Basic Basic Perspective Perspective

of of Human Human

BehaviorBehavior

To begin with, it looks at perception and specifies three characteristics of the perceptual process. Perception was first characterized as a selective activity. People cannot perceive all the stimuli confronting them from the surrounding environment. Thus, it is safe to say that managerial action usually takes place on the basis of imperfect or incomplete information. The stimuli that are selected are usually those that reinforce the attitudes of the perceiver.

Perception is further characterized by closure. Even though people selectively screen environmental stimuli, they fill in gaps and complete the perceptual picture as if they had complete information. Finally, perception takes place within a context. The context helps people to orient themselves to reality. In practical terms, the perceptual process is important is important to management because this process determines the quantity and quality of information upon which decisions are made.

three major themes, or key perspectives

stability versus change

“To what extent do we remain stable over time, and to what extent do we change?”

Psychology addresses changes over time in cognitive abilities, physical functioning, and personality.

nature versus nurture“To what extent are various

aspects of our behavior shaped by inherited tendencies and to what extent are they learned?”

rationality versus irrationality Is it human nature for people to

act rationally or irrationally in certain situations? “Why?”

The key perspectives that cut across the previously mentioned three themes are as follows:

1. Behavioral perspective focusing on

overt behavior;2.Cognitive processes focusing on memory, thought, and reasoning; 3. Biological perspective focusing on the biological processes that underlie the behavior;

4. Evolutionary perspective focusing on the possible role of evolved psychological mechanisms in human behavior;5. Developmental perspective focusing on changes in behavior and cognitive processes over a life span;6. Psychodynamic perspective focusing on the role of hidden and often unconscious processes; and

7. Cultural or multicultural

perspective where the focus is on the role of social and cultural factors and especially on the differences between cultural, ethnic, gender, sexual preference, and racial groups.

Human Behavior and the Workplace: Core Theories

THEORY X and THEORY Y – McGregor

THEORY X THEORY Y

People by nature generally:1. Do not like to exert themselves and try to work as little as possible2. Avoid responsibility3. Are not interested in achievement and outputs

People by nature generally: 1. Work hard toward objectives to which they are committed2. Assume responsibility within these commitments3. Desire to achieve and attain outputs

THEORY X THEORY Y4. Are incapable of directing their own behavior5. Are indifferent to organizational needs6. Prefer to be directed by others.7. A void making decisions whenever possible

4. Are capable of directing their own behavior5. Want their organization to succeed6. Are not passive and submissive and prefer making the decisions about their own work7. Will make decisions within their commitments

THEORY X THEORY Y

8. Cannot be trusted or depended on9. Need to be supervised and controlled10. Are motivated at work by money and other gains given them11. When they mature-do not change

8. If trusted and depended on, do not disappoint9. Need support and help10. Are motivated at work by interesting and challenging tasks11. Are able to change and develop

Underlying Assumptions1 Work is inherently distasteful to most people.2. Most people are not ambitious, have little desire for responsibility, and prefer to be directed.3. Most people have little capacity for creativity in solving organizational problems.

1 .Work is as natural as play, if the conditions are favorable.2. Self-control is often indispensable in achieving organizational goals.3. The capacity for creativity in solving organizational problems is widely distributed in the population.

4. Motivation occurs only at the physiological and safety levels.5. Most people must be closely controlled and often coerced to achieve organizational objectives.

4. Motivation occurs at the social, esteem, and self-actualization levels, as well as at the physiological and security levels5. People can be self-directed and creative at work if properly motivated

In summary, the important concept is that human behavior is highly complex and is influenced by many different factors. Therefore, any aspect of behavior can be examined from these many different perspectives.

Thank you!!!

Reported by:

LILIBETH A. ROLDAN

Principle of Human Behavior Student

DR. ELADIO R. SANTIAGO

Professor

Principles of Human Behavior