bi 231: human anatomy & physiology
TRANSCRIPT
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BI 231: Human Anatomy & Physiology
1. Business
2. Introductions
3. Syllabus
4. Lecture
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Homework
Due in lab this week
1. Homework #1 – What Does the Syllabus Say?
2. Basic Principles 9 & 10 – Anatomical Terms & Body Cavities
Due Monday 10/1/12, beginning of class
1. Study Guide Introduction Section, Read pages 5 & 6
Complete Page 7 to turn in (also found as HW #2-Studying for Success)
2. Homework #3 (pages 5, 6 & 7) – Composition of Matter
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Introduction to
Anatomy and Physiology
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Anatomy and Physiology
Two complementary branches of science
Anatomy
Structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Physiology
Function of the body
Events at the cellular or molecular level
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Basic Concepts
1. Structural-functional relationships
2. Emergent properties
3. Homeostasis
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Basic Concepts
Relationship between structure and function
Structure (anatomy) of a component is defined by its function
(physiology)
Function always reflects structure
Principle of complementarity
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Examples
1. Bone
2. Skin
3. Blood vessels
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Examples
1. Bone a) What is it’s function?
b) How does the structure
of bone serve it’s function?
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3b
Bones
Joint
Skeletal System
Protects and supports body organs,
and provides a framework the muscles
use to cause movement.
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Examples
2. Skin a) What is/are it’s function(s)?
b) How does the structure of skin serve it’s function(s)?
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3a
Skin
Integumentary System
Forms the external body covering, and
protects deeper tissues from injury.
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Examples
3. Blood vessels a) What are their function(s)?
b) How does the structure of a blood vessel serve it’s function(s)?
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3f
Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood,
which carries oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
Heart
Blood
vessels
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Emergent Properties
Characteristics that develop or emerge as a result of the
organization within the system
Living organisms are more than a sum of their parts!
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Hierarchical Levels of Organization
a) Chemical
b) Cellular
c) Tissue
d) Organ
e) Organ System
f) Organism
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Molecule Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules.
1
Figure 1.1, step 1
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Organelle Molecule Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Smooth muscle cell
1
2
Figure 1.1, step 2
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Organelle Molecule Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Tissue level
Tissues consist of similar
types of cells.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
1
2
3
Figure 1.1, step 3
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Organelle Molecule Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Tissue level
Tissues consist of similar
types of cells.
Organ level
Organs are made up of different types
of tissues.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
1
2
3
4
Figure 1.1, step 4
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cardiovascular
system
Organelle Molecule Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Tissue level
Tissues consist of similar
types of cells.
Organ level
Organs are made up of different types
of tissues.
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Heart
Blood
vessels
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
1
2
3
4
5
Figure 1.1, step 5
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cardiovascular
system
Organelle Molecule Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Tissue level
Tissues consist of similar
types of cells.
Organ level
Organs are made up of different types
of tissues.
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely.
Organismal level
The human organism is made up
of many organ systems.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Heart
Blood
vessels
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
1
2
3
4
5 6
Figure 1.1, step 6
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Homeostasis
Ability to maintain an internal environment within
defined parameters
Example: interstitial fluid
Exchange between external and internal environment
Stress
Dynamic equilibrium
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Figure 1.2
Digestive system
Takes in nutrients, breaks them
down, and eliminates unabsorbed
matter (feces)
Respiratory system
Takes in oxygen and
eliminates carbon dioxide
Food O2 CO2
Cardiovascular system
Interstitial fluid
Nutrients
Urinary
system
Nutrients and wastes pass
between blood and cells
via the interstitial fluid
Integumentary system
Protects the body as a whole
from the external environment
Blood
Heart
Feces Urine
CO2
O2
All of these
organ systems
interact and
contribute to
maintenance
of homeostasis
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Homeostatic Mechanisms
Restore balance of set parameters
Example Exercise decreases normal oxygen concentration in blood. How
does the body compensate?
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Homeostatic Feedback
Sensor (receptor)
Controller
Effector
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01_02
A negative feedback
mechanism
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01_03
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Stimulus
produces change in variable.
BALANCE
1
Figure 1.4, step 1
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Stimulus
produces change in variable.
Receptor
detects change.
Receptor
BALANCE
1
2
Figure 1.4, step 2
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Stimulus
produces change in variable.
Receptor
detects change.
Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center.
Receptor
Control
Center
BALANCE
Afferent
pathway
1
2
3
Figure 1.4, step 3
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Stimulus
produces change in variable.
Receptor
detects change.
Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center.
Output:
Information sent along efferent pathway to effector.
Receptor Effector
Control
Center
BALANCE
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
1
2
3 4
Figure 1.4, step 4
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Stimulus
produces change in variable.
Receptor
detects change.
Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center.
Output:
Information sent along efferent pathway to effector.
Response
of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level.
Receptor Effector
Control
Center
BALANCE
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
1
2
3 4
5
Figure 1.4, step 5
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Positive Feedback
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Types of Feedback Mechanisms
Positive Feedback
Relatively rare, usually control infrequent events
Result or response enhances original stimulus
Ex: Childbirth or blood
clotting
Negative Feedback
Most mechanisms are of this
type
Cause variable to change in
direction opposite to that of
the initial change
Ex: Maintenance of blood
pressure or body temperature