bcon draft

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION I (BLD 60303)PROJECT 01: EXPERIENCING CONSTRUCTIONASSIGNMENT 1: EXPERIENCING, DOCUMENT AND ANALYSIS CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

ANG AVERLLEN 0321444 | ONG SHI HUI 0320303 | NG WYN JANE 0319440 | LIM ZIA HUEI 0321031JACK LEE 0325810 | LEE ZI YING 0320435 | LIM ZANYU 0325034 | LIM YANG KANG 0320538

C O N T E N T

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION OF SITE

2.0 SITE AND SAFETY 2.1 PLANTS AND MACHINERY

3.0 EXTERNAL WORK 3.1 SETTING OUT AND EARTHWORK

4.0 FOUNDATION 4.1 REINFORCED CONCRETE PILE FOUNDATION 4.2 REINFORCED CONCRETE PILE CAP 4.3 COLUMN STUMP FORMATION 4.4 SHALLOW FOUNDATION

5.0 BASEMENT 5.1 BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION 5.2 RETAINING WALL

6.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE 6.1 COLUMNS 6.2 BEAMS 6.3 SLABS 6.4 WALLS 6.5 STAIRCASES

7.0 DOORS AND WINDOWS 7.1 DOORS 7.2 WINDOWS

8.0 ROOF

9.0 SUMMARY

10.0 REFERENCES

I N T R O D U C T I O N

First site visit BSP VILLAGE COMMERCIAL CENTRE

Second site visit KELAB UKAY RESIDENCE

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE SITE

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BSP VILLAGE COMMERCIAL CENTER

Jalan Saujana Putra, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom, 42610, SelangorLand Acres: 16 AcresTotal Units: 164 UnitsProject Type: 2 & 3 storey shop officeGross built-up: 2 storey (from 2,761 sq.ft.), 3 storey (from 4,425 sq.ft.)Layout: 22’ x 70’ ; 22’ x 80’Accessibility: Can be accessible via 4 major highways (Elite, Skve, Kesas & LDP)


-Multi-storey shopping mall-Extensive food and beverage choices-Friendly environment pedestrian walk street -Ample parking-Innovative lifestyle zones-Dedicated entertainment zones.-Open air plazas and courtyards.-Supermarket street bazaars.

Located at the vibrant heart of Bandar Saujana Putra in Puchong, Selangor.

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BSP VILLAGE COMMERCIAL CENTER - FLOOR PLAN


2 STOREY SHOP OFFICE (22’ X 70’)

2 STOREY SHOP OFFICE - INTERMEDIATE LOT (22’ X 80’)

GROUND FLOOR FIRST FLOORFIRST FLOOR GROUND FLOOR

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Jalan Kelab Ukay 2, 68000 Ampang, Selangor, Malaysia.Land Acres: 0.75 AcresTotal Units: 15 UnitsProject Type: 5 storey superlink house (3+1+1 storey with roof top garden)

To Batu Caves

To Cheras

To Duta

To KLCC

To Setapak

To KLCC


KELAB UKAY RESIDENCE

-Located within an upscale and mature residential area.-Impressive exterior with a blend of modern linear design and floor-to-ceiling glass panels.-Unobstructed mountain view that extends to the living area and master bedrooms.-Cool breeze air from the greenery surroundings.-Within a 24-hour guarded community.-Easily accessible to Kuala Lumpur and Petaling Jaya via major highway networks.-Easy access to complete basic and support functions -6.000sf contemporary home with private lift leading to all levels.-30 feet setback in each unit to provide ample parking space for 4 cars at the drive way.

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ROOF TOPThe 800-square-feet roof top garden providing excellent views of the surroundings

KELAB UKAY RESIDENCE - FLOOR PLANS

1ST FLOOREn-suite master bedroom 1, 2 en-suite bedrooms

LOWER GROUND 1En-suite bedroom 2 and family hall

GROUND FLOORCar porch for 4 cars, a spacious living area, dining room, wet and dry kitchen

LOWER GROUND 2A large service area that offers the convenience of laundry and storage space


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S I T E & S A F E T Y

The construction industry has long been considered as a difficult, dangerous and dirty occupation due to the high number of accidents, injuries and deaths. Construction workers are exposed to different rinks. Example: falling from heights, movement of the plant and machinery, electrical shocks, drowning, excessive noise and etc.

SIGNAGESThe reason of placing safety sign is to deliver the important of the information to public and warn the public about hazard that could be happen in construction site. No only that, the sign provides information of who is working and the contact as well.

PROHIBITION / DANGER ALARM

WARNING

MANDATORY

FIREFIGHTING

NO DANGER

Different colours and symbols of signages give identify different actions or procedures to be used.

SIGNAGES FOUND ON SITE

The safety signages showed and informed that before entry the construction site, everyone have to wear appropriate personal protective equipments.

Warn drivers about the construction site ahead.

2.0 SITE AND SAFETY

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S I T E & S A F E T Y LIM YANG KANG 0320538

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT Personal protective equipment is clothing and equipment designed to be worn by workers to protect them from injuries. It is a must for workers to wear PPE all the time on site. Fine will be given to those who don’t abide the rules.

EYE PROTECTIONSafety goggles protect against eye injuries while workers weld or cut materials & against dust or other eye irritants.

SAFETY HELMETProtect the individuals from injuries caused by falling objects.

EAR PROTECTIONEar plugs should be worn to protect the ears from damage especially when it is near or using loud machinery.

HAND PROTECTIONGloves is a must protect a worker’s hands from splinters and other sharp objects.

FOOT PROTECTIONClosed toe shoes only. Work boots are preferred but thick soled tennis shoes will be allowed.

ATTIRE-Long sleeve, short sleeve shirts and t-shirt are allowed-tight fitting or suggestive is not allowed. -must not be exposed in the torso area.

ATTIRE-Pants and shorts must not be tight fitting. -Shorts must be no higher than mid-thigh.

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2.0 SITE AND SAFETY


SCAFFOLDINGScaffolding is a temporary structures that used to support people and hold materials that are to be used for construction or repair of buildings and other structures. They aid safety of the workmen and allow access to areas that are difficult to reach. They are constructed by using metal tubes with metal platforms or with bamboos and wooden planks.

DIAGONAL BRACE

SILLBEARER

RUNNER

PLANKING

SAFETY NETA kind of falling protection system that protect workers from falling by covering the edge of the building especially when the building are to be construction up to the height that may cause falling if precautions are not taken by the workers.

