BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT 1 Skeletal Construction (Temporary Bus Shelter)

KHOR HAO XIANG

LEE YIH

LOH WEI SHUEN

LOVIE TEY

SCHANI BHARAT

INTRODUCTION

DESIGN PROCESS IDEAS DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS ON SUCCESS/ FAILURE 1 MODIFICATIONS FINAL DESIGN

MATERIAL SELECTION

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS

CONSTRUCTION DETAIL FRAME COMPONENTS JOINTS ASSEMBLING PROCESS

FORCES AND STRENGTH OF STRUCTURE FORCES DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM

REFERENCE

CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

In a group of 5 members, we are supposed to propose a design of a temporary bus shelter by using skeleton structure system. Objective of this project is to let us students have an understanding of skeletal structure and its relevant structural component by knowing how the structure reacts under loading, demonstrating a convincing understanding on how the construction work as well as solving construction problems with an oblique design.

First of all, we have to choose a form for the bus shelter out of the basic forms that are given such as cube, cuboid, pentagonal prism, sphere and so on. During discussion among ourselves, we took the challenge on designing a bus shelter that is bizarre in form, yet being able to withstands all kind of loads and forces because we want to explore more construction methods that are special to our oblique form while not sacrificing the aesthetics values and strength of the structure. Therefore, we have developed our design from a typical rectangular form into an octagonal prism because according to our research, octagon is the most efficient shape for several good reasons such as comparing with a square; an octagon encloses approximately 20% additional space with the same perimeter while in the meantime the shape encloses space efficiently, minimizing external surface area and consequently heat loss / heat gain, as well as the surface of the prism is easily oriented to receive natural sunlight.

Other than in design wise, we also aimed to reduce the construction cost of the bus shelter. In order to do so, our approaches on choice of materials are cheap but not sacrificing the strength of structure. Therefore, we use materials such as canvas tarpaulins for the roof, plywood for most of the structure as well as using several ways of joints such as slotting, mortise and tendon etc that are from timber as they are low in cost on the market comparing to typical roof tiles, steel structures and steel plate connectors.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

VISIBILITY ALLOW USERS TO BE AWARED

OF THE OUTSIDE ENVIRONMENT WHILE

PROVIDING SECURITY.

WEATHER RESISTANT TO PROVIDE SUN SHADING AND TO WITHSTAND RAINY DAYS AND STRONG WINDS.

EASY/ QUICK ACCESS TO MAINTAIN AN ORDERED CIRCULATION, ESPECIALLY

DURING PEAK HOURS.

RAINPOUR PREVENTION PREVENT RAIN POURING ONTO

USER’S HEAD WHILE ACCESSING (PROBLEM

OCCURRED IN A CONVENTIONAL DESIGN).

BASIC GEOMETRY: OCTAGONAL SHAPE, WHY?

1. EQUAL FORCE DISTRIBUTION ON 8 SIDES

2. EASY ACCESS FROM 3 DIRECTIONS)

3. AERODYNAMIC (DIVERT STRONG WIND TO REDUCE LATERAL FORCE)

CONCEPTUAL IDEAS

IDEAS DEVELOPMENT

BASIC OCTAGONAL STRUCTURE FORMED BY TIMBER COLUMNS AND BEAMS, FACING ALL SIDES DUE TO

CONCENTRIC CONFIGURATION.

PROS: MAXIMUM VISIBILITY, QUICK ACCESS FROM ALL SIDES

CONS: COMPLICATED BRACING DESIGN, IMPRACTICAL ROOF DESIGN

DESIGN 1

DETAIL STRUCTURE: BRACING

3 MAIN ENTRANCE ARE DETERMINED. IMPROVED ROOF DESIGN THAT COLLECTS RAINWATER AND ALLOW THEM

TO FLOW OUT THROUGH HOLES DESIGNED AT THE BACK.

PROS: PREVENT RAINPOUR ON USER AS THEY ACCESS, MAXIMUM VISIBILITY, QUICK AND ORDERED ACCESS, SIMPLIFIED BRACING

CONS: UNITERESTING DESIGN, UNSTABLE ROOF STRUCTURE

DESIGN 2

DETAIL STRUCTURE: BRACING

ROOF DESIGN: FLOW OF RAINWATER

ROOF

BEAM

COLUMN

RAINWATER

MODIFIED THE ROOF DESIGN THAT HAS THE SAME FUNCTION AS PREVIOUS. CLADDINGS ARE ADDED TO PROVIDED BETTER SUN SHADING AND SENSE

OF SECURITY

PROS: VISUALLY AESTHETIC, MAXIMUM VISIBILIY, QUICK AND ORDERED ACCESS, EASY TO ASSEMBLE/DISMANTLE, BETTER SUNSHADING, SECURITY, PREVENT RAIN SPLASHING

DESIGN 3

IMPROVED ROOF DESIGN

FRONT VIEW

LOAD TESTING

MINIMUM AMOUNT OF WEIGHT SUPPORTED BY (1:5) STRUCTURE: 7.5 KG

FORCES ASSERTED IN REAL LIFE: F = M X A = (7.5 X 5) X 9.8 m/s^2 = 367.5 N

1

2

3

ROOF STRUCTURE WAS BENDING DOWN AND THE ROOF’S FORM STARTED TO GET DISTORTED ON STAGE 3.

