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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION I ( BLD 60303 )

ASSIGNMENT 1 : EXPERIENCING CONSTRUCTION

TAYLOR’S LAKESIDE UNIVERSITY

LEE YET YEE ( L ) 0322328

HENG SY HUA 0321999

JUSTIN CHONG YONG SHENG 0322845

KAREN CHOO QIAO YING 0322480

NG KWANG ZHOU 0322802

LIM WOO LEON 0322180

MADELINE LIEW ZHI QI 0322150

KOO JIAN XIANG 0322975

GROUP MEMBERS

Introduction - Introduction to development site Site and Safety- Plants and MachineryPreliminaries Work- Site Layout- Setting Out- Earth WorkFoundation- Foundation type and construction process (from site visit)- Foundation type and construction process (from reference)Superstructure- Beam and Column- Slab- Wall- StaircaseDoors And WindowsRoof- Roof type and construction process (from site visit)- Roof type and construction process (from reference)SummaryReferences

CONTENT 3

1 - 34 - 1112 - 1516 - 192021-222323242526 - 353637 - 4041 - 4243 - 4546 - 4950 - 585960 - 7475 - 777879

4INTRODUCTION

SITE 1 : LOCATED AT SENAWANG

CAREPLUS GROUP BERHAD IS A COMPANY THAT PRODUCE RUBBER PRODUCTS. CURRENTLY, THEY ARE BUILDING A NEW 4 STOREY FACTORY SITUATED JUST BESIDE THEIR CURRENT OLD FACTORY, IN ORDER TO EXPAND THEIR PRODUCTION FACTORY’S TOTAL SURFACE AREA.

LOCATION PLAN (NOT TO SCALE)

BY . KOO JIAN XIANG

5

The location of the factory is situated at Senawang, Seremban, the primary industrial area of the prosperous Senawang town. The construction of the new factory is currently at it’s Superstructure Stage. They had just completed the ground slab of the factory 2 months ago. The whole development of this factory will take around 2 years of construction time to finish.

6

SITE 2 : LOCATED AT TAMAN PUNCA EMAS

INTRODUCTION

THIS SITE IS OWNED BY MR.HOE SOON YEE AND HE HAD PROPOSED TO BUILD A 1 AND A HALF STOREY BUNGALOW HOUSE AT TAMAN PUNCA EMAS, SEREMBAN, A HOUSING AREA SURROUNDED BY TAMAN VISION HEIGHT AND TAMAN LOOP.


BY . KOO JIAN XIANG

7

The bungalow itself is located at the prime area of the neighbourhood as it is easily accessible to the highway which leads to the city centre of Seremban not more than 10 minutes of driving. The bungalow now is currently at it’s Superstructure Stage and estimated time to finish the whole construction will be around a year and a half.

8INTRODUCTION

SITE 3 : LOCATED AT TAMAN SEREMBAN

THIS SITE IS OWNED BY MR.LEE SIEW WAI AND HE HAD PROPOSED TO BUILD A 2 STOREY BUNGALOW HOUSE AT JALAN SEROJA 3, SEREMBAN, A HOUSING AREA SURROUNDED LOCATED NEAR TAMAN KIAN KEE.

BY . KOO JIAN XIANG


9

The bungalow itself is located at the prime area of the neighbourhood as it is easily accessible to the highway which leads to the city centre of Seremban not more than 10 minutes of driving. The bungalow now is currently at it’s Superstructure Stage and estimated time to finish the whole construction will be around a year and a half.

10INTRODUCTION

SITE 4 : LOCATED AT JALAN TOK UNGKU

BUKIT BLOSSOM COMMERCIAL CENTRE IS A PRESTIGIOUS BUSINESS CENTRE , STRATEGICALLY LOCATED IN THE HEART OF SEREMBAN TOWN. IT WILL BE A PRIME COMMERCIAL CENTRE EASILY ACCESSIBLE VIA THE NORTH-SOUTH HIGHWAY, JALAN RASAH TO JALAN TOK UNGKU RAHANG KECHIL AND A MERE 2 KM DRIVE TO SEREMBAN TOWN.

BY . KOO JIAN XIANG


11

The area is well-connected to a network of banks, offices, shops, food & beverages outlet and etc. It is surrounded by more than 30 housing area which captured about 90,000 population, and strategically located in heart of Seremban whereby it’s only 100m away from the Middle Ring Road that is linked to S2,S3, Town Center and etc. The development of the commercial building is currently at it’s Preliminaries Stage and it will be taking about 2 years to complete the whole project.

12

SITE AND SAFETY

Construction work is a dangerous land-based job which include many dangerous task and unsafe condition such as falling from height, collapsing and electric shock. However these can be controlled by the management to decrease the rate of hazards occur in construction site. Safety equipment and

training are needed to provide for construction worker to create a safe construction environment. Safety awareness is required to everyone who are included in the construction site

BY . KAREN CHOO QIAO YING

13SITE AND SAFETY

Scaffolding


Scaffolding often caused dangers like worker falls from height, falls of materials, and collapse of structure. Fall hazards may occur when scaffolds are not used or erected in a proper way. Scaffold must be sound, rigid and sufficient enough to carry its own weight included the intended load without settling and displacement. It must be erected on solid footing to prevent collapse. All scaffolding should be design, erected and disassembled by a competent person and to be inspected before the start of the work every day to make sure it is safe to be use. Personal fall protection is required on all scaffolds that is higher than 10 feets. Fall- arrest systems must be used in high-wind or storm condition to prevent falling of worker.

LadderAnother source of injuries caused in the construction site included ladders and stairways. Falls and slips on ladder and stairways are the main source of injuries happened in the site. Appropriate length of ladder should be used and it has to be inspect by worker who are in charge of safety. The ladder should have the ability to support the weight of the worker and the materials. Slippery condition of ground base should be avoid for ladders to decrease the hazards of slipping.

Public and visitors have the hazard to be injure in or nearby the construction site. The boundaries of the construction site has to be fenced to prevent outsider. Fencing should not be lower than 2 meters high to prevent the accessing of unauthorized people to the construction site. Pedestrians and road users should not be affected by vehicles entering or leaving the construction site. Netting are required on scaffolds for high rise building to prevent object fly off the construction site. Holes and uneven ground has to be covered and lighting has to be provided during the night. The construction site must hire security to secure the site during day and night to prevent access of unauthorized people.

Public Protection

14SITE AND SAFETY

Storage For Materials


Materials will be affected by improper handling and storage. All the materials that are used in construction site have to be store in a proper place to avoid accident. Storage areas should be free from accumulated materials that will cause tripping, fires and explosion. All the materials such as steel bar and plywood are not allowed to be stack for more than 2 meter to prevent falling and sliding. Materials that are affected by weather have to be stored and placed on flat and dry surface. Flammable material should be stored far away from other material and protected from accidental ignition. Timber must be placed under a certain level to prevent moisture. Explosive materials such as gas should store upright. All stored materials must not create a hazard for construction workers. Place stored materials inside buildings that are under construction have to be at least 6 feet from hoistways, or inside floor openings and at least 10 feet away from exterior wall.

Personal Protective Equipment

Personal protective is vital for all construction worker because it decreases the hazard of been injured while working. Boots with slip-resistant are required for all construction worker. It is worn to prevent crushed toes from falling objects when working around with equipment. Safety glasses or face shields have to be worn at any time work operations which may cause foreign objects getting into the eye. For example during welding, cutting, grinding, nailing, or when working with concrete and harmful chemicals or when exposed to flying particles. When construction worker has to be exposed to any electrical hazards, safety glasses or face shields have to be worn. Gloves are required when worker doing heavy duty work and insulated gloves are required when exposed to electrical hazard. Hard hats is required when there is a potential for objects falling from above or bumps into the worker’s heads from fixed objects, or accidental head contact with electrical hazards. Hard hats are routinely inspected by people in charge for dents, cracks or deterioration and have to be in good condition at all time. It must be replaced after an electrical shock or heavy blow.

