bÁo cÁo thỰc sẢn xuẤt bia

Bo Co Thc Tp Sn Xut Bia

1 Xun Ngc

Mc LcLI M U ................................................................................................ 1 1. TNG QUAN V CNG TY C PHN CBTP TN 1.1. a ch .............................................................................................................. 3 1.2. Lch s pht trin ............................................................................................ 3 1.3. H thng t chc............................................................................................. 3 1.4. Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th ..................................................................... 3 2. GII THIU V CNG NGH SN XUT BIA HI 2.1. Quy trnh sn xut bia .................................................................................... 4 2.2. Mc ch cng ngh ca tng qu trnh ..................................................... 6 2.2.1. Nghin nguyn liu .................................................................................... 6 2.2.2. Nu ............................................................................................................... 6 2.2.2.1. H ha v ng ha ............................................................................ 6 2.2.2.2. Lc dch ng ......................................................................................... 72.2.2.3. un si vi hoa houblon ........................................................................... 7 2.2.2.4. Lng xoy ................................................................................................. 7 2.2.3.Ln men ........................................................................................................ 8 2.2.3.1.Chun b men ging ............................................................................... 8 2.2.3.2.Ln men chnh............................................................................................ 9 2.2.3.3.Ln men ph ........................................................................................... 11 2.2.4.Lc bia v bo ha CO2 ............................................................................ 13

3.NHU CU NGUYN LIU CHO MT M NU CA CNG TY 3.1.Nhm nguyn liu chnh ................................................................................ 13 3.1.1.Malt ................................................................................................... 13 3.1.2.Go .......................................................................................................... 15 3.1.3.Hoa houblon ............................................................................................ 16 3.1.4.Nc ........................................................................................................ 17 3.1.5.Nm men .................................................................................................. 19 3.2.Nhm cc cht ph gia ................................................................................. 19 3.3.Nhm nguyn liu thay th .......................................................................... 20 3.3.1.Ng............................................................................................................ 20 3.3.2.Tiu mch ................................................................................................. 21 3.3.3.ng ma v ng c ci ................................................................... 22 3.3.4.ng thy phn v ng ................................................................ 22 3.3.5.ng invertaza (hn hp Glucose v Fructose) ............................... 22 3.5.6.Xiro tinh bt ....................................................................................... 22 4.CCH THC X L CHT THI CA CNG TY C PHN CBTP .22 5.KT LUN .................................................................................................... 26


2 Xun Ngc

LI M UTrong thi bui cng nghip ha - hin i ha nh hin nay, cng vi s pht trin ca Cng ngh thng tin, Cng ngh vt liu mi, Cng ngh sinh hc ang gp phn khng nh trong s pht trin mi mt ca x hi. Vi vai tr l mt khoa hc mi nhn trong cc khoa hc s sng, Cng ngh sinh hc bao gm ( Sinh hc phn t, Ha sinh hc, Vi sinh vt hc, Di truyn hc) nhm to ra cc cng ngh khai thc quy m cng nghip, cc hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt, thc vt v ng vt. Tuy vy, nc ta hin nay vic tip cn n ch yu mi dng mc l thuyt v quy m phng th nghim . Vic ng dng Cng ngh sinh hc vo cc qu trnh sn xut quy m cng nghip cn nhiu hn ch v cha c ph bin. Do vic trang b cho sinh vin ang hc tp nghin cu nghnh Cng ngh sinh hc nhng kin thc v k nng cn thit trong vn thc nghim sn xut l ht sc cn thit. Xut pht t nhu cu trn m thc tp sn xut c coi nh mt mn hc vi mc ch gip sinh vin c iu kin vn dng l thuyt hc tp vo thc nghim sn xut, trang b cho mnh nhng k nng cn thit trnh s b ng khi ra trng. Do , c s cho php v to iu kin ca nh trng cng cc c quan n v, chng ti tin hnh thc tp ti Cng ty c phn ch bin thc phm TN. Di s hng dn ca ban lnh o cng ty chng ti c lm quen, i su tm hiu quy trnh sn xut Bia ti cng ty. Bia - mt loi nc ung ph bin trn th gii. l loi nc ung vi nng cn nh, khong 50 nhng rt giu dinh dng v cha nhiu acid amin v cc thnh phn dinh dng khc. Hin nay ngnh cng ngh thc phm sn xut ung ang pht trin mnh, c bit l sn xut bia. Vi s a dng v sn xut to ra nhiu sn phm bia khc nhau nh: bia hi, bia chai, bia en, bia vng.Vi nhng loi thng hiu nh: Heineken, Carlsberg, Halida, Huda, Bia Si Gn, Bia H Ni,.Hng nm theo thng k th trng tiu th, bia ca nc ta chim mt phn ln trong ngnh kinh t hng ha v dch v.