DIAMOND MESH

Anchor securely to eliminate friction wear and prevent enlargement. Maximum size of mesh opening less than 6 inches

Safety nets should be used when work place is more than 25 feet above ground where the use of scaffolds are impractical.JOINT CONNECTIONS VARY

ACCORDING TO MANUFACTURER

2.0 SITE AND SAFETY


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Excavator is the machine that can excavate the soil of various types forcefully and then using hydraulic system a hydraulic force is generated and utilizing this force bucket is pull back towards the machine. Bucket of excavator is replaceable. If front bucket is exchange with some other attachments then excavator can be used for multi-purpose. For example: pile diver, hydraulic jack hammer etc…

CRAWLER EXCAVATOR

-Two endless tracks.-used in hilly areas where risks of sliding of machinery are on the verge. -Low ground pressure because of spreading of load on large area and also used where soil support is weak.

THE ARM-Consists of a bucket and a boom.-Can be replaced by hammer or breaker.-Does the digging work.

THE CAB-The driver’s seat consists of the control systems and steering

THE SWING-Ability to turn 360 degree.

THE FEET-Two types of excavators bases.-Wheel excavator use on hard surface.-Crawler excavator use on unstable surface.


EXCAVATOR

2.1 PLANTS AND MACHINERY

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MOBILE CRANES

A mobile crane is a cable-controlled crane mounted on crawlers or rubber-tired carriers or a hydraulic-powered crane with a telescoping boom mounted on truck-type carriers or as self-propelled models.They are designed to easily transport to a site and use with different types of load and cargo with little or no setup or assembly.

WORK BASED ON SIMPLE CONCEPT

-Transmission of forces from point to point through a fluid. -Two pistons fit into glass cylinders filled with oil and connected to another.If downward forces apply to one piston, then the force is transmitted to the second piston through the oil in the pile.

THE BOOM -It is the most recognizable part of the crane. Does heavy lifting of materials such as beam and column.

THE JIB -This lattice like structure frees up the boom to extend fully and provide maximum lift range.

THE COUNTERWEIGHTS -Keep cranes from becoming unbalanced while hoisting heavy loads.


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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_track


BACKHOE-LOADERThe backhoe loader is an engineering and excavation vehicle that consists of a tractor, front shovel and bucket and a small backhoe in the rear end. Due to the small size and versatility, backhoe loaders are common with small construction projects and excavation type work.

LOADERA loader is a heavy equipment machine used in construction to move aside or load materials such as asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, feed, gravel, logs, raw minerals, recycled material, rock, sand, etc. into or onto another type of machinery.

THE BOOM -Bent upwards to make it easier to dig.

THE BACKHOE-Use to dig up hard compact material or lift heavy loads.

THE TRACTOR -Move easily over all kind of rough terrain by controlling the steering in the cab.

THE LOAD -Use to pick up and push large amount of loose materials into holes.

THE CAB-Driver’s seat consists of the control systems and steering.

THE BUCKET-Use to load materials.-Can be replace by other devices and tools.-Different size of buckets.


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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipment_(construction)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction


CONCRETE MIXER TRUCKThe concrete mixer is a device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller volume works portable concrete mixers are often used so that the concrete can be made at the construction site, giving the workers ample time to use the concrete before it hardens.

Standard environmental air pollution prevention device to be relocated.

Concrete mixing chamber.

Control system

BRACKET ROLLER

STEPS OF THE CONCRETE MIXER TRUCK WORK

CONCRETE COMPRESSOR PUMP

Pump wet concrete safely through a delivery system if pipes and hoses within its published rating and specification. Stability of the concrete pump during operation is provided for the outriggers and front jack controls for the outriggers are located on the sides of the concrete pump.


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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water

E X T E R N A L W O R K S

SETTING OUT AND EARTH WORK- Site clearing - Site layout and Security and safety- Setting out and levelling

SITE CLEARING- A construction site is usually prepared in two steps : clearing the vegetation and also cut and fill the surface soil. It can be done by hand or by machineries depending on the scale of the site. - Based on the scale of the sites selected, the machineries needed for clearing the site includes : Multipurpose excavator, bulldozer, dumper, since they can not be done manually.

Process of bulldozer removing shrubs

Process of multipurpose excavator clearing site, particularly removing trees

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3.1 SETTING OUT AND EARTHWORK


SOIL FILLINGAfter all the vegetations are removed from site, it will be followed by the process of soil filling, which basically cuts and fill the topmost surface of the soil, to produce an even surface for the site. The fill dirt used is usually the subsoil and underlying soil parent material which has little soil organic matter or biological activity. They are taken from a location where soil is being removed as a part of leveling an area for construction, while it may also contain sand, rocks, and stones, as well as earth.

The other site was built on slope (2 floor basement and 3 floor above ground floor). Soil investigation plays a much more important part in this site, as it helps to reduce the risk of erosion and land massing. More work is done to prevent accidents from happening, such as the construction of retention walls and deeper piling for foundation.

Cut and fill the soil Even ground levelDifferent in level of soil

RETAINING WALL- To hold the soil together- Prevent the happening of erosion to disrupt the construction progress

A deeper foundation compared to a normal construction site

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SITE LAYOUT 1 AND SITE SECURITY

- Temporary site office- Temporary residential area for workers- Temporary material storage- Temporary toilet

- Temporary toilet for workers

- Retention pond

- Construction area

- Site boundary and temporary fencing- Site security- Entrance to site

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SITE LAYOUT 2 AND SITE SECURITY - Temporary site office- Temporary toilet- Temporary material storage

- Temporary drainage system

- Construction area

- Temporary electricity supply

- Water trough

- Site boundary and temporary fencing

- Site security

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SITE SECURITY AND TEMPORARY FENCING

SITE SECURITY- Security against theft- Security from vandals- Protection from innocent trespassersThe need for and type of security required will vary from site to site according to the neighbourhood.

TEMPORARY FENCING- Not allowing random people to enter the site without permission- As a safety boundary to prevent construction accidents to occur or harm neighbours

HOARDINGS- A closed boarded fence adjacent to public highway and footpath- Needs to be adequately constructed to provide protection for the public, resist impact damage, resist anticipated wind pressures and adequately lit at night- Must obtain a license or permit from local authority

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SITE SETTING OUT AND LEVELLINGThis task is usually undertaken once the site has been cleared of any obstruction and any reduced-level excavation work is finished. The first task is to establish a baseline to which all the setting out can be related.