15SITE AND SAFETY

Disposing Waste Materials


Waste materials in construction site can cause hazard to the environment especially materials that contain chemical property. Flammable material has to dispose properly to prevent fire on site. Plasterboard will cause environmental hazard once it is landfilled because it will release toxic gas in such condition. Most of the waste materials in construction site have the potential to be recycle. Most of the waste wood can be recycle. Planning for disposal of waste material is an important role in site safety and have certain procedure to be follow.

Electricity SupplyElectricity is one of the main cause of fire on site and electric shock to the construction worker. All electrical equipment has to be safe condition and maintain regularly and has to be planned, managed and monitor by person in charge to reduce the risk of construction worker exposed to electricity. Equipment such as scaffolds and ladders should be placed not more 3 meters from electrical power line. Damage and worn electrical cords have to be replaced and multiple plug adapters are strictly prohibited in the construction site

VehicleVehicles can cause on-site accident to the construction worker and road traffic accident to the public. Traffic road must be properly planned in the construction to ensure the safety of the site. Fire and explosion may occurs on the vehicles that carry explosive and flammable materials into the site. Advance planning of route for transportation in the site is vital to ensure both drivers and vehicles are capable and competent to carry out the task. Traffic rule in site is also necessary to be included into the site safety plan.

16

PLANTS AND MACHINERY

Plants and machinery act as an important role in all construction site. It can be categories to transport vehicles, earth-moving and excavating equipment and material handling machinery. However,

supervisor in the construction site should make sure that a safe and suitable access are provided, the traffic and pedestrian routes are organized and be in controlled.


17PLANTS AND MACHINERY

Earth moving and excavating equipment


Earth moving and excavating equipment is known as heavy equipment which refers to heavy-duty vehicles. It designs to perform earth moving and excavating works in the construction industry. There are also known as heavy machines, heavy trucks, construction equipment, engineering equipment, heavy vehicles, or heavy hydraulics.

ExcavatorsE x c a v a t o r i s h e a v y construction equipment which cons i s t s o f a boom, dipper, bucket and a cab on rotating platform which is known as a “house”. The house s i t s a t o p a n u n d e r c a r r i a g e w i t h tracks or wheels. They are a natural progression from the steam shovels and often mistakenly

Bulldozer is a very powerful vehicles used in the construction site. The tracks in bulldozer gives it a great ground mobility and it has the ability to hold through rough surface. It was designed in a way that has high torque capacity which gives it power to dag object from the ground. Besides that, it can also uses to remove object from the ground. In construction site, the bulldozer is used mainly to clear obstacles or earth for the building. A bulldozer has variety of blade which has it owns function. Straight blade is used only for fine grading which it has no curve and no side wing. Universal blade has the abil ity to carry material around and it is very tall and is curved. Combination blade is the combination of straight blade and universal blade which is short but less curved and has small wings.

Bulldozer

A loader is a type of vehicle that is primarily used to clear, dig or load material such as rock and sand into another type of machinery. It is often used to carry loose object from the ground and move it from one place to another without push the object on ground. However, there is a limitation a loader can dig which is that it cannot dig a lot below the level of its own wheels. The deep bucket can store around 3-6 cubic meters of earth and it is depending on the model. Most of the loader are wheeled but not tracked. Although the sharp edged materials on construction site would damage the rubber wheels but it provides better mobility and speed to the loader and it do not damage the paved roads.

Loader

called power shovels. The used of hydraulic system achieved the function and the movement of the excavator. It uses to excavate and dig the natural surface below or above the ground, lifting the earth and general grading work in the construction site.

18PLANTS AND MACHINERY

Transporting vehicles


Transporting vehicles are mainly used to transport excavated material from a distance in construction.

Standard Dump Trucks

Tipper is a type of truck or lorry which the rear platform allow to be raised at the front end to e n a b l e t h e l o a d t o b e discharged by gravi ty . A c o m m o n d u m p t r u c k i s equipped with a hydraulically operated open box bed that hinged behind, which the front part is able to be lifted for the materials to be discharged by gravity to the ground.

Haul truck is mainly design to use for high production mining and heavy-duty work in the construction site. It is usually has an open 4 wheeled vehicle with a load skip in front of the driver, while its cab in front of the load. The skip can tip to let the load falls on the ground. It has a capacity that range from 40tons to 100 tons.

Haul Truck

Material Handling

Crane is designed to move equipment or machinery in the construction site. It can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move it horizontally. It is mainly used to lift heavy materials or equipment and transporting it to another places.

Mobile CraneMobile crane is the most basic type of crane and is mounted on a mobile platform. A mobile crane is a cable-contro l led crane mounted on crawlers or rubber-tired carriers or a hydraulic-powered crane with a telescoping boom mounted on truck-type carriers or as self-propelled models. It is designed to transport or lift heavy object easily to a site with the flexibility to access the sites which may be difficult to other types of cranes.

Tower crane is used for tall buildings and skyscrapers in the construction site. It is considered to be the tallest types of cranes. The tower cranes can reach up to 256 feet and outwards of 230 feet. The cranes are settled to the ground by mounting a strong concrete pad, so anchor bolts can be implanted into the pad. While being secured, this permits the crane to balance when lifting heavy loads. T h e s e c r a n e s a r e a l s o o f t e n assembled and affixed inside the building itself during construction.

Tower crane

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Crawler craneThe crawler crane is a crane mounted on an undercarriage with a set of crawlers which provide stability and mobility. It is a lifting machine which m o u n t e d o n a t r a c k e d movable platform. This crane is capable to per form lifting operations on different types of ground surfaces, even soft grounds because the entire weight of the machine is

Forklift is a material handling equipment that have the ability to lift and move a certain object or material in a short distance. Most forklift have a certa in load capaci ty in between 1 to 5 tons. It is available in many variation and load capacity that some of the forklift is able to lift up to 50 tons.

Forklifts

Concrete Mixer

Concrete mixer is an equipment that combines cement, aggregate (sand and gravel) and water to create concrete. A concrete mixer has a drum to mix all the components. A portable concrete mixer is often seen in the construction site to create small volume of concrete which gives the construction workers enough time to use the concrete before it hardens. Concrete transport truck is made to transport and mix the concrete up to

A road roller is a type of engineering vehicle used to compact soil, gravel and concrete in the construction roads and foundations. It has 2 smooth wheels which is fixed in front and on the rear side. Both wheels have the same diameter. Vibrator is fixed with smooth wheel rollers and the used of vibration is to reduce the air voids in between the particles. The weight of the wheels exert direct pressure on the layer to make it smooth.

Road roller

PLANTS AND MACHINERYBY . KAREN CHOO QIAO YING

equally deployed on the tracked platform. Because it is on tracks and not on wheels, the crawler crane is more stable and it can lift more weight than the wheeled crane. However, the negative side of crawler crane is that some models are so large that it has to be dismantled in smaller pieces to transport it to another location.

the construction site. This concrete transport truck is able to maintain the concrete in liquid state before reaching the construction site by turning the drum while on the roads.

20

PRILIMINARIES

In construction, preliminaries present the GENERAL DETAILS of a project as well as going into the specifics that should be known, like what will be required to execute the project and what conditions

are relevant. Preliminaries, in general, tend to outline numerous details concerning a construction project that is

nearing the end of its planning stages

BY . JUSTIN CHONG YONG SHENG

21PRILIMINARIESBY . JUSTIN CHONG YONG SHENG

CleaningRemoving access trees from the plotted area. Trees or excess greenery that are found on site have to be unrooted completely to prevent any incidents.

