The Animal Kingdom Animal Kingdom

Phylums:

1. Sponges

2. Cnidaria – Jelly Fish, Hydra

3. Flatworms – Flukes, Tapeworms

4. Roundworms - Hookworms

5. Segmented Worms - Earthworms

6. Rotifera - Rotifers

7. Mullusca – Snails, Clams, Squid

8. Arthropoda – Insects, Crabs, Spiders

9. Echinodermata – Starfish, Sea Cucumber

10.Chordata – Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

Characteristics of All Animals

• 1) Eukaryotic

• 2) Multi-Celled

• 3) Heterotrophic

Major Characteristics Used To Classify

Animals

• 1) Body Organization

• 2) Number of Body Layers

• 3) Body Symmetry

• 4) Digestive Tract of Guts

• 5) Coelom or Body Cavity

Major Characteristics Used To Classify

Animals

• 1) Body Organization:

– Have Tissues

– Tissues Organized into Organs

– Have Organ Systems

• 2) Number of Body Layers:

– Germ Layers: layers of cells in embryo that give rise to

specific tissues in the adult.

– 3 Germ Layers:

• A) Ectoderm (Ecto – outside) – develops into Skin & Nervous

System (some animals – scales, feathers, hair, nails, etc)

• B) Endoderm (Endo – inner) – develops into lining of gut.

• C) Mesoderm (Meso – middle) – between Ecto & Endoderm.

Develops into circulatory system, reproductive system,

excretory system & muscular system.

• 3) Body Symmetry:

– Radial Symmetry: Ex: Jelly fish & Star Fish

– - Can be cut many different

– directions, & all parts look

– the same.

– - No region leads meaning slow

– movement.

• 3) Body Symmetry – Coninued

– Bilateral Symmetry

– - Can be cut on one plane only

– into 2 same halves.

– - Defined Head or Anterior End

– - Since one end enters area

– before other, nerve cells are

– concentrated in anterior

(head)

– - Called Cephalization –

– concentration of nerve cells in Anterior End.

– Cephalization warns of danger or food – helps

animals that move forward.

• 4) Digestive Tracts or Guts:

– Gut: When the organism only has on opening.

The food and wastes enter and leave through the

same opening.

– Digestive Tract: When the organism has 2

openings. One for taking food in (mouth) and the

other for the release of waste products (anus).

• 5) Coelom or Body Cavity:

– A) Acoelom: lower invertebrates without a body

cavity.

– B) Pseudocoelom: some invertebrates don’t have

a coelom, but do have a cavity NOT lined with the

Peritoneum.

– 5) Coelom or Body Cavity Continued:

– C) Coelom: a body cavity filled with fluid inside

the body, lined with a layer of cells called

PERITONEUM.

– Coelom develops from the embryo’s Mesoderm.

– In all Vertebrates and Higher Invertebrates.

– Peritoneum not only lines the Coelom, but the

organs and holds them in place.

Worms

• Phylum:

• 1) Platyhelminthes – Flatworms

• 2) Nematoda – Roundworms

• 3) Annelida – Segmented worms

Platyhelminthes – Flatworms

• Invertebrates

• Acoelomates – no body cavity or coelom.

• Bilateral Symmetry – most primitive animal to

have bilateral symmetry.

• Have a Mesoderm, not found in simpler

organisms.

• Have true organs and simple organs systems

(digestive & excretion)

Free-Living Flatworms

Free – Living Flatworm

• Planaria – best known free-living flatworm

• Live in Moist, Fresh or Salt water.

• Small – less then 1 cm long, with some as long as 60 cm.

• Gut – mouth is where food enters and leaves.

• Nerve Tissue in Anterior like primitive brain.

• Have Eyespot – can sense light and chemical sense to find food.

• Hermaphroditic: but need 2 worms to reproduce. (Sexual)

• Asexual – by growing new worms from fragments.

Parasitic Flatworms

Parasitic Flatworms

• Live inside or outside organisms.