Footpath

Corner post

Site boundary

Temporary bench mark or site datum post

Alternative method for corner

SETTING OUT - 3:4:5 METHODUsing pythagoras theorem- Calculate the distance from the first peg to the second (A)- Lay out the distance from first peg to third peg (B) - Using formula :

A² + B² = C²- The square root of C² will give an answer and secure a 90 °

Nail in centre of post

Cord marking outline of building

TEMPORARY BENCH MARKThis is a fixed point on site to which all levels are related and should be established at an early stage in the contract.Where possible it should relate to an ordnance bench mark On site it can be any permanent feature such as a drain cover or a firmly driven post

C

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Sight line

Temporary bench mark or site datum post

Ground level

Necessary staff reading calculated to give level at desired height

Staff reading gives height of collimation of level

Sight rail posts

SETTING UP SIGHT RAILS

Level

DATUM- Altitude zero taken at mean sea level, this varies between different countries- Most common are identified as carves arrows cut into walls of permanent structures

TAKING SITE LEVELSThe nearest OD bench mark may be impractical to access. The alternative is to establish a datum or temporary bench mark (TBM) from a fixture such as a manhole cover

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Ensure all desired height achieved vertically.


TEMPORARY SITE OFFICE AND MATERIAL STORAGE

Exterior view of the site office

Material storage and checkpoint

SITE OFFICE- A temporary space to accommodate site managers, provide space for site meetings and also provide storage for site documentations- Must be reasonably practicable, sufficient working space and arranged nicely and taking into account necessary working equipments

MATERIAL STORAGE- Area of space required to protect, control materials, that are to be kept on a construction site during building process- Planned to ease accessibility and reachability- Guarded from theft or vandalism

- Site office located near to the boundary of the construction site, safe from building construction period- Easily taken care of, also next to temporary living area of some of the workers and their family

Overview of the site office 1 and temporary residential for workers

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Interior view of the site office TEMPORARY TOILET

Exterior view of the site office 2

- Located at an easy accessible place, preferable near site office- Kept clean at all time to prevent mosquitoes or causes uneasy smell

Location of site office 2

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TEMPORARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM DRAINAGE- The black colour pipe allows soils, silts to be removed- The green colour pipe shows water being transported out to main drainage system

RETENTION POND- Settle suspended sediments and other solids- Assist with flood management & improve water quality

WASH TROUGH - Used to wash off dirt from plants and machineries- Also a spot for workers to clean off, water flows out easily

DRAINAGE SYSTEM- Important feature during a construction process to allow unclean water and construction wastes to flow out smoothly- Keeping the construction site clean at all times, prevent diseases from spreading- Prevent the growth of mosquitoes which will cause disturbance to the neighbours or receiving complains- Prevent clogged drains, causes uneasy smell- A feature to reduce pollution happening at construction sites

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TEMPORARY ELECTRICITY SUPPLY

Temporary electricity supply before entering the site

- Temporary electricity supply is installed for use throughout the whole building construction process- Allowing site office to function, providing a conducive space through lighting and air-conditioning - Provide lighting for construction site during the night- Enable certain plants and machineries to work on-site

Electrical power inside the site Electric supply used

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4.0 F O U N D A T I O N (SITE VISIT) LEE ZI YING 0320435

PIles used on the site are reinforced concrete columns, which are precast and driven (hammered) into the ground down to a level of firm and stable bearing ground for supporting the load.

Situations which lead to the necessitate use of piles are:-

- Insufficient load bearing capacity is offered by the soil at a shallow depth, but sufficient is available at a greater depth- The nature of the soil at a shallow depth is variables and performance is unpredictable in site.- Soil at shallow depths are subject to shrinkage or swelling.- Building are subjected to an uplifting force, and require to be anchored to the ground.

By the way in which they are installed

By the way in which they transfer the load to the ground

Pre-cast RC pile is set in the ground by forcing or driving a solid pile to the required level below ground, thus displacing the surrounding subsoil thought which it passes.

End bearing pile act by passing through unsuitable strata to bear directly upon soil with adequate bearing capacity

Ground levelGround level

Pre-cast Reinforced

Concrete pile

Bearing Ground

LoadPile cap

Weak strata

Displacement PilesEnd Bearing Piles

Ground level

Bearing Ground

Piles

Load Structure

Pile Cap

Weak Strata

4.1 REINFORCED CONCRETE PILE FOUNDATION

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4.0 F O U N D A T I O N (SITE VISIT)

SEQUENCE OF PILE INSTALLATION:1. Delivery of precast Reinforced Concrete square piles.

Available as initial and extension piles in standard lengths of:-

Flat Pile Shoe(female shoe) - as extension pile

2. Testing of Reinforced Concrete piles

- It is advisable to test load at least one pile per delivery by jacking against kentledge placed over the test pile. - The test pile should be overloaded by at least 50% of its working load and this load should be held for 24 hours.- The test pile should not form part of the actual foundation. The length required may vary among piling

point. Pointed pile shoe (male shoe) - as initial pile

Type of shoe :-

Test Pile

Ground level

Main Beam

Hydraulic Beam

Dial Gauge

Anchor Pile

Concrete Block

3m

6m9m

12m

15mm Thick Plate

Solid Cast Iron

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LEE ZI YING 03204354.1 REINFORCED CONCRETE PILE FOUNDATION


3. Marking of the length of piles.

4. Lifting and fitting pile into the piling machine and placement of pile onto piling point.

5. Driving of pile into the ground.

6. Joining of piles with welding when

insufficient pile length occurs.

7. Driving of pile until bearing

ground. Bearing ground on site are

average 37 m below ground

8. Final

Pile Space

- Piles should be spaced at such a distance that the group is economically formed and at the same time any interaction between adjacent piles is prevented.- The minimum spacing for end bearing piles is 750mm or not less than 2x pile diameter, whichever is greater.

Bearing Ground

Extension Pile

Initial Pile

Joint

Pile Space

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4.1 REINFORCED CONCRETE PILE FOUNDATION


- The load is equally distributed over the heads of piles in group via a reinforced cast in-situ concrete pile cap.

Piling Layout Plan

3 Storey Corner lot 2 Storey lot

Require 5p pile cap to support additional level of ground

compared to the 2 storey lot beside

RC Piles

Column Stump

Load

Load equally distributed onto bearing ground

Pile Cap

Pile Cap Reinforcement

While a 2 storey lot only needed a 4p pile cap to

support the load

4.2 REINFORCED CONCRETE PILE CAP

- Piles are not usually used singly but are formed into a group.

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- The plan shape of the pile cap should be as conservative as possible, and this is usually achieved by having an overhang of 150mm.