Huge trees and other obstacles are excavated to ensure easy construction

Excavator

Thoroughly level the ground to ensure the safety. If there is any hole in the ground, it must be filled up completely.

Leveling

FencingWhen the plotted area is cleaned and levelled, contractors will then secure the s i te by p lac ing a p e r m a n e n t b o u n d a r y w a l l o r temporary fencing around the plot. The company’s sign board as well as safety precaution signs will be placed on the fence for good measure.

Site office is a temporary structure with the necessary accommodations for the contractors or architects to either plan out the schedule for the day or to just take a break.

Site office

The fencing was built to avoid any outsiders from entering

22PRILIMINARIESBY . JUSTIN CHONG YONG SHENG

StorageThe storage area is commonly used to keep various building materials such as bricks or steel from unwanted damage or stole. A separate storage for cement is also built because cement is affected by the weathering impact.

Storage places are huge and secured for the materials

As civil construction needs continuous power and water supply, a generator as well as a connection to the area’s water line is made to help ease the construction process.

Utility connection

Labor shed

It is common practice for the foreign workers who work in the construction project to stay at site. A shed with the essential facilities like water and power supply and sanitation is provided.

Site office is a temporary structure with the necessary accommodations for the contractors or architects to either plan out the schedule for the day or to just take a break.

Site office

23PRILIMINARIES BY . JUSTIN CHONG YONG SHENG

Setting OutThe method of setting out is the reverse of surveying process. The process involves the positions and levels of building lines and road alignments shown on the construction plans to be established on the ground by various techniques and instruments.

A building can be set out by taking referencing from an already established baseline. For each corner of the building, a grid line can be established from the baseline.

Setting out buildings by COORDINATES

Plumb Bob

To check the verticality of buildings less than 20m in height)

The ground floor is to be at or just above ground level at the highest point, some dry fill material such as broken brick or concrete hardcore is imported to raise the level of the oversite concrete and floor. This fill will be placed, spread and consolidated up to the external wall once it has been built.

The natural surface of ground is not leveled to the extent that there is an appreciable slope either across or along or both across and along the site.

Earthworks

The thickness of the wall should be at least a quarter of the height of the fill bearing To make sure that the stability of the wall is adequate to withstand the some horizontal pressure on the wall. S o l i d f i l i n g

under the floor

Floor level

Ground level

Earthworks are engineering works created through the moving or processing of parts of the earth's surface involving quantities of soil or unformed rock. The earth may be moved to another location and formed into a desired shape for a purpose.

After the earth works are done, the contractors will place wooden poles or even flags around the site to indicate the boundaries set for the shop lots or houses to prevent any mistakes of calculation from occurring during the next process.

Picture above shows wooden poles

24

FOUNDATION

The function of any foundation is to safely sustain and transmit to the ground on which it rests the combined dead, imposed and wind loads in such a manner as not to cause any settlement or other

movement which would impair the stability or cause damage to any part of the building.

BY . LIM WOO LEON & NG KWANG ZHOU

25FOUNDATION

Foundation type on Site

BY . LIM WOO LEON

The site applies only pad foundation or shallow foundation because the building is constructed below 4 feet below ground which doesn’t require any deep piling and it also has good subsoil condition.

Pad Foundation

RC or steel column Pad Foundation The pad foundation uses RC or steel column instead of grillage as it doesn’t required to transmit heavy loads from steel columns but just enough to act as a load bearing foundation The bars of steel added into the concrete foundation resist all tensile forces induced into the foundation.

It is used to support isolated loads such as those in columns, piers Also, it is constructed with a square base where its reinforcement patterns are distributed in both ways.

Isolated foundation

Pros and Cons of Pad Foundation Pros Relatively cheap and easy to construct Suitable for framed construction Reinforcement for tension and shear can be added

Cons Pads are very shallow and can be easily uprooted

Construction Process of Pad Foundation

Reinforced C o n c r e t e Column

Pad Foundation

R C o r S t e e l Column

Blinding

Two way reinforcement pattern

Isolated or pad foundation designed to span in two directions threfore main bars are placed in the bottom both ways.

Excavation S e t t i n g l e a n concrete

Build formwork

Add spacer BlockAdd reinforcement Bar

Reinforcement for Slump

A d d t i e s f o r formwork Pour concrete Set, curing and

strengthening of concrete

36

SUPERSTRUCTURE

Superstructure is the building part that is above the foundation or basement, serves the purpose of the building function. It includes beams, columns, slab, wall and staircase.

BY . HENG SY HUA & MADELINE LIEW ZHI QI

37Bea

Beam is a structure that can carry and support external load

preventing the whole structure from collapsing

Diagram 1 shows the transmission of load and force from beam to ground

Beam columns ground

Type of beam used in the site Concrete beam D2

Extended into column for more stable structure

Tension reinforce for upward bending

Bent bars resist diagonal tension

concrete

Reinforce bar Reinforce bar is used as a frame for the beam

-act as support system for the whole stucture

Advantages of concrete beam

-low cost -high tensile strength -combine with slabs -withstand thermal heat

Effective depth is measured from the compression face to the centroid of tension reinforcement

Whenever possible, vary required steel reinforcement rather than beam size

Hooks are bends given to the end of tension bars to develop an equivalent embedment length for anchorage. A standard hook is a 90°, 135°, or 180°

Beam without wall and slabs

Beam with wall and slab

150 mm spacing

R6 link

Beam 37

BY . HENG SY HUA

38

Type of beam connection Simply supported beam (beam found on site)

Beam that support freely at the ends on wall and column

Fixed beam has 2 fixed ends into the wall for higher load and strength

Cantilever beam

One end fixed into the wall to create an open yet sheltered space

Continuous beam

Has 2 or more support and used for a longer distant

Tension side

Compression side

Other material for beams Steel beam

Advantage

-withstand corrosion

-withstand higher presuure and load

-shorter fixing time

Type of steel beams

Type of connection

S shape

W shape

C Shape

Structural tubing

To connects the girder and beam

Stabilising angle

Moment connection

Shear connection

Semi rigid connection

Ratio of concrete 6 bucket of stone : 4 bucket lake sand : 1 packet cement : 8 bucket water

Beam 38

39

Vertical structure which responsible in transferring load from ceilings to

foundation as well as provide height for the building

Column on site Concrete column

-easy to be mould

-lower costing

-high durability and stability

Column donein different stages can be found on site

Type of concrete column used in the site

Columns with 6 main bars and column with 8 main bars as Position of the 2 different

Types according to the engineers calculation of the pressure and load

Rebars All the rebar comes with identification card upon government approval

Rebar structure for column

r

Size of the rebar

Grade / tyoe of the rebar

Number of rebars per ton

Series number

Logo for the government unit

Main rebars for structural support

Curved rebars to prevent the main bars from bending

Lapping area-shorter bar is tied beside main bar to reinforce the column

Links -steel tying intersected joint to prevent movement

Grove -to increase the grip of concrete on bar

Rebars are actually tied manually on each intersection part . Different tyoe of knot tying is apply to prevent the bending of rebar during hot climate

Columns 39

BY . HENG SY HUA

40

Framework

Process

.

Plywood column

Margin pieces to support incoming beam

Cleats

Raking struts

Place for clamps and yoke to resist pressure

Lift out pieces to enable formwork to be cleaned out before casting

Foot form around kicker

Opening for beam form

Main rebar for column

Lapping

Rebars are set up according to the engineered calculation , tied and stabilised together . Columns foundation (column stumps) are applied if the columns is ground floor. This acts as the skeleton of the column stucture

Formwork are inserted surrounding the column to create a space for liquid concrete to pour inside . Yorks and tropping are added at the side to support the formwork from pressure and secure it from movement.

