Action -Bosniak Party, SDS- : 86 Seats

• Second Party: Serbian Democratic Party, SDS: 71 Seats

• Third Party: Croation Democratic Party, HDZ: 45 Seats

• After elections, surfacing of split in opinion

Serbia-Montenegro: Federal Republic

Croatia-Slovenia-Bosnia&Herzegovina(later): Confederative Structure

Coalition Government

• President of Republic: Alija Izzetbegovic from Bosniaks party

• No consensus on policy determination

• Unfunctional parliament

• On 25 june1991: independence of Croatia and Slovenia

• Attacks of Yugoslav Army(JNA) to Slovenia and Croatia

• September 1991 independence of Macedonia

• On 3 March 1992 independence of Bosnia&Herzrgovina as a result of 1992 referendum

• Recognation of Bosnia&Herzegovina by EC and US

• Membership of UN on 20 Mai 1992

• As a reaction: establishment of Republika Srpska in Bosnia&Herzegovina

THE BOSNIAN CONFLICT• New Federal Yugoslavia: Montenegro&Serbia( Savezna Republika

Jugoslavija)

• After independence of Bosnia, domestic unrest in the state

Bosnian Serbs: Greater Serbia with neigbour Serbia

Bosnian Croations: Greater Croatia with neigbour Croatia

• Bosnian Serbs were armed by Yugoslav Army

• Civil war between armless Bosniaks-Croats and armed Bosnian Serbs

• In a short time, occupation of Bosnia&Herzegovina by Bosnian Serbs

PEACE NEGOTIATIONS1. LizbonNegotiatıons and London Conferance January-March 1992 by EU

Division of Bosnia into three main cantons in accordence with ethnic origins

( Croats, Serbs, Muslim)

Rejected by Croats

İmportance of Lizbon negotiationsand London conferance: Recognation of

territorial integrity of Bosnia

2.Vance-Owen Plan

• Division of Bosnia into ten states

• 43 percen of territory: Bosnian Serbs

• 31 percent of Territory: Bosnian Muslims

• 26 percent of territory: Bosnian Croations

• Rejected by Serbs

3. Oven-Stoltenberg plan

• 52 percent of territory: Bosnian Serbs

• 30 percent of territory: Bosniaks

• 18 percent of territory: Croatia

4. Save zones Plan• Increasing of bloody attacks on Bosnian Muslims

• Establishment of Contact Group to Coordinate mediation

• Declaration of Srebrenisca, Sarajevo, Bihac, Gorazde, Tuzla, Zepo as safe zone

• On 4 June 1993, UNSC approved the sending of troops to the six areas.

NATO INTERVENTION• In 1995, top level f bloody attacks

• NATO’s intervention on 10 April 1994

• Occupation of Gorazde on 17 April by under the leadership of Karadzic “as a safe zone”

• Occupation of Bihac “ safe zone”

NATO’s GREAT SUCCESS!

THE SREBRENISCA MASSACRE JULLY 1995

• Attack on Srebrenisca under the

leadership of Ratko Miladic

• Collecetion of Muslim’s Weapons by

UN Peace Force for the security reason

• 8.300 people were killed

• Most of people are still lost

• UN’s Peace Force(UNPROFOR) failed

to prevent the genoside in Bosnia

DAYTON ACORDS 21 NOWEMBER 1995

• Representatives: Izzetbegovic(Bosniaks), Milosovic(Serbs), Tudjman( Croats)

• Aticles of Dayton Peace

Bosnia&Herzegovina was to be preserved as a single state within its present borders

and within international recognation.

The name of the country was to be changed from the Republic of Bosnia&Herzegovina to Bosnia&Herzegovina.

The capital city Sarajevo was to be reunited under federal authority, albeit divided into ten semi-autonomous distincts

Bosnia&Herzegovinawas to be divided into two seperate and largely autonomous territoritorial entities:51 percent of yhe territory was assigned to the Federation of Bosnia&Herzegovina whose populations are Bosniaks and Croat, 49 Percent of the territory was allocated to Republika Srpska

Within the FBIH, Dayton accord gave 27 percent of territory to Bosniaks and 24 percent of territory to the Croats.

There was to be an effective all-Bosnia Central Government, including a parliament , a three members presidency, a constutional Court and a single central bank.

Refugees were to be allowed and encoureged to return to their old homes.

Individuals charged with(suç isnat etmek) war crimes were to be banned from participation in political and military life.

A land corridor woul link Sarejevo and Gorazde

Dayton’s Bosnia

THE HUMAN COST OF THE BOSNIAN CONFLICT 1992-95

• MORE THAN 200.000 dead (17.000 CHILDREN)

• MORE THAN 400.000 injured

• MORE THAN 2 million homeless people