3 Xun Ngc

Ngy nay hu nh tt c cc nc trn th gii u sn xut v tiu th bia vi s lng rt ln (hn 1,5 t lt bia/ nm), bn cnh vic thay i mu m hnh dng sn phm nhm thu ht ngi tiu dng th vic nng cao cht lng c bit phi m bo v sinh an ton thc phm l rt quan trng. Vi nhng kin thc hc cng vi qu trnh hc tp ti trng, trong thi gian thc tp sn xut cui kha hc ginh cho sinh vin, v bn thn ti chuyn i thc tp ny gip ti m mang thm s hiu bit ca mnh qua c iu kin vn dng kin thc hc, t tm ra nhng thiu st v b sung cho hon thin hn. hiu r hn v cng ngh sn xut bia, nhm ng vo thc tin sn xut ti TN, em li nng sut v hiu qu kinh t cao, gp phn thc y nn kinh t tnh nh pht trin, l l do chng ti thc hin bi bo co: Bo co thc tp sn xut ti cng ty c phn ch bin thc phm TN . Mc ch ti chn thc tp v bia bi v ti cng d nh cng vic tng lai cho mnh l lm v bia, vic thc tp c ngha rt ln gip em t tin hn khi ra trng lm v nghnh sn xut bia hay cc ngnh lin quan. Hon thnh chuyn i thc tp sn xut bn cnh s n lc ca bn thn cn c s quan tm gip ca cc thy, c gio, ban lnh o cng ty tn tnh gip . Ti xin chn thnh cm n c gio, TS. Vi Th oan Chnh, cc thy c gio trong khoa khoa hc s sng, trng i hc khoa hc to iu kin tt nht cho chng ti hon thnh tt kha thc tp ny. Do kin thc cn hn ch nn bi bo co cn rt nhiu thiu st, knh mong thy, c ng gp kin cho bi bo co ca em hon chnh hn. Em xin chn thnh cm n. TN, thng 11 nm 2011 Sinh vin Xun Ngc


4 Xun Ngc

1. TNG QUAN V CNG TY C PHN CBTP TN 1.1. a ch S nh: 158 ng Minh Cu Phng Phan nh Phng TP.TN. 1.2. Lch s pht trin Cng ty c phn ch bin thc phm TN c thnh lp do sp xp li cc doanh nghip ch bin thc phm TN. Tin thn ca cng ty l x nghip sn xut bnh ko Bc Thi c xy dng nm 1975. T 1975 1990 chuyn sn xut bnh mt ko. T nm 1992 cho n nay chuyn sang sn xut bia hi. Nm 1992 bt u sn xut bia hi vi cng sut 1000l/ngy. Nm 1993 u t m rng sn xut cng sut 3000l/ngy. Nm 1994 u t m rng vi cng sut 10.000 lt/ngy. Nm 2005 u t nng cp dy chuyn hin i bn t ng vi cng sut 10 triu lt/nm. 1.3. H thng t chc Hi ng c ng. Hi ng qun tr, ban kim sot. Ch tch HQT. Gim c. Ph gim c kinh doanh: phng kinh doanh, pht trin th trng. Phng ti v. Phng t chc: hnh chnh, bo v. Phng gim c sn xut: - Ph tr. - Phng ha. - V sinh cng nghip. - Nghin nu. 1.4. Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th Trong nhng nm qua cng ty khng ngng phn u v mi mt, tc bnh qun ca cc ch tiu sn xut kinh doanh u t mc nm sau cao hn nm trc, cht lng sn phm lun c nng cao p ng nhu cu ca khch hng, to cng n vic lm cho ngi lao ng ca cng ty c thu nhp - Ln men, lc. - Chit rt, bn hng. - ng chai.