Yorks

Wooden fromwork

Casting liquid

Concrete is poured into the formwork when rain is not present. The max height to pour the concrete is 3metre and the pouring process can only be separated into maximum 3 times to prevent the separation of concrete and produce a weak and unstable column. After pouring, the concrete is shaken to eliminate any air bubble trapped inside the concrete.

Excess rebal for lapping of the next floor

Excess rebal for lapping of the next floor

Concrete casting go through hydration reaction to increase its strength up to 2.5 times and the formwork is left to dry for 25 to 30 days. The form work will be taken off leaving the rough surface. A coat of cement render will be used to smoothen the surface.

Different type of yorks are used to ensure no leakage of concrete casting.

Raking struts are used to prevent the column to be slanted plump line is used to measure the straightness of the column

Columns 40

41SLABBY . MADELINE LIEW ZHI QI

Slab is a flat horizontal plane that is a common yet important structural element of modern buildings. It functions as a walking surface for the users but may be also serve as a load bearing element. The depth of a concrete slab floor is relatively smaller compared to its span. Slabs may be supported on two sides only or have beams on all four sides.

Precast concrete slabs is one-way spanning units that may be supported by site cast concrete, precast concrete, or masonry bearing walls. Manufactured with normal density or structural lightweight concrete and prestressed for greater structural efficiency. Size may be limited by the means of transportation.

Precast Concrete Slab

One Way Slab One Way Slab is supported by parallel beams only. Bends in only one direction. Main reinforcement is provided in only one direction. Suitable for light and moderate load. Ratio of longer side to shorter side is more than 2.

Two Way Slab Two Way Slab is supported by beams in all four sides. Main reinforcement is provided in both direction for two way slabs. Effective for medium spans and heavy load. Ratio of longer side to shorter side is less than 2 or close to 1

P r e c a s t concrete slabs

Structural frame

Cast In-Situ Concrete Slab (site) (reference)

Advantages: Time saving, construction can be done in a shorter time span. Less labour is required compared to casting concrete on site Cheaper if large structures are to be built

Disadvantages: Less resistance to Earthquake and wind forces Limited to sizes that manufacture have in hand Higher maintenance cost

42SLABBY . MADELINE LIEW ZHI QI

In site, the slabs are casted both separately with the beam and also together with the beam

Advantages and Disadvantages of Cast In-Situ Concrete Slab Advantages: Flexible to the design Less maintenance cost More resistance to earthquake and wind forces Cheaper for small scale projects Do not require large handing equipment to ship the slabs pieces

Disadvantages: Requires more time to let the concrete cur Will be affected by the weather condition More skilled labours are required on site

(site)

Ground beams are installed first, continued by the ground floor slab. Formwork is inserted at the correct placement for ground slabs. Sand is filled and levelled, followed by a layer of damp prove membrane. BRC mesh is inserted and concrete is casted and cured. Formwork is removed after drying.

Ground Slab LayersConcrete slab - Resists compressive force BRC wire mesh - Extra re inforcement: transfer load to beams Damp-proof membrane - Prevent wate r f rom entering Sand - To flatten out the ground surface Hardcore - To fill in any voids on the ground

Construction Process

Site using Wooden Formwork

Shoring is set up around the existing columns to support the formwork of beams and columns.

Site using Wooden Formwork

B R C m e s h i s p l a c e d f o r reinforcement and concrete is casted after that.

The scaffolding and formwork is removed after the concrete has completely dry.

Formwork is inserted at the correct placement.

Construction Process of Higher Slab

43

A vertical structure that made up of stone, brick or concrete. It acts as a divider

to create and divide spaces as well as as protection for human. Walls also act as an

essential part for superstructure as it is used for load bearing, sound

and heat insulator.

Type of wall

Masonry wall

-from by bricks and cement

- good heat and sound insulator

- flexible in form and texture

-high durability

-high workmanship is required

Reinforce concrete work

-common used as load bearing wall

-smoother surface

-formwork and concrete casting needed

-lowered working duration

Type of brick cement sand brick

Clay brick

Concrete

-made of clean sand, fly ash and dolomite lime

- duration to produce shorter

-greyish colour

-compressed by machine to become a block

-cheaper than clay brick

-made by clay

Redish colour

-duration to produce longer

-compressed by burning in furnace

*Choosen to used for the site wall as it can withstand highest level of vibration, more stronger and stable , more grip between each other and can insulation more heat and noise

-combination of cement , water, and mine sand

-form work is needed

-cheaper for mass production

Wall 43

BY . HENG SY HUA

44

Type of bond Concrete is used to bond all the bricks together and different arrangement

of brick will produce different effect .

Bonds found in site

Stretcher bond

Flemish bond

Cement

Construction process for brick wall

Joint used to connect brick to brick and form a wall

Joints found in site

Flush joint

-a kind of trowelled joint which is finished by striking off excess mortar with trowel

Raked joint

-made by removing mortar to a given depth

-for interior use only

-Commonly used in veneer wall

-consist of all stretcher overlapping each other

-alternating of stretcher and header arranging side to side

-commonly used for external wall

-higher sound and heat induction

Mind sand is used in mixture for cement as it consists of more aggregates which can produce higher and stronger grip

Wood board is then place as a formwork for concrete footing before concrete is poured

Wood board

2 bricks are layered at each side of the corner while laser light is used to measure and mark the position of the wall

10mm

Lengthof wall

A line is being pull according to the leser light to ensure a vertical wall

Bricks are continue to be laid according to the line . the excess concrete mortal is being cut off by trowel

Wall

Concrete mortar is mix and prepared

44

45

Construction technique On site

Layering technique

-Bricks are laid in 45 degree at the top most part to ensure no empty space is left

-make the laying process easier as worker has larger space to lay the bricks

Dowel bars

-Dowel bars are added into the wall the prevent collapsing of wall due to vibration

-The bars are added every in every 4 layers

Lintel

-act as the support system above door frame

-to lessen the load of the door frame

-prevent the wall above door frame from collapsing

Stiffener

-Used to prevent enhance the stability of the brick wall

-horizontal stiffener is added when the length of the wall exceed 4 metres

-vertical stiffener is added when the height of the wall exceed 3 metre

Off Site

Damp proof membrane

-used to protect the wall from soaking in water during rainy days

-made of plastics

-layered at the bottom of the wall

Wire mesh

-commonly used in cement sand brick

-to enable the cement sand wall withstand vibration

Wall 45

46STAIRCASEBY . MADELINE LIEW ZHI QI

Half Turn Stair Two Quarter Turn Stair

Plan & Elevation Plan & Elevation

-Turns 180° at an intervening landing. -More compact than a single straight-run stair. -Two flights connected by the landing may be equal or unequal.

-Makes a 180° turn in the path of travel. -Three flights connected by intervening landing may be equal or unequal.

Advantages: - Easier to fit into an architectural plan - Offer architectural interest - Offer a resting point part way up the stairs

Advantages: - More visually interesting - The landing provide a resting area while ascending

Disadvantages: - More difficult to build compared to a straight run stair

Disadvantages: - More difficult to build compared to a straight run stair

FUNCTION: - Provide access between levels - Provide safe means of travel between floors - An essential part of an emergency egress

In the sites that we had visited, there are two main types of stair that is present: -Half Turn Stairs -Two Quarter Turn Stair These two types of stairs are commonly used and the area beneath it is used as storage spaces for most of the buildings.