Pile Caps plan in site

Pile cap reinforcement

- The main reinforcement is two-directional formed in loops over the pile heads to spread the loads. - To provide structural continuity, the reinforcement in the piles is bonded into the pile cap; this may necessitate the breaking out of concrete from the heads of piles to expose the reinforcement.- The heads of piles penetrate the bottom of pile cap some 100 to 150mm to ensure continuity of the members.

Actual pre-formed pile cap reinforcement

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Sequence of pile caps construction:

1. Excavate pit to expose piling

2. Laying of 50mm thick lean concrete and cutting-off pile heads to expose reinforcement

3. Install pile cap formwork.

4. Install pile cap reinforcement.

5. Install column stump reinforcement 6. Concreting pile cap, compacting pile cap.

lean concrete

Pile reinforcement

Excavated pit

Pile

Pile reinforcement

concreteTo ensure the position of the column stump

Column stumpReinforcement

Formwork

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9. Concreting and hardening of column stump

10. Removal of formwork 11. Backfilling

7. Levelling and hardening of RC pile cap 8. Install column stump formwork

Formwork

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Sequence of column stump formation :

1. Manually straightens the rebars using hand to ease the cutting process.

2. Fitting of rebars into the cutting machine.

3. Cutting of rebar into required length.

4. Rebar bending via power-assisted bar bending machine. 5. Bent bar fabricated into cages for column stump.

Tying reinforcemen

t with soft iron wire

Fitting of rebars

Bending of rebars

Completed column stump

On site bar bending and fabrication yardBent rebars

4.3 COLUMN STUMP FORMATION

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4.0 F O U N D A T I O N (REFERENCE)

Deep foundation

Shallow foundation

Pile hit bearing ground for support due to unsuitable

soil

Transfer load directly

to supporting

soil by vertical

pressure due to

adequate soil.

The lowest part of a shallow foundation are spread footings. They are extended laterally to distribute load over an area of soil wide enough that the allowable bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded. Footings should always rest on undisturbed soil free of organic material

Types of spread footings :

Isolated footings support freestanding columns and piers

Continuous footing is a extended RC footings to support a row of columns

Strip footings are the continuous spread footings of foundation wall

Strap footing is a column footing connected by a tie beam to another footing in order to balance asymmetrically impose load.

Combined footing is a RC footings for perimeter foundation wall or column extended to support an interior column load..

Raft foundation is a thick RC slab that serves as a single monolithic footing for numbers of columns or an entire building.

4.4 SHALLOW FOUNDATION

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5.0 B A S E M E N T

REINFORCED POURED CONCRETE BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION

Basement is the portion of a building which provides accommodation and is below ground level. There are few types of basement construction which is precast concrete basement construction, concrete block basement construction as well as reinforced poured concrete basement construction. Reinforced poured concrete basement construction is used in the site.

Reinforced poured concrete basement construction is a multiple steps operation.This type of basement construction is much more stronger and resistant to water infiltration than other two types. However, waterproofing is still needed for the basement walls and the added water-tightness of poured concrete will give you a second line of defense against damaging water intrusion.

(SITE VISIT) LIM ZIA HUEI 0321031

5.1 BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION

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5.0 B A S E M E N T

CONSTRUCTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BASEMENT

STEP 1: First, forms are erected according to the structural or architectural plans.

STEP 3: When that is completed, concrete is poured into the forms.

STEP 2: Next, reinforcing steel bars are assembled within the forms and tied together.

STEP 4: When the concrete is two or three days old, the forms are stripped away and the concrete basement walls remain. The concrete is strong enough to support itself after seven days.


(SITE VISIT)

Bracing

Timber formwork

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5.0 B A S E M E N T (REFERENCE)


CONCRETE MASONRY BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION

PRECAST CONCRETE BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION

-They are built in factories.-Simplify basement construction.-Save time as well as money.-Result in warmer and drier basements.-The walls comprise high-strength concrete panels as they are poured in controlled conditions in factories. They are guaranteed to achieve the intended design strength.-Do not require concrete footer.

-Efficient and economical material.-Strong, fireproof, thermally efficient and termite-resistant.-Requires no formwork and is available almost everywhere.-Ribbed, split-face, slump, fluted and other decorative block can give the basement interior an appealing look.-Provide comfortable living or storage space at about half the cost of above grade construction unless soil conditions or high water table prohibit them.

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5.0 B A S E M E N T

A retaining wall is a structure that holds or retains soil behind it. Retaining walls are used in the construction of basement below ground level, wing walls of bridge and to retain slopes in hilly terrain roads.

-Uses reinforcement bar to give more strength to the retaining wall structure and improving its ability to hold the soils behind it.-Resists the lateral pressure by structural action such as bending.-Texture and appearance affected by the use of formworks, composition of concrete mix and surface treatment after casting.-Provides greater speed of construction and control of quality.-Structural stiffness reduced ground movements to adjacent settlement during subsequent excavation.

5.2 RETAINING WALL

(SITE VISIT)

REINFORCED CONCRETE RETAINING WALL

Reinforcement steel bar

Basement

Footing

Ground level

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5.0 B A S E M E N T5.2 RETAINING WALL

(SITE VISIT)

CONSTRUCTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE RETAINING WALL

--3 feet--

---12 inches---

STEP 1: Line out the foundation trench on the ground and excavate the trench.

STEP 2: Install steel reinforcement bars as the construction drawings using cover blocks and spacer chairs to position them.

STEP 3: After inspecting the rebar, pour the concrete into the footing trench.

STEP 4: Install the wall formwork after the footing cures.

Stem reinforcementBase reinforcement Footing trench

Rebar

Timber formwork

Brace

Spacer block removed as concrete is pouredFooting

Brace as support

SheathingStud

stake

STEP 5: Pour concrete of specified strength in the forms and properly vibrate it to ensure compaction of the concrete.

Open side Earth side

Drain

---12’--

-12’--

STEP 6: Install drainage stone and tile on top of the earth side of the footing along the wall after the wall is done. Cover the stone with proper filter fabric and backfill after that. 37


5.0 B A S E M E N T (REFERENCE)

5.2 RETAINING WALL

GRAVITY RETAINING WALL

-The thickness of wall increases with height.-Resists the lateral earth forces by its weight and any soil resting on it, hence, is rather massive in size.-Typically shorter in height.-Usually are sufficiently enormous to be unreinforced.-Monolithic cast walls are generally formed on site.-Usually built in stone masonry, and occasionally in plain concrete.-Plain concrete gravity walls are not used for heights exceeding about 3m, for economic reasons.