• Fluke & Tapeworm most common.

• Don’t have sensory receptors because they live inside organisms.

• Reduced or No Digestive System: Most feed off digested food of host so don’t need digestion themselves. Others will feed off host itself and needs to digest host cells.

• This leave room for very specialized Reproductive organs.

• 1 Tapeworm can produce over 100,000 eggs in life time.

Tapeworm Life Cycle

Tapeworm Lifecycle Nematoda – Round Worms

Nematoda – Round Worms

Nematoda – Round Worms

• Pseudocoelom – body cavity but no Peritoneum lining.

• Simplest Organisms withComplete Digestive Tracts.

• Most are free-living, cause no harm, but some are parasitic and cause lots of problems to plants and animals.

• Have Anterior Ganglion (nerve cluster) with lateral or ventral nerve cord along body.

• No respiratory or circulatory system.

• Most parasitic of all animals, makes them the most feared.

Ascaris Life Cycle

Annelida – Segmented WormsSegmented Worms

• Have Segmented body

• Earthworms, red worm & leeches

• Simplest to have Coelom

• Have Organ Systems – digestive, circulatory,

reproductive, excretion & coordination.

• Segments allow for movement and flexibility.

Segmented Earthworm

• Has brain and nerve cord down length of body

• Eat soil with dead organisms – decompose

• Form tunnels in soil for aeration and drainage

that is great for plants.

• Hermphroditic – but need 2 worms, both

produce eggs and lay them in a cocoon.

• Movement by Peristalsis using circular and

long muscles along with Setae (bristles) as

anchors.

Arthropods

• Largest phylum of the Animal Kingdom with

about 1,000,000 species, about 90% of all

known Animal Species.

• Include: spiders, mites, ticks, crabs, lobsters,

barnacles & scorpions.

• They are found in all habitats on Earth.

Arthropod Body

• Arthropods evolved from segmented species.

• The segments have fused together to form 3

areas:

• 1) Head In Many Species, these are

• 2) Thorax fused to form CEPHALOTHORAX

• 3) Abdomen

• Each segment performs a specialized function

Body Arthropod Characteristics

• Exoskeleton (cuticle): the hard, outer shell

used for protection and allow them to move.

• Cuticle made of Chitin. When thick if very

tough like lobster shell. When thing, very

flexible like the wing of a grasshopper.

• The inner layer of the Exoskeleton covers the

whole body, even across joints to keep the

organs in place and allow movement.

• Exoskeleton can’t grow, so arthropod must

Moult shell to grow larger.

More Characteristics

• Primitive Arthropods have a nervous system

similar to the annelids.

• Advanced Arthropods have a larger brain

allowing for more complex behaviour and

detection from senses such as Crabs and Bees.

Sensory Organs

Sensory Organs

• Eyes: very primitive, have few photoreceptors

to produce basic image.

• Antennae: touch when light levels too low to

see.

• Ears: primitive membrane over openings in

cuticle for hearing.

• Projections or Pits: over exoskeleton to sense

touch from predators or chemical responses.

More Characteristics

• Open Circulatory System: Have heart to move

blood around to brain and body. They don’t

have arteries for blood to move around in,

blood flows through Hemocoel (open spaces).

The organs are oxygenated by bathing in the

blood, not by capillaries.

More Characteristics

• Digestive System made of 3 parts:

• 1) Foregut: Mouth -> Esophagus -> Crop/Gizzard

• 2) Mudgut: Stomach where digestion complete

• 3) Hindgut: Intestine to Anus

Ecological Role of Arthropods Ecological Role of Arthropods

• Positive:

– Food source for many organisms.

– Some pollinate plants, including fruits and vegetables.

• Negative:

– Some (insects) compete for same food source as other organisms (humans) (harvests)

– Barnacles, Termites & Carpenter Ants eat at structures.

– Some transmit diseases (mosquitoes, ticks, fleas)