- Made on site that requires high construction skills - Quality control is more difficult compared to

precast concrete stairs - More time consuming than precast concrete stairs - Enable to have flexibility with the building shapes - Provide a sense of solidity and a strong,

contemporary look. - Concrete is able to be poured into a variety of

creative shapes - Concrete has a tendency to crack so frame

support must be well engineered - Concrete may suffer from chipping on the tread

edges and making repairs is difficult

Material: Cast In-Situ Concrete Stairs

Landing The flat surface between flights of staircase to act as a resting area for people

Nosing The exposed edge of tread that protrudes over the riser below

Ledger - Horizontal timber in a scaffold

that is attached to the vertical - To support the putlogs

Wedges Timber wedges were used vertically and horizontally underneath staircase in slots cuts into stringer to secure riser and treads

Stringer - Relates to the portion of

stairs running along the stair’s side

- Acts as main structural support for the surface part of stairs

Riser The vertical part of a step between two consecutive treads

Tread The upper surface of a step on which the foot is placed

Carriage An inclined beam which supports the steps or adds support between the strings of a wooden staircase, usually between the wall and outer string

Step Consist of a tread and riser

Handrail A protecting member fixed to posts or a wall for people to hold on to for support

Baluster The vertical infill member between a string and handrail

STAIRCASEBY . MADELINE LIEW ZHI QI

47

Terminologies


48

Concrete In-Situ Staircase Construction Process (on-site)

Concrete is poured from the top to the bottom. Concrete vibrator is used to ensure the concrete mixed throughly.

The area of stairs is calculated and then marked with a box.

Timber formwork is built in the box that is marked earlier.

Scaffolding is added to the bottom to support the load when concrete is poured in.

The high tensile reinforcement bar is placed along the stairs and overlapped with the starter bar of the slab.

The stringer and riser board are constructed to create riser and thread.

1 2 3

4 5 6

Lastly, it is installed at the desired placement by fixing it with suitable fixations.

Next, it is shipped to the site. It will then be moved in by using cranes.

To begin with, precast concrete steps are built off-site in a factory, rather than at the site itself.

Precast Concrete Staircase

Mould of Concrete Staircase Crane



In-Situ RC Landing

(Reference)Advantages - Time saving - Do not stress the foundation wall of building - Lighter than in-situ concrete stairs - Better quality control because built in

controlled environment - Cheaper - Suitable for large scale projects - Able to install easily anytime

Disadvantages - Limited to the sizes that manufacturer has - Requires big machineries to move it

Starter Bar


49

The most traditional staircase material Wood is strong and easy to work with and provides an element of warmth in the home. Most affordable staircase material Strong and easy to work with Wood is less durable than other

staircase materials and will require maintenance from time to time.

Wood can also be damaged by high humidity.

Cost more than timber stairs their strength and durability makes them an excellent material option. offers a flexibility of design

Durable, strong and able to be used in a variety of settings

Can be more light-weight in appearance than concrete and timber

Perfect for spiral stairs and for tight spaces

Metal stairs can be noisy when traversed

Susceptible to corrosion in high-salt areas

Heavy to transport and thus a more expensive option

- add a touch of contemporary glamour to an interior.

- lightweight and allow open views and filtered light through the levels in a house.

- one of the more expensive material options.

strong and are able to be strengthened to accommodate heavy traffic

Timber Stairs Metal Stairs Glass Stairs

Staircase Materials(Reference)

DOORS AND WINDOWS

Door: An opening or closing structure which is commonly use as an entrance. It divides both interior and exterior spaces as well as connects each other.

Window: An opening that allows light, sound and air to pass through. It contributes in air circulation and heat reduction.

BY . LIM WOO LEON & JUSTIN CHONG YONG SHENG & MADELINE LIEW ZHI QI

50

51DOORSBY . MADELINE LIEW ZHI QI

Terminology

Rough opening

wall opening into which a doorframe is fitted.

Head

uppermost member of a doorframe.

Jamb

either of the two side members of a doorframe.

Stop

projecting part of a doorframe against which a door closes.

Casing

trim that finishes the joint between a doorframe and its rough opening

Threshold

sill of a doorway, covering the joint between two flooring materials or providing weather protection at an exterior door.

Doors and doorways give access from the outside into the interior of a building and entry between interior spaces. Doorways ought to be sufficiently large to travel through effectively and accommodate the moving of interior fittings.

Door Operation

Door Operation (references)

Swinging (On-Site)

Bypass Sliding

Pocket Sliding

Surface Sliding

Folding

- Door turns on hinges about a side jam when pushed or pulled

- Most common and effective way for thermal resistance.

- Provide access with full width of doorway

- No operating space needed

- Slides on an overhead track - Used at spaces where normal

swing door would be obstruct

- Slides on overhead track and guides

- Low resistance to weather and sound

- Folds flat against each other - Require less operating space

52DOORSBY . LIM WOO LEON & JUSTIN CHONG YONG SHENG

Block Frame hinged door

• Offering quiet operation, effective sound and light proofing, and a reduction in draughts. They’re also easy to use and can be fitted with a range of optional additions, such as larger pull hands, transparent panels that allow for vision through the door, and an automatic door closer.

• While hinged doors are usually fitted to swing inwards into the room that’s being opened, they can also be installed to open outwards, maximising space in small rooms. This versatility allows for hinged doors to be installed and utilised in many office environments.

MisalignmentHinge leaf on frame

HingesNon-Removable Pin Hinges • This is a common feature in most commercial door

hinges, but is also available for residential use. • It is a security hinge where the hinge pin prevents them

from removing the door to break in. In order to remove the door, someone would have to cut the barrel off of the hinge.

Pin must be fully inserted in leaf for set screw to line up with notched section of pin.

Set screw engages with notched section of pin.

53DOORSBY . LIM WOO LEON & JUSTIN CHONG YONG SHENG

Installation of block frame hinged door

A hinged door is installed on a concrete or masonry wall. The door is attached using screws through the frame or clips. The door is sealed to the exterior brick, siding or stucco.

1. Prepare the opening

Clean the opening. Ensure it is dry and free from dirt, oil and debris.

Apply water resistant coating

Confirm the opening is plumb, level and square.

Measure and mark the opening where the interior of the new door will be placed

2. Prepare the Door

Install the clips into the fin grooves and secure the clips to the frame.

3. Set and fasten the door

Attach wood blocking flush with the opening sill.

Center the bottom of the door in the opening and tilt the door into position and check door placement.

Plumb and square the door

Finish pre-drilling and driving screws through the door frame or clip

Check door operation

54DOORSBY . MADELINE LIEW ZHI QI

Materials: Door (reference)

Sliding Glass Door

Sliding glass doors are accessible with wood, aluminum, or steel frames. Wood framed doors might be treated with additive, prepared for painting, then again clad in aluminum or vinyl. Metal frames are accessible in an assortment of finishes.

Sliding glass doors are produced as standard units completed with all the requirements needed.

1880,2490.3100 (Wood)

1830 3050 3660 (Aluminium)

2030

,305

0,36

60

Door Designs

Panel Panel with sash

Louvered French Door

French Door with divided lights

Door designs varies from panels, to louvered and others. Different design suits different type of atmosphere and style. It is mostly made out of wood, metal and glass. It maybe solid or divided to increase the light penetration.

Wood rail-and-stile doors are made up of a framework of vertical stiles and horizontal rails that hold the desire material in place.

55WINDOWSBY . LIM WOO LEON & JUSTIN CHONG YONG SHENG

Metal windows (Site) Aluminium casement windows• Casement windows have operating sashes that are side-

hinged and usually swing outward. • When open, the sash is able to direct ventilation. • The inner end of the sash may slide along a track on the sill

or jamb as the sash swings outward. • A pair of sashes may close on a vertical mullion or having

afloating astragal to close on each other.

Advantage and disadvantage of aluminium windows

Advantages Thermal Performance Easily achieve improvements in heat gain and heat loss Durability and low maintenance Corrosion and weather resistant Affordability Aluminium frames can be significantly less expensive than other framing options, providing a strong yet economical window Design Flexibility aluminium offers a vast range of possibilities from the economical to most elaborate systems while also delivering excellent thermal performance.