Types of gravity retaining wall:

Masonry unit StonePoured concrete

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SUPERSTRUCTURE is the part of any structure that is built above its foundation or basement. It serves the purpose of the structure’s main intended use.

Concrete was used for both sites’ superstructure casting as it is able to withstand great compressive forces from 20-40 MPa while reinforcement bars would complement the concrete by giving the structure greater tensile strength.

COLUMNS are vertical structural elements which transfer load from the roof, beams, slabs, ceilings, and its own weight to the foundation.

6.0 S U P E R S T R U C T U R E 6.1 COLUMNS

JACK LEE HOR KIT 0325810

Columns found at the sites were columns of square and of rectangular sections.Their rebars had 40D and T12/T16 traits.

Thin metal wires called links are tied around intersecting joints to prevent movement

Square Rectangular

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(SITE VISIT)

COLUMN INSTALLATION

Reinforcement bars are set up by lapping onto the bars below them (in this case, for the ground floor, would be the bars of the column stumps).

Formwork inserted where columns should be.Yorks: clamping devices to maintain the column form and prevent the formwork from spreading under fluid pressure of the concrete casting.

Concrete is casted into the formwork. Formwork is shaken to eliminate any air bubbles and even out the concrete layer.

Concrete goes through a hydration reaction to increase its strength up to 2.5 times. Formwork is removed after 3 days and rough edges are smoothened out.

Casting concrete

Yorks

Wooden formwork

Main rebar for column

Lapping for column stump

Excess rebar for

lapping of the next

upper floor

columns

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6.0 S U P E R S T R U C T U R E 6.1 COLUMNS

JACK LEE HOR KIT 0325810 (SITE VISIT)

BEAMSare horizontal structural elements which carry transverse load (mostly from the slabs) to the columns and/or walls.

150mm spacingbetween each tie

Much like the columns, the reinforcement for the beams also have ties and have smaller links holding them together.

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6.0 S U P E R S T R U C T U R E 6.2 BEAMS


The main components of the concrete used at the Ukay Residence are:

CementSandGranite (as coarse aggregate)Water (for hydration reaction)

R6 link

SLABSare flat and horizontal surfaces which transfer load to the beams and are supported by the beams and the columns.

Ground slab layers

Higher ground slab

Concrete slab Resists compressive forcesBRC mesh (200x200) Reinforcement: transfers load to beamsDamp-proof membrane Prevents water from leaking throughAnti-termite spray Repels termitesLean concrete Provides flat bottom on uneven terrainHardcore (granite) Backfilling: fills any void in the ground

The (suspended) ground slabs of the site have more layers than slabs installed above the ground floor. Higher floor slabs are basically Bar-Reinforced Concrete which have the following layers:

ConcreteBRC mesh Concrete

Slabs used at the site are mainly two-way slabs.

42

6.0 S U P E R S T R U C T U R E 6.3 SLABS


BEAM & SLAB INSTALLATION (GROUND FLOOR) BEAM & SLAB INSTALLATION (FLOORS ABOVE)

Alignment of ground beams are set out with simple planks first.

Formwork is then inserted where beams should be.

Lean concrete is inserted to prevent reinforcement bars from rusting before reinforcement is set up.Concrete is casted and cured. Formwork is removed after drying.

Slabs are installed (in sequence to their respective layers as listed previously) separately from beams when on the ground.

Scaffolding is set up around existing columns to support the formwork of the beams and slabs which are installed together above ground floor.

Formwork is inserted where beams and slabs should be.

BRC mesh is put in place as reinforcement and then concrete is casted.

Scaffolding and formwork are dismantled after installation is complete.

43

6.0 S U P E R S T R U C T U R E 6.2 BEAMS & 6.3 SLABS


Wall is a vertical structure that made up of stones or bricks. It divides or enclosed an area to provide habitable space and protection. Walls in buildings form a fundamental part of the superstructure and it is for load bearing, fire resistance, sound and thermal insulation purpose.

TYPES OF WALLSMASONRY WALL

REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL

- Formation of a wall which modular blocks bond together with mortar - Durable - Good sound, fire and thermal insulation - Non-combustible product - Great flexibility in form and appearance

- Load bearing wall - Texture and appearance affected by the use of formworks, composition of concrete mix and surface treatment after casting - Provides greater speed of construction and control of quality

NG WYN JANE 0319440

44

(SITE VISIT)6.0 S U P E R S T R U C T U R E 6.4 WALL

TYPES OF MATERIAL

TYPES OF BOND- Bond is the arrangement of bricks in rows which designed for the appearance and tied the walls together

CEMENT SAND BRICK- Made up dolomite lime, clean sand and fly ash- Pearl-grey in color- Pressed and allowed to harden in closed vessels under steam pressure- Cheaper than clay brick

CLAY BRICK- Made up of clay- Dark orange or deep red- Many finishes and size available- Dried and fired with high temperature

CONCRETE- A composite material made up of coarse aggregate, cement, water and admixture.- Harden through hydration

FLEMISH BOND- Use for external wall- One brick thick - Two hours fire resistance - Sound proof

STRETCHER BOND- Use for internal wall - Half brick thick - Use to separate the space

45

NG WYN JANE 0319440(SITE VISIT)6.0 S U P E R S T R U C T U R E 6.4 WALL

TYPES OF JOINTS

CONSTRUCTION PROCESSCONSTRUCTION OF MASONRY WALL

STEP 1: Preparing the mortar (mixture of cement, lime, sand and water, a bonding agent in masonry construction)STEP 2: Spread a layer of mortar bed as footer.STEP 3: Put the bricks down at each side corner. Measure and mark the length.STEP 4: Set up a line to keep courses straight. Start to lay the bricks from corner on mortar bed and check the balance using spirit level.STEP 5: Continue the laying process, cut off excess mortar with trowel. Repeat the process till the destined height. Check the height and make

sure each new course is an additional 10mm high.

