8/20/10 review. basic atomic structure neon nucleus 10 protons 10 neutrons 1. what is the atomic...
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8/20/10 Review
Basic Atomic StructureNeon
Nucleus10 Protons10 Neutrons
1. What is the atomic mass?
2. What is the atomic number?
3. Is this a stable atom?
Ion or Isotope?
Lithium Atom
Proton Neutron Electron
4. 5.
6. Is the ion an anion or a cation?
Molecule or Compound?Proton Neutron Electron
7. 8.Carbon Nucleus
Oxygen NucleusOxygen
Nucleus
9. Are these bonds covalent or ionic?
Label the locations of the partial negative charge, partial positive
charge, and hydrogen bond
Oxygen
Oxygen
H
H
H
H
10.
11.
12.
13. Are the bonds in water molecules non-polar or polar covalent?
• 14. What is homeostasis?• 15. What region of the brain controls hunger?• 16. What hormone signals the brain that the
body has had enough to eat?• 17. How does cannabis stimulate hunger?• 18. What are the four types of energy?• 19. What four elements make up 96% of the
average person’s body weight?
Why is ice opaque when water is clear?
• In your home freezer the ice is made by filling a tray with water. Cold air on the mold causes the water to freeze from the outside in.
• As the water freezes, entrapped air and minerals are moved out of the freezing ice toward the unfrozen center. Eventually the trapped air becomes frozen water with air bubbles which looks like cloudy ice.
What creates “the high” when a person uses marijuana?
• The psychoactive effects of THC are mediated by its activation of the CB1 receptor, which is the most abundant G protein-coupled receptor in the brain.
• Exact mechanisms are unknown.
SubjectsTypes of Chemical ReactionsOrganic vs. Inorganic CompoundsPrimary Organic Compounds
Patterns of Chemical ReactionsSynthesis Reactions
Two or more atoms or compounds combine to form a larger, more complex compound.
Bonds are createdRequires energy
A + B AB
Amino Acid Chains: Synthesis Reactions
C C
O
O
N
R
HH
H
H
C C
O
O
N
H
RH
H
H
Decomposition ReactionsAB A + BA compound is
broken down into smaller compounds.
Produces energy through the breaking of bonds.
Exchange ReactionsAB + C AC + Bor AB + CD AD + CBA switch is made between the parts of
compounds.
Organic Vs. InorganicOrganic compounds
Contain carbon with exceptions such as carbon dioxide
Inorganic compoundsLack carbonTend to be small, simple moleculesExamples
Water Salt Acids and Bases
Inorganic CompoundsWater
2/3 of your body weightImportance
High Specific Heat: Prevents rapid changes in body temperature
Cushion Protects the brain and developing fetus
Chemical reactivity Dehydration and hydrolysis reactions
Polarity: Excellent solvent Transport and exchange
Universal Solvent: Figure 2.10
Oxygen
H
H
Oxygen
H
H
Na+ Cl-
*
SaltsIonic compounds (electrolytes)Dissolve easily in waterRequired for muscle contraction and neural
transmission: Ca, K, NaSalt in bones and teeth: Ca, PWater Balance: Na
Water IntoxicationAlters the osmotic gradientCause swelling in the brain which can
eventually interrupt the flow of blood
Organic CompoundsCarbohydrates
“hydrated carbon” 1 oxygen: 2 hydrogenProvide energySugars and starchesComposed of monosaccharides
Basic structure: Ring or chain of 3-7 carbon atoms
DisaccharidesFormed by synthesis reactions
Dehydration synthesis (Figure 2.13)Broken down by hydrolysis by the digestive system
before being absorbed into the blood
Common disaccharidesSucrose in cane sugarLactose in milkMaltose in malt sugar
PolysaccharidesLong, branching chains of sugarsStarch in plantsGlycogen in animals
LipidsEnter the body as fatty meats, egg yolks, milk
products, and oilsContain a much more carbon and hydrogen
than oxygen.Most abundant in the body
Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
Triglycerides
Neutral FatsComposed of fatty acids and glycerolMajor source of stored energyFound in fat deposits beneath the skin and
around body organsInsulate the body and protect the body
PhospholipidsTwo fatty acid chains and phosphorus groupLarge component of cellular membranesFatty acid chains
HydrophobicContains a phosphorus group
Bears an electrical chargePolar and hydrophilic
Phospholipid Bilayer
Nanoscale Transistor Sensor•Smaller than viruses•Measures ion flux and electrical signals•Has the potential to measure individual biochemicals
•Why does it destroy the cell?
SteroidsFlat molecules formed of four interlocking
ringsPrimarily carbon and hydrogenCholesterol
Used to form vitamin DSex hormonesCortsiolBile salts
ProteinsAccount for 50% of organic matter in the
bodyComposed of C, H, O, and NBuilding blocks are amino acids
Amine group, acid group, R groupR group is a unique side chain
*
Amino acids20 amino acidsAmino acid chains of fewer than 50 amino
acids are peptidesChains greater than 50 amino acids long are
polypeptidesUnique sequences of amino acids vary widely
in structure and function
Fibrous and Globular ProteinsFibrous
Structural proteinsAppear most often in body structuresProvide strength in certain body tissuesCollagen found in bones, cartilage, and
tendons is the most abundant protein in the body
Stable
Globular proteinsFunctional proteins (they do things)Less stable than fibrous proteinsMobileSpherical moleculesRoles in the body
AntibodiesHormonesTransport proteinsCatalysts
EnzymesCatalyst: a substance that increases the rate
of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the product or being changed itself
Substrate binds to the active site and is altered
*
Some have activators or inhibitors which alter the structure of the enzymeActivators allow the enzyme to bind to the
substrateInhibitors prevent the binding of the substrate
Capable of catalyzing millions of reactions each minute
Without enzymes, reactions would occur far too slowly to sustain life
Protein DenaturationHigh heat and pH fluctuations can interfere
with protein structureProtein loses its function
Nucleic acidsBuilding blocks for
genesComposed of
nucleotidesComposed of a N-
containing base, a pentose (5-carbon) sugar, and a phosphate group
Dictate protein structureNucleic Acids
Deoxyribonuleic acid (DNA)Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
BasesAdenineGuanineCytosineThymineUracil
DNAGenetic material found within the cell nucleusReplicates itself exactly before a cell dividesProvides instructions for building every
protein in the bodyBases: A, G, T, and C
A binds to T and G binds to CDeoxyribose sugarTwo chains held together by hydrogen bondsDouble helix
RNACarries out the orders for protein synthesis
issued by DNASingle nucleotide strandsBases: A, G, C, and U (which replaces T)Ribose sugarVarieties
Messenger (mRNA)Ribosomal (rRNA)Transfer (tRNA)
Adenosine TriphosphateProvides chemical energy that is usable by all
body cellsStorage compound for energy released by
glucoseStructure: adenine base, ribose sugar, and
three phosphate groups
Phosphate group bondsHigh energy bondsRuptured by hydrolysis
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