Disadvantages Doesn’t hold heat in well. The thermal conductance of aluminium is high. Thus aluminium windows may not work well in cold climates. Condensation or even frost forms inside the windows and can present a variety of problems.

Aluminium Hollow profile Casement Windows

• Thermal Insulation Poor insulation and high conductivity are characteristics of solid profile metal windows. This is much less apparent with hollow profile outer members, as they can be considerably enhanced by a thermal infilling of closed cell foam.

• Finish Paint application prevents surface oxidation of the aluminium frames.

• Condensation Polyurethane--resin thermal breaks between internal and external profiles inhibits cold bridging. This reduces the opportunity for condensation to form on the surface.

The extruded aluminium profiled sections at the site are designed and manufactured to create lightweight hollow window framing members.

Double glazed unit

sub-sill


Synthetic rubber sealing gasket

Hollow core may be filled with closed cell foam

Double Glazing of Metal casement windows

• Double glazing insulates (reduces solar gain) almost twice as well as single glazing.

• The air space between the panes of glass has a large effect on energy performance. A thin air space does not insulate as well as a thicker air space because of the conductivity through that small space.

• The edge spacer is what holds the panes of glass apart and provides the airtight seal in an insulated glass unit. Essentially they are hollow aluminium channels, filled with desiccant beads, to absorb moisture.

Approximate solar gains with ordinary float glass -

Aluminium Window Installation

Install window frame into wall leaving gap all around over the rough plastered masonry wall.

Align window frame horizontally and vertically with thick aluminium composite panel packing or any other hard metal.

FIx frame with aluminium composite panels.

Drill hole through aluminium composite packing around fame to be screwed through the wall and shall remain below track permanently.

Dowel and screw the frames onto wall. Hang in window and check all mechanism.

Feel gap between frame and walls with Polyurethane Foam and cover the surface with cement plaster on exterior side with paint from inside.

Hang the window after total curing.

Install window sill if necessary.

Trim and shape gaps for protecting and sealing polyurethane foam.


Steel window frame and sash sections are produced from hot-rolled or cold-rolled steel. Sections of steel are more rigid and thinner than aluminium. It allows more light to come into the building as it overall thinner than other material. Steel has a lower coefficient of heat transfer than aluminum hence steel window frames do not require thermal breaks

Wood frames are normally thicker than aluminum or steel frames, but they are also more effective as thermal insulators.

The frames are usually of kilndried, clear, straight grain wood, factory treated with a water repellant preservative. Thewood may be stained, painted, or primed for painting on site. To minimize the need for maintenance, the majority of wood frames are now clad with vinyl or bonded to acrylic coated aluminum sections that require no painting.

Materials: Windows (reference)

58WINDOWSBY . MADELINE LIEW ZHI QI

59

ROOF

Roof , an essential part of every building where it act as a protection towards weather and primary sheltering element for the interior spaces of a building . The construction of roof must be strong to

withstand wind loads therefore each components has to be securely fastened to each other. The roof also add attractiveness to the building in creating different architectural effects which will enhance

the ambience of the building when viewing it as a whole.

BY . LEE YET YEE

60ROOF

ROOF TYPE ON SITE

BY . LEE YET YEE

A hip roof has four sloping or pitched sides and a rectangular base. The hip ends are triangular in shape and the sides have a trapezoid shape. The inclined rafters at either end of the ridge will brace the roof.

A hip & valley roof is simply a modified or extended hip roof. The shape and pitch of the surfaces are basically the same, however the base shape changes from a simple rectangle to a ‘T’ or ‘L’ shape, on plan.

The hip & valley roof has an additional ridge, which joins the main roof ridge at the same height, which creates a single valley for an ‘L’ shaped roof. It may also join the roof surface at the same height or at a lower level on a side or end, without connection to a hip, creating two valleys for a ‘T’ shaped roof.

Hip And Valley Roof

Hip Roof Hip and Valley Roof

Hip Valley

• The pyramid shaped hip roofs are highly preferred at hill stations where heavy snowfall is recorded in winter seasons.

• Hip roofs generally have consistent fascia from all directions, so it becomes easy to make installations for gutters.

• Hip roofs are also well suited for warm climates as they create the perfect shade for houses from all sides while assisting in fine cooling.

• Hip roofs also possess eaves along all directions that help to provide complete protection to a house from sun, as well as other atmospheric troubles.

• One of the most important advantages of hip roofs is their ability to provide drainage of water; as all sides of the roof are angled properly so there is no chance of water accumulation on these roofs.

• They help to create prevention from a roof collapsing.

• Hip roofs that have 30-degree tilting are considered as the best designs for long life results.

Advantages & DisadvantagesAdvantages

• O n e o f t h e m o s t p r o m i n e n t disadvantages of hip roofs is their typical or complicated construction procedure.

• Hip roofs demand large labor mass, as well as need additional raw material, which adds to more cost.

• They need maintenance from time to time to ensure long life service.

Disadvantages

61ROOF

STRUCTURAL ROOF MEMBERS

BY . LEE YET YEE

Fascia

Top Plate

Centring Rafter

Ridge Board

Collar Tie

Common Rafter

Creeper Rafter

Crown-end Rafter

Top Plate

Purlin

Valley Cripple Creeper

Valley Rafter

Valley Creeper Rafter

Fascia

Collar Tie

62ROOF

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

BY . LEE YET YEE

ThePre-construction 1. Calculating Roof Slope 2. Laying Out Roof Framing Plan Construction 3. Roof Framing 4. Underlayment 5. Roofing 6. Roof Drainage 7. Roof Flashing

Pre - Construction1. Calculating Roof Slope

The slope of a roof must be calculated before construction begins.

Factors affecting the roof slope : Roof’s span, run and rise. Span : Distance between outer edges of top plates

Total Run : 1/2 the span

Unit Run : Set length used to figure the slope of rafters

Total Rise : Vertical distance from top plate to the upper end of measuring line

Unit Rise : Number of inches that a roof rises for every 12” of run ( unit run )

Slope = Ratio ( Unit Rise : Unit Run )

Pitch = Ratio ( Total Rise : Span )

Total Rise

Total Run

Unit Rise

Span

Unit Run

12

8

Total Run

Span

Unit Run

Unit Rise Pitch

Total Rise

Tail

Ridge Board

Rafter

Measuring Line

2. Laying Out Roof Framing Plan

Hip And Valley Roof Roof framing plan created when one or more hip roofs intersect at 90’ angles

A : Outline of building

B : Outline largest rectangle unsure the building outline

C : Draw centrelines for every rectangle formed inside the building outline

D : Draw 45’ line from each inside and outside corner ( Extend Lines to intersect with centrelines : Indication of hip rafters on outside corners and valley rafters on inside corners )

E : Center lines drawn in C connect the hip and valley rafters. Draw these as solid lines where the ridges will be located

F : Figure distance between rafters , lay them out on roof framing plan

A B C D E F

63ROOF

TRUSSERS AND RAFTERS LAYOUT PLAN

BY . LEE YET YEE

Bungalow at Taman Seremban

64ROOF

BY . LEE YET YEE

3. Roof Framing

In trussed-roof construction, prefabricated trusses are attached as a unit. Their lower chords form the ceiling of the room while the top chords form the roof. In conventional roof construction, carpenters assemble the roof from individual ceiling joists and rafters. The rafters should not be erected until the ceiling joists have been fastened in place. The ceiling joists act as a tie to prevent the rafters from pushing the exterior walls outward.

Steel Joists :• To resist uplifting wind forces, every

joist must be securely anchored to its supporting structure.

