Bell Ringer # 8 Elements • The Periodic Table is made of _________.

• What is the Atomic Number? • What is the name of the element?• What is the atomic mass?• What is the number of protons, electrons,

and neutrons?

3D Bohr Model3D Bohr Model Due Date: 9/28 – 1 Test Grade

• You will create a 3D model of an element of your choice with the exception of H, C, and Cl. (up to element 28)

• Must include the following information:– A title for the element– Correct number of protons, electrons, and neutrons– A symbol sheet– Be 3D

• The symbol sheet should have the same set up as the example in the back of the book:– Atomic Number– Symbol– Name of element– Atomic mass

Van der Waals Forcesa. When molecules are close together a weak attraction b/t

oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules.Example is the gecko.

What are some everyday products that demonstrate Van Der Waals Forces?• Glue and cosmetics products

• How can insects and reptiles walk on water?Their feet have toes with fringes (pom-poms). Every time the lizard slaps its foot down an air pocket forms above their feet preventing

the animal for sinking.

• Water(H20) and Its Properties

a.70% plus of living organism are made up of water

b. Polar covalent molecule - when the charges are unevenly distributed (this is why water is polar).

Note: The hydrogen's

are bonded to the

oxygen.Tug of war: one big

one small

• Hydrogen bondinga. The attraction between the hydrogen atom on one water

molecule and the oxygen atom of another water molecule.

b. cohesion - the ability of water to stick to water (ex. Surface tension - animals walking on water and capillary action - xylem tubes in plants)

c. Adhesion - the ability of water to stick to other materials(graduated cylinder meniscus)

Properties of Water ExerciseProperties of Water Exercise

• Materials- transparency slip, dropper with water

• As each property is presented, follow the instructions in the bubble

1. Hydrophobic interaction

• when non-polar molecules cluster together in the presence of a polar substance

• Ex. oil in water- oil is non-polar but water is polar

•Add a drop of oil onto the transparency slip•What do you observe?•Add a drop of water on top of the oil•What do you observe?

• water can absorb a large amount of heat before vaporizing.

• due to high specific heat ex.

1. stabilizing the earth temp.2. add water to radiator

• High “heat of vaporization” ex. sweating

3. Cohesion• cohesion - the ability of water to stick to water • ex. Surface tension - animals walking on water

•Add another drop of water somewhere on the transparency slip•What do you observe?•Add another drop on top of that drop•What do you observe?

4. Adhesionc. adhesion- the ability of water to stick to

other materials(graduated cylinder meniscus)

•Place the tip of the eye dropper into the drop of water•Slowly remove the tip•What do you observe?

5. Capillary Actiond. capillary action- combination of cohesion

and adhesion (ex. xylem tubes in plants and drinks in straws)

•Place the tip of the eye dropper into the drop of water•Slowly remove the tip•What do you observe?

• Mixtures, Solutions, and Suspensions.

a. Mixture - a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together, but not chemically.

- Earth’s atmosphere is a mixture gases.

List 3 of your own examples of mixtures:

_____________, _______________, _________________

There are two types of mixtures involving water.

• Solutions - when ions gradually become dispersed in water.

-Solute - the substance dissolved.

-Solvent - the substance in which

the solute dissolves.• Suspensions - materials that do

not dissolve in water, but are

separated into smaller pieces

that do not settle (blood).

Match the Structure to its Macromolecule

• Protein

• Carbohydrate

• Lipid

• Nucleic Acid

A

B

C

D

ENZYMES2-4

http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif

Chemical reactions need help to get started.

Ex: A fire needs a match to get it started.

http://www.chuckwagondiner.com/art/matches.jpghttp://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif

Remember, proteins can be enzymes and are 3D in shape

• When amino acids come together they form a peptide bond. Multiple bonds are called polypeptide bonds.

______________ to get a chemical reaction _______________

= ________________________

Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved

ACTIVATION ENERGY

REACTANTSPRODUCTS

ACTIVATIONENERGY

Energy requiredSTARTED

Energy In ReactionsEnergy In Reactions

• Exergonic are chemical reactions that release energy occur spontaneously (without prompting)

• Endergonic are chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy.

• Check Your Understanding:Check Your Understanding:

• How would you compare the energy of the products and reactants in the two types of reaction graphs?

