Bell Work

• How do you think the periodic table is arranged and list for me ways in which you think the periodic table used. Or what can it be used for and why is it important?

Periodic Table

• Objective: How are elements arranged on the periodic table?

Periodic Table

• In 1869, Russian chemist In 1869, Russian chemist Dmitri Dmitri MendeleevMendeleev arranged the elements in order arranged the elements in order of increasing of increasing atomic massatomic mass. .

• However, there were However, there were gapsgaps in the table. in the table.• In 1914, British scientist In 1914, British scientist Henry MoseleyHenry Moseley

found the number of protons —the found the number of protons —the atomic atomic number. number.

• When the elements were arranged by When the elements were arranged by atomic numberatomic number, they fit the pattern in , they fit the pattern in Mendeleev’sMendeleev’s table.table..

Periodic Squares

• So the periodic table is arranged by increasing So the periodic table is arranged by increasing atomic number.atomic number.

• Each Element is Identified by a Chemical Symbol.Each Element is Identified by a Chemical Symbol.• Each square on the periodic table includes an Each square on the periodic table includes an

element’s name, element’s name, chemicalchemical symbolsymbol, atomic , atomic number, and atomic mass.number, and atomic mass.

• For most elements, the For most elements, the chemicalchemical symbol has one symbol has one or two or two lettersletters. The newest elements have . The newest elements have temporary three-letter symbols. temporary three-letter symbols.

• The 1The 1stst letter is always capitalized and the 2 letter is always capitalized and the 2ndnd letter is always lower case.letter is always lower case.

Periodic Squares

• Please draw and label the following periodic square!

Arrangement of the P.T.

• Each horizontal Each horizontal rowrow of elements is called of elements is called a a periodperiod. The chemical and physical . The chemical and physical properties of elements in a row follow a properties of elements in a row follow a repeatingrepeating pattern as you move across the pattern as you move across the period.period.

• Each vertical Each vertical columncolumn of elements is called of elements is called a a groupgroup. Elements in the same group often . Elements in the same group often have similar chemical and physical have similar chemical and physical propertiesproperties..

Understanding P.T.

• Elements are classified as Elements are classified as metalsmetals, , nonmetalsnonmetals, , and and metalloidsmetalloids, by their properties., by their properties.

• The number of electrons in the The number of electrons in the outerouter energy level energy level of an atom is one characteristic that helps of an atom is one characteristic that helps determine which determine which categorycategory an element belongs in. an element belongs in.

• The The zigzagzigzag line on the periodic table can help you line on the periodic table can help you recognize which recognize which elementselements belong in which belong in which category.category.

Parts of P.T.

Zig-zag line

Metals

• MetalsMetals are found to the are found to the leftleft of the of the zigzag line. Atoms of most metals zigzag line. Atoms of most metals have have fewfew electrons in their electrons in their outerouter energy level. energy level.

• Most metals are shiny, ductile, Most metals are shiny, ductile, malleable, and are good conductors malleable, and are good conductors of electric current and thermal of electric current and thermal energy.energy.

Nonmetals

• NonmetalsNonmetals are found to the are found to the rightright of the of the zigzag line. Atoms of most nonmetals zigzag line. Atoms of most nonmetals have an have an almostalmost complete set of electrons complete set of electrons in their in their outerouter energy level. energy level.

• Nonmetals are not shiny, ductile, or Nonmetals are not shiny, ductile, or malleable, and are poor conductors of malleable, and are poor conductors of electric current and thermal energy.electric current and thermal energy.

Metalloids

• Metalloids are the elements that Metalloids are the elements that borderborder the zigzag line. Atoms of metalloids have the zigzag line. Atoms of metalloids have about about halfhalf of a complete set of electrons in of a complete set of electrons in their outer energy level. their outer energy level.

• Metalloids have some properties of metals Metalloids have some properties of metals and some properties of nonmetals. and some properties of nonmetals. Metalloids are also called Metalloids are also called semiconductorssemiconductors..

Objective

• EXIT TICKET: write on ½ sheet and answer then give to Ms.Jones on way out!

• What are the location on the periodic table of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids?

Objective

• On ½ sheet of paper answer the following question

• List all the major groups of the periodic table by their names.