• Top chord extension for roof overhang

• Joists may frame into a bearing wall rising to form a parapet or bear on the wall to form a flush or overhanging roof edge

• Roofing membrane over rigid foam or lightweight concrete insulation

• Roof deck may consist of metal roof decking, plywood panels, cementitious roof planks.

• Continuous bearing angle for roof deck bolted to concrete or masonry

• Bridging should be securely anchored to end wall

• Horizontal bridging angles for K series joists are welded to top and bottom chords.

• Diagonal bridging angles for LH/DLH series joists; weld or bolt bridging to clip angles secured to masonry wall or steel edge beam.

65ROOF

TRUSSES

BY . LEE YET YEE

3. Roof Framing

Roof trusses are engineered and pre-fabricated, triangulated structures which are built in a factory. They are designed to carry the load of a home’s roof to the outside walls, shipped to the construction site, and installed using a crane after the home’s walls have been framed.

The triangles formed by the beams, bars and ties allow the truss to distribute the weight it carries over a broader area.

Steel Trusses

Steel Roof Trusses ~ these are triangulated plane frames which carry purlins to which the roof coverings can be fixed. Steel is stronger than timber and will not spread fire over its surface and for these reasons it is often preferred to timber for medium and long span roofs. The rafters are restrained from spreading by being connected securely at their feet by a tie member. Struts and ties are provided within the basic triangle to give adequate bracing. Angle sections are usually employed for steel truss members since they are economic and accept both tensile and compressive stresses. The members of a steel roof truss are connected together with bolts or by welding to shaped plates called gussets. Steel trusses are usually placed at 3„000 to 4„500 centres which gives an economic purlin size.

• Metal or cementitious roof decking or panels span purlin spaces.

• Channel or W-shape purlins span the truss spacing.

• If not bearing at a panel point, purlins subject top chord to local bending.

• Trusses require lateral bracing in a direction perpendicular to their planes

• Depth range for pitched trusses: span /4 to span/5

• Members are bolted or welded with gusset plate connectors.

• To prevent secondary shear and bending stresses from developing, the centroidal axes of truss members and the load at a joint should pass through a common point

66ROOF

Steel Roof Truss Details

BY . LEE YET YEE

3. Roof Framing

Purlin Cleats

Angle Rafter

Angle Strut

Purlin Cleat

Gusset Plate

Shop Bolted Connections

8mm thick Gusset Plate

Angle Tie

Truss symmetrical about center line

Concrete Beam

HD

#10 SDS HD-B

67ROOF

RAFTERS

BY . LEE YET YEE

3. Roof Framing

Rafters are sloped framing members running downward from the peak of the roof all the way to the plates of the outside walls. They are the support for the roof load. Ceiling joists tie the outside walls together, support the ceiling materials for the room below, and secure the bottom ends of the rafters. Carpenters build conventional rafter roof frames on-site. The rafters are installed one piece at a time. Types of Rafters: 1. Common Rafter 2. Centring Rafter 3. Hip Rafter 4. Crown-end Rafter 5. Creeper Rafter 6. Valley Rafter 7. Valley Creeper Rafter

These are the main sloping members, which all have the same length, running from the wall plate to either side of the ridge. They are spaced at 450 to 600 mm centres for tiled roofs, and up to 900 mm centres for sheet roofs. They support the roof battens, which in turn support the roof covering. The number of common rafters in a hip roof are restricted to the length of the ridge with the rafters on either side, at the end of the ridge, being referred to as centring rafters.

Common Rafter & Centring Rafters

Ridge Board Common Rafters

Hip Rafter

Valley Jacks

Hip Jack

68ROOF

BY . LEE YET YEE

Ridges

3. Roof Framing

Usually a deep and narrow member, it is the highest member of the roof, which runs horizontally for the length of the roof, less twice the half span, plus one rafter thickness.It must be level and parallel to wall plates for its length with the rafters being nail-fixed onto it on opposite sides. The ridge on a hip roof may be joined in length as for a gable roof. The ridges are butt jointed together at the same height to form a hip & valley ‘T’ or ‘L’ shape. The length of the ridge forming the ‘T’ or ‘L’ shape will be equal to the length of the wall plate extension, plus half the thickness of a rafter, less half the thickness of the ridge

Crown-end RafterThe crown end rafters are cut and fitted against both ends of the ridge to form the sloping end sections. They act as opposing braces making the hip e roof a strong self-braced frame. The length of the crown end is similarto the common rafter, apart from the top end deduction, i.e. it is shortened by half the rafter thickness as opposed to the half ridge thickness of the common rafter.

Hip Rafter

The hips are deep-sectioned members, which run from the external corners of the wall plates to the end of the corner formed between the centring rafter and the crown end rafter. The hips bisect the 90° external corners at 45°, when viewed on plan or are placed at the appropriate bisected angle for external corners other than 90°, as would be the case for a semi-octagonal ended hip roof.

Creeper Rafter

These are basically common rafters, which are shortened by equal amounts to fit against the face of the hips at the maximum rafter spacing. The lower end is identical to the common rafters but the top end has a compound cut, i.e. face and edge cuts, which is formed by the plumb bevel for common rafter and the edge bevel for creeper. They are usually set out from a pattern rafter and cut in pairs to fit on either side of the hips

Centring Rafter Ridge

Centring Rafter

Crown End Rafter

Pairs of Creeper Rafters

Plan

69ROOF

BY . LEE YET YEE

3. Roof Framing

PurlinsPurlins, also known as underpurlins, are fixed to the underside of the rafters parallel to the ridge and wall plates. They provide continuous support under the rafters similar to bearers under joists in a floor frame.They are normally spaced at 2100 mm centres, but this will depend on their section size and stress grade, including the section size and stress grade of the rafters.They are placed in a continuous line around the four sides of the hip roof and joined at external corners, under the hips.The ends of the purlins, under the hip, have a compound cut consisting of the face bevel purlin and edge bevel purlin. The ends may be cut tight against the face of the hip on either side or have a notch taken out of the edge of both lengths so they fit tightly under the bottom edge of the hip for extra support.

Purlin Details :

ELEVATION

Hip

Purlin

PLAN

Underside View Of Purlins Under Hip :

Hip Rafter

Creep Rafter

Underpurlin

Creep Rafter

Crown End Rafter

Tyloc Plates and bolt

Twin Wire support system

Hip Support Block

Ridge

Common Rafter

Adjustable Centre Fulcrum

Purlin

Tyloc Plates and bolt

70ROOF

- SummaryBY . LEE YET YEE

3. Roof Framing

1. Set out and complete ceiling frames 2. Setting out rafters position on ridge board 3. Fixing first pair of rafter to ridge

4. Fitting Crown End Rafters

5. Fix hips and remaining common rafters

6. Propping the hip and fixing pairs of creeper rafters7. Complete the Assembly of Structural Frame

71ROOF

BY . LEE YET YEE

4. Underlayment

The use of super sisaltion under the roof frames.

Super Sisalation

Physical Characteristic Super Sisalation has an outer later of aluminium foil bonded to high density Kraft papers, bonded together with a heavy coating of flame retardant and tear strength. The blue face of the weave reduces any problems with reflected glare during installation.

Thermal Performance When used in conjunction with an airspace, Sisalation is an effective thermal insulation material because of the high reflectivity and low emissivity of its aluminium foil surfaces.

72ROOF

Tile Roofing

BY . LEE YET YEE

4. Roofing

Tile roofing consists of clay or concrete units that overlapor interlock to create a strong textural pattern. Like slate, roofing tiles are fire-resistant, durable and require little maintenance. They are also heavy (800 to 1000 lb. per square; 363 to 454 kg per 9.29 m2) and require roof framing that is strong enough to carry the weight of the tiles. Roofing tiles are normally installed over a solid plywood deck with an underlayment of 30 lb. or 45 lb. roofing felt. Special tile units are used at ridges, hips, rakes, and eaves.