THIS IS DUE TO THE BRACING’S POOR DESIGN, CAUSING LACK OF STRENGHNESS TO WITHSTAND MORE LOAD EXERTED FROM THE TOP, WHICH REPRESENT THE WIND AND RAIN IN REAL LIFE.

PROBLEM DETECTED:

ROOF STRUCTURE DESIGN AND ITS BRACING

PROBLEM DETECTED:

WEAK ‘K-BRACING’ STRUCTURE AND COLUMN

WITHOUT APPLYING FORCE FORCE APPLIED IN CLOCKWISE DIRECTION

FORCE APPLIED IN ANTICLOCKWISE DIRECTION

LATERAL FORCES

WHEN STRUCTURE IS TWISTED IN BOTH DIRECTIONS, THE COLUMNS APPEARED TO BE UNSTABLE, TILTED TO THE SIDE FOLLOWING THE FORCES’ DIRECTION.

THIS IS DUE TO THE WEAK STRUCTURE OF THE COLUMNS AND BRACING AS BOTH OF THEM WERE HAVING THE SAME THICKNESS. BESIDES, THE ‘K-BRACING’ WERE ALL ARRANGED IN THE SAME DIRECTION WHICH WEAKENS THE OVERALL STRUCTURE’S STRENGTH

ROOF - COLUMN

COLUMNS X BRACING

DIFFERENT WAYS TO CONNECT

BRACINGS IN RIGHT ANGLE

SPECIAL DESIGN TO CONNECT BRACING TO COLUMN DUE TO THE

ANGLE (135∘)

POOR COLUMN’S BRACING DESIGN CAUSING COLUMN TO BE TILTED UNDER LATERAL FORCE

TOO MANY HOLES TO BE MADE ON BEAM TO CONNECT THE BRACINGS, WEAKENING THE STRENGTH OF IT

CONNECTING BEAMS TO COLUMN

BEAM - COLUMN - FOUNDATION

POOR DESIGN OF ALLOCATION FOR FOOTINGS CAUSING WASTAGE ON COST AND RESOURCES

JOINT FOR RIGHT ANGLEJOINT FOR SPECIAL ANGLE

FINAL DESIGN

FLOOR PLAN ROOF PLAN

1150 MM

400 MM

FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW

3000 MM

2500 MM

MATERIAL SELECTION

TIMBER PLYWOOD - ACTUAL MATERIAL: TO BE REPLACED WITH THIN TIMBER PLYWOOD WITH WATERPROOF COATING

VOID - ACTUAL MATERIAL: TO BE REPLACED WITH CLEAR GLASS

CONCRETE FOUNDATION: MIXTURE OF CEMENT AND WATER POURED INTO A BOX-LIKE STRUCTURE MADE OF PLYWOOD

TIMBER PLYWOOD - ACTUAL MATERIAL: TO BE REPLACED WITH MERANTI AS IT’S A DURABLE AND ECONOMICAL HARDWOOD

TIMBER PLYWOOD - ACTUAL MATERIAL: TO BE REPLACED WITH TIMBER PLANK WITH WATERPROOF COATING

500GSM VINYL PVC BANNER - ACTUAL MATERIAL: TO BE REPLACED WITH WATERPROOFING CANVAS TARPAULINS

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS

RECYCABLE MATERIALS ARE COLLECTED AND ALL EQUIPMENTS ARE SET UP

MEASURING AND MARKING FOR CUTTING PURPOSE

G-CLAMP AND ELECTRIC SAW WERE USED FOR A

CLEAN FINISHING

THE UNEVEN SURFACE IS SMOOTHEN WITH MILLED

TOOTH FILES

NAILING PIECES TOGETHER STARTING FROM FLOOR BEAM

MINI DRILL MACHINE IS USED TO CREATE HOLES

CHISEL METHOD IS USED FOLLOW BY DRILLING TO CREATE THE MORTISE

COLUMN IS ATTACHED IS ATTACHED TO FLOOR BEAMS PROCEDURALLY

ROOF BEAM ARE CONNECTED TO COLUMNS

FLOOR BEAMS ARE REINFORCED WITH STEEL PLATE TO

SUPPORT HEAVIER LOAD (DEAD LOAD + LIVE LOAD)