5 Xun Ngc

n nh, vng chc. Hin nay tng s cn b cng nhn vin c 60 ngi va tham gia trc tip sn xut va lm cng vic gin tip. Sn phm bia hi ca cng ty phc v ch yu nhu cu cho thnh ph TN v cc huyn nh i T, Ph Lng, nh Ha, V Nhai, Ph Bnh, Ph Yn v cha vn ti cc tnh ln cn. 2. GII THIU V CNG NGH SN XUT BIA HI 2.1. Quy trnh sn xut bia Bia c sn xut t cc nguyn liu chnh l Malt i mch, nc, hoa houblon v nm men. Nhiu loi nguyn liu thay th Malt trong qu trnh sn xut l go, ng v cc loi dn xut t ng cc. Cc nguyn liu ph khc c s dng trong qu trnh lc v hon thin sn phm nh bt tr lc, cc cht n nh. Nhiu loi ha cht c s dng trong cc qu trnh sn xut nh cc cht ty ra, cc loi du nhn, cht hot ng b mt. t l cc thnh phn nguyn liu ph thuc vo chng loi bia s c sn xut. Go v Malt trc khi a vo nu cn c nghin nhng i vi Malt khng nghin nh m ch lm gip v cn vi go cn nghin cng nh cng tt. Sau chuyn go v malt nghin vo ni nu cho( thit b h ha), ni nu malt( ng ha). Sau khi kt thc qu trnh ng ha bt u chuyn sang cng on lc dch ng ri un si cng vi hoa houplon, lng trong, lm lnh v tin hnh qu trnh ln men. Sau khi ln men xong dng bia y ht nc trong ng vo my lc, khi ht nc th kha van, ly bia vo thng ph bt ri bt cnh khuy v cho 4 kg bt, kim tra cc van sau m van cp bia vo thng lc v bt bm cp bt. Ly mu kim tra trong ta c th tin hnh m vo tank bo ha, y thng th tt bm lc v ui bia vo thng bia hi. Tin hnh np CO2 trc tin x van nc thng bo ha p sut thng bng 0 v ng van nc li, buc ng ng np CO2 t bnh CO2 vo van np CO2 ca tank bo ha. M CO2 t t vo tank bo ha p sut ca tank ln 2,5 atm, sau x nh van nc p sut v 0, kt thc np bia n nh 2h sau kim tra lng CO2 ha tan trong bia. Cui cng n cng on chit rt, ng chai, thanh trng, dn nhn v nhp kho.


6 Xun Ngc

Go Nc Nghin H ha

Malt Nghin ng ha Nu hoa Lng trong

Men ging Nhn ging

Lm lnh Ln men chnh Ln men ph Lc trong

Chai, nc, xt, in

Bo ha CO2 Chit chai Chit keg

Ra chai

Thanh trng Dn nhn

Nhp kho

Hnh 2.1: Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut bia HI


7 Xun Ngc

2.2. Mc ch cng ngh ca tng qu trnh 2.2.1. Nghin nguyn liu * Nghin Malt: to iu kin thun li cho s bin i l, sinh ha trong qu trnh ng ha, nhm thu c cht ha tan cao nht. Malt c nghin nh theo t l v chu: 20 25%, tm: 45 55%, bt: 20 30%. * Nghin go: nhm a nguyn liu dng ht v dng bt d dng thm nc, to iu kin thun li cho cc cng on ch bin sau ny. Go l nguyn liu m tinh bt ca chng khi c h ha, cha c tc ng bi cc enzyme. Cu trc tinh bt ca chng rt cng, trng thi nh vy chng rt kh b thy phn, do go phi c nghin cng nh cng tt, nhm tch trit c cc cht tan trong tinh bt. Malt v go c a n b phn nghin nguyn liu thnh mnh nh, sau c chuyn n ni nu to iu kin cho qu trnh chuyn ha nguyn liu v trch ly ti a cc cht ha tan trong nguyn liu. S dng cc thit b nghin kh, my nghin ba (nghin go), my nghin trc (nghin malt). 2.2.2. Nu 2.2.2.1. H ha v ng ha Nguyn liu sau khi say nghin c chuyn vo thit b h ha (ni nu cho) v ng ha (ni nu malt) bng cch iu chnh hn hp cc nhit khc nhau nh h enzyme thch hp chuyn ha cc cht khng ha tan (tinh bt) thnh cc cht ha tan trong dung dch (ng glucose, maltose, cc acid amin). Sau c a qua ni lc tch dch ng v cc cht ha tan ra khi b bia. H ha: mc ch lm trng n hon ton nguyn liu ln mi ti a. 860C sau thi gian 30 pht tinh bt xem nh trng n hon ton, nht cao, khuy o chm, d bn ni nu khng c mt lng malt nh cng nu. Tinh bt h ha thy phn d dng hn tinh bt cha h ha. ng ha: l giai on quan trng nht quyt nh hiu sut nu. Nguyn liu qua qua giai on h ha ng ha vi mc ch chuyn tinh


