Biodiversity/ classificationSome terms: Biodiversity Taxonomy, taxon, taxa, taxonomic

rank Linnaeaus Binomial nomenclature Scientific name/ species Common name What about humans

FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM Outdated

Monera- all prokaryotes Protista- alga, protozoa, slime molds Fungus Plant Animal

Domains and Kingdoms Based on DNA comparisons

Domain Bacteri- prok. Kingdom Eubacteria, also include cyanobacteria

Domain Archaea- prok. Kingdom Archaebacteria: snottites and

extremophiles: very hot, salty,acidic habitats Domain Eukarya – all made of eukaryotic cells

Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungus Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

PROTISTA Plant-like - algae: exs- diatoms, dinoflagellates,

form base of marine food chain, produce a majority (70-80%) of oxygen we breath; seaweeds, etc.

Animal-like – protozoan: ciliates: ex- paramecium; flagellates: ex. - euglena; ameboid/form pseudopods: ex – ameba

Slime molds- are weirdos; moldy,slimy-like creepy, crawling masses, move along forest floor consuming dead matter.

FUNGUS Heterotrophic: saprophytic or parasitic Molds - exs: penecillin mold, bread mold,

orange peel, strawberries, etc. Mushrooms and toadstools Yeasts Mildews- shower stalls Parasitic: toe nail fungus, athlete’s foot, jock

itch, ringworm, yeast infections

Thought for today: “The meek shall inherit the earth”.

PLANT KINGDOM Terrestrial, autotrophic, green Include:

Bryophyytes - mosses/liverworts- not vascular; reproduce by spores

Tracheophytes-- are vascular Ferns - produce spores instead of seeds Gymnosperms- seed plants; conebearing;

needle-like leaves; produce pollen Angiosperms- seed plants; flowering/fruit

bearing; also produce pollen monocots and dicots- two categories of angiosperms

Two types of Angiosperms MONOCOTS DICOTS

Parallel vein patternpinnate or palmate

# flower parts: 3’s 4 or 5

Stem veins: scattered single ring

Seed sections one two

Transition to land- problems encountered by plants Support weight Protection from dessication Obtain nutrients from soil Transport nutrients to leaves Reproduction when no water available

to transport sperm Withstand extreme fluctuations in

temp., light, wind, humidity

4 adaptations for land existence, absent in most advance alga, present in earliest tracheophytes Protective layers around reproductive

organs; sterile jacket cells Multicellular embryo retained in the

female gametophyte Waxy cuticle Transport tubes/ “plumbing”

ANIMAL DIVERSITY LAB PROJECT All animal diversity lab sheets are due by Thurs,

6/1/06!!!!!!!!! You can give them to me anytime before that if they are ready.

You must turn them in to me personally, your hand to mine.

I must check all sheets to make sure everything on them is legal. Anything not allowed will be pulled out. You will get them back on the day of the final exam AND USE THEM for any animal kingdom related questions/essays.

This packet will also receive a recorded lab grade.

Only animal kingdom notes allowed for final; no plant notes, etc.

TERMS - described and defined endoderm, ectoderm, central cavity,

mesoglea, spicules, polyp, medusa, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry, metamerism, closed circulation, visceral mass, mantle, book lungs, spiracles, tracheal tubes, cephalothorax, exoskeleton, endoskeleton, water vascular system, notocord, complete vs. incomplete metamorphosis

Bacteria Bacteria – cellular, prokaryotic

Binary fission Conjugate and exchange plasmids Form spores when conditions are adverse Most are heterotrophic and beneficial: e.g. Most notorious are parasitic: TB, tetanus,

syphylis, gonorrhea (clap), diptheria, staph infections, salmonella, strep throat

VIRUSES Intracellular parasites Outer coat of protein; inner core of nucleic

acid Enter host cell, take over host cell’s

metabolism, directing the cell to make new virus particles. Cell explodes or buds off new virus particles, killing the cell

Exs: flu, colds, chicken pox, small pox, measles, hepatitis, ebola, HIV/aids, some cancers (cervical), meningitis, herpes,

Humans Classified Domain- eukarya Kingdom- animalia Phylum - chordata Class - mammalia Order - primate Family - Hominidae G. S.

ANIMAL KINGDOM 9 MAJOR PHYLA SEE HANDOUTs- list with general

characteristics and exs. Cartoon page Refer to Text - chapters:

Evolutionary Trends in land Plants Gametophyte dominance>>> sporophyte

dominance No vascular tissue >>> xylem , phloem,

vascular bundle Spores ->>>> seeds Archegonium/antheridium

>>>cones>>flowers/fruit Flagellated sperm>>> sperm with no tail,

package in pollen grains

EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS AND ADVANCES IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

ANIMALS- evolutionary trends Radial symmetry----- bilateral Nerve net------Cephalization, sense organs

in front end----- well organize brain No limbs----- tetrapod----knuckle walker

-------- bipedal, upright Segmentation: external vs. internal Cloaca------2 or 3 separate openings; --

------urinary bladder

Evolutionary Trends-Transition to land Cutaneous respiration,etc. --- gills--lungs External fertilization ---- internal fertilization Eggs laid in water---Amniote (land) egg, in

reptiles, birds, some mammals (monotremes) -----marsupial (pouch)---placental

HEART: two-chambered (fish); 3- chambered (amphibians); 3 + (reptiles); 4-chambered (birds and mammals)

No coelum ---- pseudocoelum-- true coelum (body cavity)

Evolutionary trends (animals) No skeleton ----- hydrostatic----exo

vs. endoskeleton (flexible vertebral column)

Face, brain and brain case

Poikilothermy (ectotherm) ---- homeothermy (endotherm)

Evolutionary Trends (animals) Integumentatry system: smooth -----

scales----- feathers------ hair/fur

Parental care

Uric acid excretion vs. Urea excretion

Unicellular (protista) ---- colonial ----- tissue----- organs------ organ systems