TIMBER PLYWOOD FLOORING IS SLOTTED

INTO FLOOR BEAM

ATTACHING ‘K-BRACING’ TO THE CREATED MORTISE

ADDED PASSENGER SEATS MADE OF TIMBER

CEMENT ADDED WITH WATER IS POURED INTO THE BOX-

LIKE STRUCTURES

BANNER IS CONNECTED TO ROOF BEAM

THIN SHEETS ARE RIVETED ONTO

COLUMNS, ‘K-BRACING’ AND ROOF BEAMS

JOINTS AND DETAILS

OCTAGON 135∘ ON EACH SIDE

1. MORTISE AND TENON CONNECTING THE ‘K-BRACING’ TO COLUMN IN THE MIDDLE

3. PEGS AND PUZZLE CONCEPT CONNECTING THE ‘K-BRACING’ TO COLUMN AT THE BOTTOM AND TOP

2. REINFORCED WITH STEEL BRACKETS

ROOF - COLUMN - FLOOR

5. CROSS HALVING JOINTS INTERCONNECTION OF SECONDARY BEAMS

CROSS HALVING JOINTS BRACING STRUCTURE TO SECONDARY BEAM

6. MORTISE AND TENON SECONDARY BEAM TO PRIMARY BEAM

FLOOR - FOUNDATION

7. PIN SCREWED FOOTING

ALLOCATION OF FOOTINGS

4. ROPE TYING TO TIE THE WATERPROOFING BANNER ONTO ROOF BEAM

PHOTOS - JOINTS AND DETAILS1. MORTISE AND TENON CONNECTING THE ‘K-BRACING’ TO COLUMN IN THE MIDDLE

2. REINFORCED WITH STEEL BRACKETS

3. PEGS AND PUZZLE CONCEPT CONNECTING THE ‘K-BRACING’ TO COLUMN AT THE BOTTOM AND TOP

4. ROPE TYING TO TIE THE WATERPROOFING BANNER ONTO ROOF BEAM

5. CROSS HALVING JOINTS INTERCONNECTION OF SECONDARY BEAMS

6. MORTISE AND TENON SECONDARY BEAM TO PRIMARY BEAM

7. PIN SCREWED FOOTING

ASSEMBLING PROCESS

1. FLOOR: CONNECT THE SHORT BEAMS TO THE TWO LONG BEAMS

2. FLOOR: CONNECT THE REMAINING BEAMS TO FORM AN OCTAGONAL BASE AROUND THE (STRUCTURE 1.)

3. COLUMN - FLOOR: CONNECT TWO OF THE SHORTEST COLUMN TO THE FLOOR STRUCTURE, FOLLOW BY THE TALLER ONE IN AN ASCENDING WAY

4. COLUMN - FLOOR: CONNECT TWO OF THE SHORTEST COLUMN TO THE SIDE-BY-SIDE TWO END OF THE LONG BEAMS ON FLOOR STRUCTURE

6. COLUMN - COLUMN/ BEAM: CONNECT THE BRACINGS TO THE COLUMN AND FLOOR BEAM TO STABILIZE EVERYTHING

7. ROOF - COLUMN: CONNECT THE EXTERNAL ROOF BEAMS TO FORM AN OCTAGONAL SHAPE AROUND THE COLUMN

5. COLUMN - FLOOR: THIS FOLLOW BY THE TALLER ONE IN AN ASCENDING WAY

8. ROOF : SLOT TWO LONG BEAMS TO OF SAME LENGTH INTO ONE LONGEST BEAM

9. ROOF : CONNECT (STRUCTURE 8.) TO THE COLUMN AND ROOF BEAMS

FORCES AND STRENGTH

FORCE DISTRIBUTION ON FLOOR BEAMS

FORCE DISTRIBUTION ON ROOF BEAMS

MILD FORCE

SEVERE FORCE

RAINFLOW DIRECTION

FORCE DISTRIBUTION’S DIRECTION

FORCE DISTRIBUTION ON OVERALL STRUCTURE

REFERENCE

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Prentice Hall.

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York. Van Nostrand Reinhold

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Simple Woodwork Pergola & Round." Youtube. N.p., 24 July 2014. Web.

1 May 2016.

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Popular Mechanics. N.p., 1 Oct. 2015. Web. 1 May 2016.

• "Shelter Design." Metro Transit. Metro Transit, n.d. Web. 1 May

2016.

• Begnal, Tom. "Low-Tech Mortising." Fine Wood Working. N.p., 20-25

Dec. 2013. Web. 25 Apr. 2016.