• Which type of graph reaction is more likely to be spontaneous?

Energy-Releasing ReactionProducts

Energy-Absorbing Rxn. Energy-Releasing Rxn.

Activation Energy

Products

ReactantsReactants

Products

Activation Energy

EAR-the products have more energy than the reactants. ERR- the products have less energy than the reactants.

An energy releasing reaction

___________ HELP CHEMICAL REACTIONS _______________

Catalysts work by ____________ the___________________________to get a chemical reaction started.

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DECREASING

CATALYSTS

ACTIVATION ENERGY required

HAPPEN FASTER

IT’S LIKE PUSHING A SNOWBALL UP A HILL

Once it gets to top . . . it can roll back all by itself

http://www.gifs.net

CATALYSTS in Living Things

In living systems __________ that

________________to control chemical reactions are called

= _________

Image from: http://www.hillstrath.on.ca/moffatt/bio3a/digestive/enzanim.htm

More about this in Chapters 7,8,9 and 12

SEE ANIMATIONof AMYLASE

PROTEINS

act as catalysts

ENZYMES

PROTEINS CAN BE ENZYMES

SUBSTRATE

ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX

PRODUCTSENZYMEUnchanged& Reusable

ENZYME

Image modified from: http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gifArrow: http://www.gifanimations.com/action/ImageDisplay/1/2/11/next

Click HERE to learn more about enzymes

ENZYMES _____ like a _______________

to only _________of _________.

Enzymes are ___________ by thereaction and ___________

LOCK AND KEY

REUSABLEUNCHANGED

FIT

ONE KIND SUBSTRATE

http://www.grand-illusions.com/images/articles/toyshop/trick_lock/mainimage.jpg

FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENZYME ACTIVITY

__________ & ______________

Conditions that are TOO ACIDIC

or TOO HOT cause proteins to________ or _________

pH temperature

UNWIND DENATURE

http://www.desktopfotos.de/Downloads/melt_cd.jpg http://www.nealbrownstudio.com/adm/photo/163_nb_fried_egg.jpg

See a movie

Choose narrated

Denaturing _______ the _______ of the ______________ so enzyme ______________ to ____________

Image modified from: http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html

_______________ (keeping pH and temperature constant) is ______________ for

maintaining ____________________

HOMEOSTASIS

changes shapeACTIVE SITE

CAN’T BIND SUBSTRATE

IMPORTANT

ENZYME FUNCTION

Many enzyme NAMES end in _____and the beginning of the name tells what it does

DNA Polymerase= “polymerizes” joins monomers to make DNA

Protease= breaks down proteins

ATP synthase= synthesizes ATP

-ASE

MAKE CONNECTIONS

How is the SHAPE of an enzyme related to its

FUNCTION?

http://www.gb-sports.co.uk/zoggsfinz.jpg http://www.webweaver.nu/clipart/img/misc/construction/hammer-animation.gif

C. Isotopes1. When atoms of the same element differ in

the # of neutrons they contain (still contain the same # of electrons).

IsotopesIsotopes

Symbolic Notation Symbolic Notation (Shorthand): Atomic Symbols(Shorthand): Atomic Symbols

K Element Symbol39

19

Mass number →

Atomic number

Bell Ringer #16

• Which of the following organic compounds is the main source of energy for living things?

a.carbohydrates c. nucleic acidsb. lipids d. proteins• Which of the following is NOT a function of

proteins?a.store and transmit heredityb.help to fight diseasec. control the rate of reactions and regulate cell

processesd.build tissues such as bone and muscle

OrganicCompounds

include

that consist of

which contain

that consist of that consist of that consist of

which contain which contain which contain

Section 2-3 Concept MapConcept Map

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Sugars and starches

Fats, oils, and waxes

Nucleotides Amino Acids

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

phosphorus

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,

nitrogen,

To provide energy Store energy

Function is Used forFunction isFunction is

Stores genetic information

Cell structure And

Reaction rates

Bellringer #17

• How many electrons are found in each layer of the electron cloud? (energy levels)

• How do you determine the number of neutrons in an element?

Organic Compound Activity

• Label the outside folds with Organic Compound names.

• Include all information from Concept Map

• At least 2 examples of each. Draw pictures

• For Proteins include the general structure of an amino acid (label) and 1 other example.

• For Carbohydrates include the ratio.