Groups of P.T.

• Group 1 - Group 1 - AlkaliAlkali metals metals

• Alkali metals are elements in Group Alkali metals are elements in Group 11 of the periodic table. of the periodic table.

• Alkali metal properties: - group Alkali metal properties: - group contains contains metalsmetals - - 11 electron in the electron in the outer level - very outer level - very reactivereactive - softness, - softness, color of silver, color of silver, shininessshininess, low density, low density

Group 2 - Group 2 - AlkalineAlkaline--earthearth metalsmetals

• Alkaline-Alkaline-earthearth metals are elements in metals are elements in Group Group 22. .

• Alkaline-earth metal properties: - Alkaline-earth metal properties: - group contains metals - group contains metals - 22 electrons electrons in the in the outerouter level - very reactive, but level - very reactive, but lessless reactive than alkali metals - reactive than alkali metals - color of silver, color of silver, higher higher densities than densities than alkali metalsalkali metals

Transition Metals

• TransitionTransition metals are in Groups metals are in Groups 33––1212. .

• Properties of Properties of TransitionTransition Metals vary Metals vary widely but include: - groups contains widely but include: - groups contains metals - metals - 11 or or 22 electrons in the outer electrons in the outer level - level - lessless reactive than alkaline- reactive than alkaline-earth metals - shininess, good earth metals - shininess, good conductors of conductors of electricelectric current and current and thermalthermal energy energy

Transition Metals3-12

Group Group 1313 – Boron – Boron

• AluminumAluminum is the most is the most common common element from Group 13. element from Group 13.

• Group 13 properties: - group Group 13 properties: - group contains 1 contains 1 metalloidmetalloid and and 55 metals - metals - 33 electrons in the outer level - reactive electrons in the outer level - reactive - - solidssolids at room temperature at room temperature

Group Group 1414 – Carbon – Carbon

• Group 14 properties: - group Group 14 properties: - group contains 1 contains 1 nonmetalnonmetal, 2 metalloids, , 2 metalloids, and and 22 metals - metals - 44 electrons in the electrons in the outerouter level - reactivity varies among level - reactivity varies among the elements - the elements - solidssolids at room at room temperaturetemperature

Group Group 1515 – Nitrogen – Nitrogen

• Group 15 properties: - group Group 15 properties: - group contains contains 22 nonmetals, 2 metalloids, nonmetals, 2 metalloids, and 2 and 2 metalsmetals - - 55 electrons in the electrons in the outer level - reactivity outer level - reactivity variesvaries among among the elements - the elements - solidssolids at room at room temperature (except for temperature (except for nitrogennitrogen, , which is a gas)which is a gas)

Group Group 1616 – Oxygen – Oxygen

• Group 16 properties: - group Group 16 properties: - group contains contains 33 nonmetals, 1 nonmetals, 1 metalloidsmetalloids, , and 1 metal - and 1 metal - 66 electronselectrons in the outer in the outer level - reactive - level - reactive - solidssolids at room at room temperature (except for temperature (except for oxygenoxygen, , which is a gas)which is a gas)

Group Group 1717 – – HalogensHalogens

• Group 17 properties: - group Group 17 properties: - group contains contains nonmetalsnonmetals - - 77 electrons in electrons in the the outerouter level very level very reactivereactive - poor - poor conductorsconductors of electric current, never of electric current, never in in uncombineduncombined form in nature form in nature

Group Group 1818 – – Noble GasNoble Gas

• Group 18 properties: - group Group 18 properties: - group contains contains nonmetalsnonmetals - - 88 electrons in electrons in the outer level (except the outer level (except heliumhelium, which , which has has 22) - have a ) - have a fullfull outer shell - outer shell - unreactive - unreactive - colorlesscolorless, odorless , odorless gasesgases at room temperature at room temperature

HydrogenHydrogen

• The properties of hydrogen do not The properties of hydrogen do not matchmatch the properties of any the properties of any singlesingle group, so hydrogen is set apart: - a group, so hydrogen is set apart: - a nonmetal nonmetal -- 11 electron in the outer electron in the outer level - level - reactivereactive - colorless, odorless - colorless, odorless gasgas at room temperature - low at room temperature - low densitydensity