Ridge cover units

Cover starter units

Cement Mortar

Field Tiles

Arris tiles cover the rake

Pan tiles have an S-shaped cross section, laid so the downturn of one overlaps the upturn of the next in the same course. - Minimum recommended slope4:12 14"(355)wide;19"(485)long - Exposure:16”(405)

73ROOF

Gutter

BY . LEE YET YEE

6. Roof Drainage

The amount of rain or melting snow a roof and its drainage system must handle is a function of:- The roof are a leading to the roof drains or gutters. - The frequency and intensity of the rain fall for the region

Flat roofs should be pitched to roof drains that are located at the low points and that connect to the storm drain system of the building. A system of scuppers or overflow drains may also be required with the inlet flow 2" (51) above the low points of the roof. Rainwater shed by sloping roofs should be caught by gutters along the eave to prevent ground erosion.Gutters empty in to vertical downspouts or leaders that, in turn, discharge into a dry well or storm sewer system. In dry climates or for small roof areas with adequate overhangs, gutters may be omitted and a bed of gravel or a masonry strip set in the ground under the eave line. Gutters are typically of vinyl, galvanised steel, or aluminium, although copper, stainless steel, terne metal, and wood ones are also available. Aluminium gutters can be cold-formed on-site in continuous runs without joints.

Gutter Details :

74ROOF

ROOF TYPE ON SITE

BY . LEE YET YEE

7. Roof Flashing

Flashing refers to thin continuous pieces of sheet metal or other impervious material installed to prevent the passage of water into a structure from an angle or joint. Flashing generally operates on the principle that, for water to penetrate a joint, it must work itself upward against the force of gravity, or, in the case of wind-driven rain, it would have to follow a tortuous path during which the driving force would be dissipated.

Flashing may be exposed or concealed. Exposed flashing is usually of a sheet metal, such as aluminium, copper, painted galvanised steel, stainless steel, zinc alloy, terne metal, or copper-clad lead. Metal flashing should be provided with expansion joints on long runs to prevent deformation of the metal sheets. The selected metal should not stain or be stained by adjacent materials or react chemically with them.

F l a s h i n g c o n c e a l e d w i t h i n a construction assembly may be of sheet metal or a waterproofing membrane such as bituminous fabric or plastic sheet material, depending on climate and structural requirements. • Aluminium and lead react chemically

with cement mortar. • S o m e f l a s h i n g m a t e r i a l s c a n

deteriorate with exposure to sunlight.

75ROOF

ROOF TYPE ( REFERENCE )

BY . LEE YET YEE

A gable roof has two sloping sides that meet at the top to for a gable at each end. A gable roof may include dormers ( upright window projections ) that add light and ventilation to second-floor rooms or the attic. The gable roof is the most common type of roof.

Gable Roof

• Ridge board is a non structural horizontal member to which the upper ends of the rafters are aligned and fastened.

• Common rafters extend from a wall plate to a ridge board or ridge beam and support the sheathing and covering of a roof.

• Collar ties unite two opposing rafters at a point below the ridge, usually in the upper third of the rafter length.

• The ties that resist the outward thrust of the rafters may be designed as ceiling joists supporting only attic loads or as floor joists supporting habitable space.

• Rafterspan

• Load bearing wall or beam

76ROOF

BY . LEE YET YEE

Gable Roof Framing

• Steel joist roof rafter

• Angle clip

• Nested steel joists form ridge.

• Light-gauge steel joist sections serve as rafters; see 4.23 for types and sizes of light-gauge steel joists.

• Rafters are typically spaced at12",16", or 24" (305, 405, 610) o.c., depending on the magnitude of roof loads and the spanning capability of the roof sheathing.

• Steel joist rafter

• Steel ceiling joist

• Anchor clips secure both rafter sand ceiling joists to the top runner of the stud wall framing.

• Soffit framed with light-gauge steel stud sections

77ROOF

Gable Roof Truss

BY . LEE YET YEE

Structure

Details

Summary

A flat land is choosen for construction

Excavation process is brought upon

Pilling is implanted as base

Form work of ground beam is placed

Back filling of sand is carried on after the completion of ground beam

Construction of ground floor slab formwork

Scaffolding is being built to hold the formwork for first floor beam

First floor slab is being constructed after the completion of first floor beam

Construction of wall and staircase is carried out

As conclusion, construction process is the most essential part for an architect to manipulate to ensure the quality of the building as well as ensuring the smoothness of every construction stages

Construction of roof , door , windows and also the wall finishes which also marks the end of a construction process

Heng Sy Hua 0321999

78

References Preliminary works • Designing Buildings Wiki The construction industry knowledge base. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/

Preliminaries_in_construction • What are preliminaries in construction? (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from https://www.reference.com/business-finance/preliminaries-construction-256e2cde9b00e08f#

Setting out process • http://www.aboutcivil.org/setting-out.html

Earthworks • http://www.epa.ie/licences/lic_eDMS/090151b280013e5a.pdf

Site layout • http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Site_layout_plan_for_construction

Plants and machinery • Thomas, B. M. (2014). The Purpose Of Crawler Crane - PurposeOf. Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.purposeof.com.au/the-purpose-of-crawler-crane/ • A. (2015). 4 Types of Cranes and Their Functions | CDH Rentals. Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.cdhrentals.com/4-types-of-cranes-and-their-functions/ • Function of Bulldozer in Construction. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.theconstructionmachinery.com/articles/functions-of-bulldozers.html • Construction Equipments. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.engineeringcivil.com/theory/construction-equipments

Site safety • UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

Superstructure • Chudley, R. (1999). Construction technology (2nd ed.). Harlow: Longman. • Ching, F. D., & Adams, C. (2001). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). New York: Wiley.

Doors & Windows • Chudley, R. (1999). Construction technology (2nd ed.). Harlow: Longman. • Ching, F. D., & Adams, C. (2001). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). New York: Wiley. • Aluminum Windows Pros and Cons | DoItYourself.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.doityourself.com/stry/aluminum-windows-pros-and-cons • BUILD LLC. (2015, May 19). A Modern Guide to Windows | BUILD Blog. Retrieved from http://blog.buildllc.com/2015/05/a-modern-guide-to-windows/ • Capral Limited. (2012). The Benefits of Aluminium Windows - Capral. Retrieved from http://www.capral.com.au/The-Benefits-of-Aluminium-Windows

Roofing • Roofing Designs: Advantages and Disadvantages of Hip Roofs. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.selfhelpandmore.com/building/roofing/designs/

index.php • HIP ROOF FRAMING AND BUILDING - myrooff.com. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://myrooff.com/hip-roof-framing-and-building/ • Trusses, Rafters... What the Heck is the Difference? (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://activerain.com/blogsview/2135174/trusses--rafters----what-the-heck-is-

the-difference- • Open web steel joist. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Open_web_steel_joist • ROOF FRAMING - Construction Knowledge.net. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.constructionknowledge.net/public_domain_documents/

Div_6_Woods_Plastics/Partial Carpentry pdfs/Framing_Roofs_NAVEDTRA_14044.pdf • Layout Of Roof Plan - ChestofBooks.com. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://chestofbooks.com/architecture/Cyclopedia-Carpentry-Building-1-3/Layout-Of-

Roof-Plan.html

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http://www.aboutcivil.org/setting-out.html

http://www.epa.ie/licences/lic_eDMS/090151b280013e5a.pdf

http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Site_layout_plan_for_construction

http://www.purposeof.com.au/the-purpose-of-crawler-crane/

http://www.cdhrentals.com/4-types-of-cranes-and-their-functions/

http://www.engineeringcivil.com/theory/construction-equipments

bcon compilation-final-ilovepdf-compressed

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