NG WYN JANE 0319440

- Raked joint- Protect the edges of masonry units - For weather-resistant purpose- Can be formed by using trowel or steel rod

RAKED JOINT

BRICK

BRICKHEADER

STRETCHER

215mm

102.5mm

65mm

WOOD BOARD SUPPORT

CONCRETE FOOTINGGET THE LENGTH OF THE WALL

SET A MARK EVERY 10mm

46

6.0 S U P E R S T R U C T U R E 6.4 WALL

(SITE VISIT)

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE

NG WYN JANE 0319440

1. Layering Technique- Arrange in an angle of 45 at the top- Fill up the space of the last few rows to prevent the occurrence of gap that make the layering process harder

2. Wire Mesh- Use to hold every 4 layers of bricks together

3. Stiffener - Horizontal stiffener is added when the length of the wall exceed 4 meter- Vertical stiffener is added when the height of the wall exceed 3 meter

4. Dowel Bars- R6 (mild steel 6mm) is added between every 4 courses of brick wall to prevent collapse

5. Damp Proof Course- 20mm thick DPC is installed on the ground floor brick work before leveling course cement mortar

6. Setup Line- To maintain the verticality and horizontality of the brick wall during layering process

7. Cement Pit- Mark the thickness of plastering (13-15mm) on a brick wall

8. Glass Fibre Mesh - To minimize and repair cracks- Reinforced plasterboard joints and patching plaster board holes 47

(SITE VISIT)6.0 S U P E R S T R U C T U R E 6.4 WALL

CONSTRUCTION PROCESSCONSTRUCTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL

WIRE INSTALLATION PROCESS


NG WYN JANE 0319440

STEP 1: Timber formworks are erected to the required size on site

STEP 2: After the completion of erection of steel bars within the formwork, the formwork is closed.

STEP 3: Concrete is poured and left to cured. The reinforced concrete wall is completed after the removal of formworks.

STEP 1: Wire is put into a PVC pipe as a protection and it is then placed into the gap that has been drilled.

STEP 2: The PVC pipe in the gap is sealed with caulking. It is to provide thermal insulation and control water penetration.

STEP 3: Plastering and wet cement are used to fill the gap.

VERTICAL POSTS

HORIZONTAL MEMBERS

STRUTS

PLANKS

RACKERS

STEEL BARS

PVC PIPE

48

(SITE VISIT)


NG WYN JANE 0319440

PLASTERING PROCESS

STEP 2: Coating- Skim coat is applied to the rough surface of wall in order to smoothen them.

STEP 3: Finishing- Desired colour of paint is applied for aesthetic purposes.

STEP 1: Rough surface plastering- Used for external wall surface to prevent the easily defection from the surrounding.

DRY WALL- Non-bearing wall - Fast and easy to install - Light and good fire insulation- Susceptible to water damage, moulding and external forces

GLASS WALL- Allow transparency- Remain compressive strength- High cost- Requires specialist consultants and contractors- Weather resistance- Strong but brittle

REFERENCES

49

(SITE VISIT)

STRAIGHT RUN STAIRS

U-SHAPED STAIRS L-SHAPED STAIRS

- Used in new home construction- Have no turns- Cheaper to construct than other types of stairs- Easy to ascend or descend

- 2 parallel flights joined by a landing that requires 180 degree turn in the walk line- Can be easier to fit into an architectural plan- Landing offers a resting point while ascending

- A landing is added at the 90 degrees bend transition point- Can be located in a corner of a room- Provide privacy and a visual barrier between floors

6.0 S U P E R S T R U C T U R E 6.5 STAIRCASE

NG WYN JANE 0319440 LIM ZIA HUEI 0321031

Plan

Elevation ElevationElevation

PlanPlan

50

(SITE VISIT)

6.0 S U P E R S T R U C T U R E (SITE VISIT)

6.5 STAIRCASE

Landing slabs- The flat area of flooring between

flights of staircase to act as a resting place for people

Riser- The vertical

part of a step

Tread- The horizontal

part of a step

Wedges- wooden wedges used vertically and

horizontally underneath a staircase in slots cut into the stringers to secure riser and treads

Stringer- This pertains to the portion of a stair

running along the stair’s side. - Helps to support the surface portion

of stairs on which people walk on it

Nosing- A projecting edge, as the part of the

tread of a step extending beyond the riser or a projecting part of a buttress.

Ledger- A horizontal timber in a scaffold,

attached to the uprights- Support the putlogs

Soffit sheathing- The covering of underside of an

architectural feature, such as beam, arch, ceiling and stairs

Dead Shores- Also known as vertical shores- As temporary support for the flooring,

roofs, walls and etc by providing horizontal members known as needles.

51


CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

6.0 S U P E R S T R U C T U R E (SITE VISIT)

6.5 STAIRCASE

STEP 2: The high tensile reinforcement bar is placed within the both side of the the formworks and it is lapping with the starter bar of slab.

STEP 3: The stringer and riser softboard is then constructed for the purpose of creating the riser and tread after pouring concrete into it.

STEP 4: The concrete is then poured from top to the bottom. Concrete vibrator is used to make the concrete mix evenly. It is then left to dry for 3-4days.

Timber formork

Reinforcement bar

Riser cleat

Riser board

Joist

Decking

Concrete poured from top to bottom

Timber formwork

52


STEP 1: The timber formwork is build for reinforced concrete stairs cast in-situ

TIMBER STAIRCASE

GLASS STAIRCASE

STEEL STAIRCASE

- Solid timber or medium density fibreboard sheet (MDF) may be used in the construction. - Timber treads need to be coated with a non-slip finish to provide a slip resistant surface.- The top of each riser should be located into a groove in the underside of the tread - Joints should be further supported by angle blocks 75 mm long and 38 mm width on the shorter edges, glued to the riser and tread.- Open tread stairs are for external use.

- Add an air of exclusivity and design elegance.- Perfect for commercial applications.- One of the most striking and modern feature.- More time consuming, technical, costly and potentially dangerous.- Uses special architectural glass which is chemically treated, tempered and laminated.- Can reach a width up to 3 meters.- Can span over several floors.

- Normally grey in colour and extremely strong.- Great for areas where there are major earthquakes.- Can be moulded to any shape.- Stainless and water resistant.- Termites resistant.- Easy to set up since it is readily manufactured.- No requirement for painting or powder coating.- Cost more than timber staircase.

6.0 S U P E R S T R U C T U R E (REFERENCES)

6.4 STAIRCASE

53


7.0 D O O R S & W I N D O W S ONG SHI HUI 0320303

Door is a movable screen across an opening, providing access to a building or between rooms within a building. Performance requirements of doors: - Weather exclusion- Security- Fire resistance- Thermal and sound insulation- Privacy- Operation- Durability

Rough opening

Head

Jamb

Stop

Casing

Threshold

MATERIAL FOR DOORS

Kelab Ukay Residence- Main Entrance: Solid Timber Door- Others: Timber, Steel, Aluminium and Glass Doors

54

7.1 DOORS

LINTELLintel is placed typically on top of doors and windows. The function of lintel is just the same as an arch or beam to support the load transfer from the upper brick wall.