8 Xun Ngc

bt t dng khng ha tan sang dng ha tan, sau c a vo qu trnh ng ha cng vi malt, y di tc dng ca h enzyme trong malt trong iu kin nhit nht nh v mi trng thch hp, cc enzyme hot ng ct cc cht cao phn t thnh cc cht thp phn t. 2.2.2.2. Lc dch ng Sau khi kt thc qu trnh ng ha, ton b khi dch c chuyn sang ni lc nhm mc ch tch dch ng ra khi b. Khi bm ht malt sang th tt M11, M10, SV14, M11 v bm nt thun nt nng t in. lng 20 pht th bt u lc dch ng, m van x y v cho mt t nc y ni lc ra ngoi v ng li. Lc ht dch u th tin hnh ra b.B c ra li bng nc 800 C cho n khi nng trong b hm ch cn 0,5%. Lng b ny c s dng cho chn nui, cn dch ng c a sang ni nu hoa. 2.2.2.3. un si vi hoa houblon Dch ng sau khi nu vi hoa houblon v un si trong 60 90 pht. y dch c un si vi hoa houblon nhit hn 1000 C, cc cht ng, tinh du thm, polyphenol v cc thnh phn ca hoa houblon c ha tan vo dch ng to cho bia c v ng, mi thm c trng ca hoa houblon v kh nng gi bt cho bia. Polyphenol ca hoa khi ha tan vo dch ng nhit cao s tc dng vi cc protein cao phn t to cc phc cht d kt lng lm tng trong ca dch ng v n nh thnh phn sinh hc ca bia thnh phm. Mc ch ca qu trnh nhm n nh thnh phn ca dch ng, to cho sn phm c mi thm c trng ca hoa houblon, v ng, gia tng nng ng, axit, cng mu ng thi qu trnh un hoa cn c tc dng thanh trng, tiu dit cc vi sinh vt v cc h enzyme cn li trong dch ng. 2.2.2.4. Lng xoy Dch sau khi nu c a qua ni lng xoy tch cn hoa trc khi a vo ln men. Dch ng trong c a qua thit b lm lnh nhanh, mc ch a dch ng xung nhit ln men thch hp (8 90 C) ng


9 Xun Ngc

thi trnh s xm nhp ca vi sinh vt vo dch ng dn n bt li cho qu trnh ln men. Dch ng c b sung oxy n mc cn thit v vi lng men ging thch hp c a vo tank ln men, y qu trnh ln men chnh xy ra, di tc dng ca t bo nm men bia, dch ng c chuyn ha thnh ru, CO2 v cc sn phm ph khc. Qu trnh nu s dng nhiu nng lng di dng nhit nng v in nng cho vic vn hnh cc thit b, hi nc phc v mc ch gia nhit v un si.

Hnh 2.2: Ni nu go v ni nu malt 2.2.3. Ln men 2.2.3.1. Chun b men ging Nm men c nui cy trong phng th nghim, sau c nhn ging trong cc iu kin thch hp t c mt nm men cn thit cho ln men v tip men vi t l 10% so vi dch ln men. Men sa c s dng li qua mi t ln men, c tip men vi t l 0,5 1% so vi dch ln men. Loi nm men c s dng trong ln men bia gm hai loi l:

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces carlsbergensis


10 Xun Ngc

Hnh 2.3: Loi nm men c s dng Saccharomyces cerevisiae c dng trong qu trnh ln men bia ni cn Saccharomyces carlsbergensis c dng trong ln men bia chm. 2.2.3.2. Ln men chnh Dch ng c cy b sung oxy, lm lnh n nhit 10 0 C v tip men ging vi t l quy nh tin hnh ln men chnh vi thi gian v nhit thch hp. Vic ln men c th tin hnh trong cc tank c bo n c t ngoi tri vi h thng kim sot t ng ha.