Brick Wall

2 T10Deformed Steel Bar

Link1 R6- 150 spacingMild Steel Bar

DOOR FRAME

A door frame is attached to the opening in which a door is to be fitted. Door frames fitted with a sill are designed for one of two conditions:

- Doors opening out;- Doors opening in.

In our study site, they are just used aluminium door frame.

Lintel

Load

55

ONG SHI HUI 03203037.0 D O O R S & W I N D O W S7.1 DOORS

SWING

-Exterior and interior use- Requires space around doorway for door swing.- Normally turns on hinges about side jamb when pushed or pulled, but may also be pivoted from head jamb and threshold. - Most convenient operation for entry and passage.

SLIDING DOOR

-Exterior and interior use- Requires no operating space but difficult to seal against weather and sound. - Doors slide on overhead track and along guides or a track on the floor. -Offers access only through 50% of doorway width.- Used on exterior as sliding glass doors.

DOOR OPERATION

56


FOLDING DOOR

- Interior use ( Balcony )- Hinged door panels fold flat against one another when opened. -Bifold doors divide into two parts in L shape, require little operating space, and are used primary as a visual screen to enclose closet and storage spaces

REFERENCE ( DOOR OPERATION )

1. Surface Sliding

- Similar to bypass sliding door but provides access through full width of doorway.

- No operating space required but is difficult to weatherproof, so it is just suitable for interior use.

- Door is surface hung on an exposed overhead track.

2. Pocket Sliding

- Door slides on an overhead track into and out of a recess within the width of a wall.

- Doorway has a finished appearance when fully open.

- Often used where a normal door swing would interfere with the use of a space.

Kelab Ukay Residence

57



STEP 1: Mark the placing for door.

STEP 2: Place the door frame according to the dimension state at the construction drawing.

STEP 3: After placing the door frame, the bricks should be laid.

STEP 4: Fill cement mortar from every two level of bricks at the gap between the door frame and masonry wall.

STEP 5: Lintel is constructed on the top of the door frame. Then, measure inside of frame.

STEP 6: Install and nail the door hinges into the side of door.

STEP 7: Core hole for lockset on the door and install lockset.

STEP 8: Install door.

58


2805

725 725

1355

725

A window is an opening in the wall or roof of a building that is fitted with glass or other transparent material in a frame to admit light or air and allow people to see out.

SIZE OF WINDOWSKelab Ukay Residence

Rough opening

Casing Trim

Sill

Window Frame

Head

Jamb

Exterior casing: Not always used.

Drip cap or head casing

1500 900

1000

3000

1000

1400

600

3050

575 1200 550

Living

Family 1 Powder Room

59

ONG SHI HUI 03203037.0 D O O R S & W I N D O W S7.2 WINDOWS

WINDOW OPERATION

1. Fixed

- Consist of a frame and stationary sash.

2. Casement

- Have operating sashes that are side-hinged and usually swing outward.

- When open, the sash is able to direct ventilation.

- The inner end of the sash may slide along a track on the sill or jamb as the sash swings outward.

MATERIAL USED

1. Laminated glass - Built up in layers. - Composed of an outer and inner

layer of polyvinylbutyral( PVB). - Flexible layer retain the glass when

it is broken.

3. Awning

- Awning windows have operating sashes that swing outward on hinges attached to the top of their frame.

- When open, the sash is able to direct ventilation

Kelab Ukay Residence 60



STEP 1: Rough opening of brick wall are measured.

STEP 2: 1”X1” aluminium subframe is placed into the rough opening and apply cement screed to secure subframe.

STEP 3: Measure length and height of the inside. STEP 4: Install vertical

frames.

STEP 5: Install aluminium frame for the window frame. Then, measure the inside of the window frame.

STEP 6: Cut the glass for the windows referring to the measurement.

STEP 7: Install the hinges and handles into the windows.

61


8.0 R O O F S ANG AVERLLEN 0321444

A roof is part of a building envelope. It is the covering on the uppermost part of a building or shelter which provides protection from animals and weather, notably rain but also heat, wind and sunlight. The word also denotes the framing or structure which supports that covering. A roof may also provide additional living space, for example a roof garden.

MONOPITCH ROOF FEATURES

The monopitch roof is always made out of one single roofing surface. This kind of roofing is true to its name; Mono meaning single and the slope is referred to as the pitch. Monopitch roof construction is generally stand alone roofs which imply that you don’t need to attach them to any part of your roof. They differ considerable from traditional roofs which usually tend to have various pitches and slopes on various parts of the roof.

- Sloping roof may be categorized into Low-slope roofs up to 3:12 and Medium-to high slope roofs 4:12 to 12:12

- The roof slope affects the choice of roofing material, the requirement for underlayment and eave flashing. And design wind loads.

- The height and area of a sloping roof increase with its horizontal dimensions. Sloping roof planes may be combined to form a variety of roof forms.

Sloping roof may have structure of 1. Wood or steel rafters and sheathing2. Timber or steel beams,purlins and

decking3. Timber or steel trusses.

62

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelter_(building)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof_garden

- Nailing strips can provide if roofing is laid over a non-nailable roof deck.

- Standing seams are made by folding up the adjoining edges, then folding their upper portion in the same direction

- Batten seams are made by turning up the adjoining edges against a batten and locking them in place with a metal strip.

Standing or batten

METAL SHEET ROOFING

STANDING SEAMS

BATTEN SEAMS

Seams- Horizontal and valley

seams are flat and usually soldered.

- Vertical seams are spaced depending on the starting width of the metal sheets and the size of the standing or batten seams.

Metal pan may continue down to form a deep fascia.

63

ANG AVERLLEN 03214448.0 R O O F S

METAL ROOF PANELwith standing batten for pitch of roof provides better protection to the building from damaging rays and weathering

TANALISED ROOF BATTEN

RAFTER BIRD-MOUTHEDover wall plate, and to be fixed to blockwork with galvanised steel straps.

Layer of insulation between rafters and layer to underside of joists.

Ceiling joists at high level bolted to roof joists and fixed

MONOPITCH ROOF

- A single-sloping roof surface - Provides good drainage on

rainy days.- Large open end is shaded

from sunlight to reduce heat thus decreasing temperature of the building

PLASTERBOARD

FASCIA

64


RAFTER is a series of inclined members to a roof covering which is fixed.

PURLIN is a price of timber laid horizontally on principal rafters of a roof to support the common rafter

Blocking may be required on steep slopes to stabilize purlins.

Purlins may frame to the roof beams with use of metal hangers.

Ceiling may be applied to create concealed space for piping, wiring, and thermal insulation.

Critical depth of beam

Rafter

Broad Flange

Bolt in flange at end of lab

Narrow flange

Cladding fastened to this flange

Thermal insulation may be applied over roof deck

Purlin spacing is determined by decking span.

65


METAL ROOF DECKINGMetal roof decking is to support vertical loads and works as a weather resisting system. It transfers the shear loads due to natural forces such as earthquakes or wind forces to lateral force resisting system.

- The primary and secondary roof beams support open-web steel joists, a site cast concrete slab, or precast concrete units.

- Roof overhangs may be achieved by extending the secondary roof beams over their supports

PURLIN SPACING = DECKING SPANSloping roof beams support purlins.

BEAM SPACING = PURLIN SPANGirders support roof beams at ridge and eaves.

Roofing membrane over rigid foam or lightweight concrete insulation.

Curtain wall panels or facing veneers may be supported either by steel edge beams or by a concrete slab cast over metal decking.

Overhanging framed within the depth of primary beam; Web stiffeners

Spice plateEnds of beams may be tapered or lightened with cutouts.

66

ANG AVERLLEN 03214448.0 R O O F S8.0 R O O F S

A flat roof is a roof which is almost level in contrast to the many types of sloped roofs. The slope of a roof is properly known as its pitch and flat roofs have up to an approximate 10° pitched angle. Flat roofs are an ancient form mostly used in arid climates and allow the roof space to be used as a living space or a living roof.

- An upturned edge beam can form a parapet wall.

- A metal reglet may be cast into the parapet to receive cap flashing.

- The slab can be cantilevered beyond its perimeter supports to form an overhang.

- An edge or spandrel beam can support a nonbearing curtain wall.

- Metal anchors may be cast into the spandrel beams to secure the curtain wall panels.

Wear course Roofing membrane Lightweight concrete insulation Vapor retarder

- Smooth troweled finish to receive insulation and roofing

- Reinforced concrete roof slab

Steel bearing plateWood strap Split-ring connectors

Built-up column support matches truss thickness

67


Rain gutter, a narrow trough or duct which collects rainwater from the roof of a building and diverts it away from the structure, typically into a drain. Main purpose of a gutter is to protect a building’s foundation by watershed water away. It also helps to reduce corrosion, preventing leaks in the basement.

ROOF GUTTER

STRAP HUNG GUTTER ON SLOPING ROOF

An method of attaching copper gutters on sloped roofs. Copper apron strip is fastened to the gutter with a single lock seam and is nailed to the roof with copper nails .

StrapCopper flashing Expansion

Joint Cap

Fastener

Bracket

Copper Gutter

CapBasket Strainer

Gutter Outlet

ElbowsScreen

Wall Bracket

Downspout

Elbow or shoe

Splash Block68


As the roof gutter works by controlling the flow of the rainwater from entering neither the formwork nor wall which will cause damage to the painting and the appearance of the building itself. Hence, the roof gutter takes an important role in roofs which is to sustain the building.

Non-rusting material with slotted openings

Combined flashing collar and gravel stop

Weephole

Flange

Outlet to drainpipe

Dome-slotted to prevent clogging

Roof membrane

Roof decking

Insulation

Water cutoff mastic

Insulation taper towards drain

Edge of sump

Metal flashing

Taper insulation to drain

Deck clamp

Stripping Felts

Strainer

Clamping Ring

Stripping Felts

69


S U M M A R Y

70

Being able to visit multiple construction sites and witnessing all the thoughtful planning, precise measurements, and hard labour that goes into the building construction in person has been a great privilege to us all. We were able to receive a much greater perspective and appreciation toward all the fine details that go into constructing a building from seeing the building process right in front of our very eyes that no amount of words in a textbook can give us and we would strongly urge any aspiring architects out there to take the initiative to seek out ongoing construction sites for their own enlightenment.

Besides being able to better understanding the various topics from our module Building Construction I, visiting these sites expanded upon our knowledge from our previous semester’s Building Materials as we got to actually the practical uses of all the different materials we studied on up close that can’t be seen in the final design such as brick and concrete in some cases.

When designing any structure, many factors must be taken into consideration. Of course its design will be of majority’s main concern especially if the majority are the public, but how practical the structure is along with the planning and process of how it starts from nothing and rises from the ground to stand on its own are just as important if not more.

R E F E R E N C E S

1. Home page. (n.d.). Retrieved May 08, 2016, from http://falcon.vodien.com/~sinyuana/catalogsearch/result/?cat=4 2. Types of stairs - Advantages & Disadvantages. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2016, from https://www.keuka-studios.

com/types-of-stairs/ 3. Home Construction – Part 2 (Concrete). (2014). Retrieved May 19, 2016, from http://www.powertochoosehq.

com/concrete 4. Precast Foundation Walls. (n.d.). Retrieved May 19, 2016, from http://www.hgtv.com/remodel/mechanical-

systems/precast-foundation-walls5. TYPES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE RETAINING WALL -Civil Engineering Home. (2014). Retrieved May 19, 2016, from http:

//theconstructor.org/structures/types-of-reinforced-concrete-retaining-wall/8393/ 6. Cast-In-Place Retaining Walls. (2007). Retrieved May 19, 2016, from http://www.concreteconstruction.net/concrete-

articles/cast-in-place-retaining-walls.aspx 7. Four Common Types of Rigid, Monolithic Concrete Retaining Walls. (n.d.). Retrieved May 19, 2016, from http://www.

concretenetwork.com/concrete/poured_concrete_retaining_walls/four_types.htm 8. Presentation on Slab, Beam & Column (n.d.). Retrieved April 28, 2016, from http://www.slideshare.

net/musabbirahmed75/presentation-on-slab-beam-column9. Range of safety signages supply by Proguard Malaysia http://www.proguardsafety.com.my/pro-safety-signage.html

10. A Guide to Scaffold Use in the Construction Industry https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3150/osha3150.html11. Chudley, R. & Greeno, R. (2010). Building construction handbook. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann.12. D.K.Ching, F. (2008). Building Construction illustrated (4th ed., pp. 3.05-3.09). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.13. Barry, R. (1999). The Construction of buildings Volume 1 (7th ed., pp. 10-16). Blackwell Science.14. Allen, E. & Iano, J. (2004). Fundamentals of building construction. Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley & Sons.15. Barry, R. The Construction Of Buildings. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992. Print.

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