Hnh 2.4: Tank ln men Kh CO2 sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men c thu hi. Thi gian ln men chnh thng l 5 7 ngy. Kt thc ln men chnh nm men lng xung y cc tank ln men v c cy 1 phn ti s dng cho ln men cc tank tip theo hoc c thi b (gi l men sa). Kt thc qu trnh ln men chnh, men sa c thu hi ti s dng cn bia non c chuyn sang ch ln men ph, iu kin nhit thp (0 50 C) v p sut b mt 0,5 1 bar. Mc ch ca qu trnh ln men chnh l to ra thnh phm ru etylic, CO2 v mt s sn phm c trong bia thnh phm nhm nh hnh hng v v ca bia. Sau qu trnh ln men chnh th t dch ng houblon ha c chuyn thnh sn phm bia non, do tc ng ca t bo nm men. Tuy lng


11 Xun Ngc

cht ha tan trong bia non l thp hn so vi dch ng trc khi ln men nhng trong thnh phn bia non l mt hn hp cht ha tan, m nhn vic to hng v c trng ca bia thnh phm sau ny. Ngoi hai sn phm chnh l ru etylic v kh CO2, trong qu trnh ln men chnh cn to ra nhiu sn phm bc hai. Nhng sn phm ny c vai tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh hng v v ca bia. - Lng glixerin: c trong bia t 2 3g/l c hnh thnh khi phn gii ng C6H12O6, s c mt ca glixerin trong bia s lm cho bia c v mm hn, tng m ca sn phm v tng kh nng gi CO2. - Este: l sn phm bc hai ca qu trnh ln men chnh. N c hnh thnh l kt qu ca s phn ng gia axit bay hi v khng bay hi vi cc loi ru khc nhau. Tng lng este trong bia dao ng vo khong 30 80mg/l. Este c ngha rt quan trng trong vic hnh thnh hng thm du ca bia. - Andehit: l cu t c hnh thnh t s thay i cht nm men hoc c th c to thnh qua con ng oxy ha cc loi ru. Lng andehit lm tng thm hng cho bia - Diaxetyl: c to thnh do qu trnh hot ng sng ca t bo nm men, mt cht lng mu vng c kh nng kch thch rt mnh ln h thn kinh con ngi gy au u cho ngi ung. Giai on u ca ln men chnh diaxetyl c to nn tng i nhiu, nhng qu trnh ln men ph v tng tr diaxetyl gim i r rt, lng diaxetyl quy nh phi nh hn 0,2 mg/l, y l cu t c nh hng xu ti cht lng ca bia. - Axit hu c: hm lng trung bnh ca chng trong bia khong 150 200 mg/l. chng c to thnh do s trao i cht ca nm men, vi khun lacticMt s axit hu c thng c trong bia nh axit axetic, axit photphoriccc axit hu c ny rt c gi tr trong vic hnh thnh cht lng ca bia. - Ru bc cao: thng thng hm lng ru bc cao c trong bia khong 50 60mg/l v khi tn ti trong bia s lm cho bia c hng, v hi


12 Xun Ngc

kh chu. Cc loi ru bc cao u gy nh hng xu ti tnh cht cm gic ca bia. 2.2.3.2. Ln men ph Dch sau khi kt thc giai on ln men chnh c chuyn sang giai on ln men ph hon thin cht lng bia (to hng v v c trng). Qu trnh ln men ny din ra chm, tiu hao mt lng ng khng ng k, bia c lng trong v bo ha CO2. Thi gian ln men t 14 21 ngy hoc hn ty tng loi bia.

Hnh 2.5: Sn phm ln men ph Trong thi gian ln men ph, nm men trong bia non tip tc ln men lng ng cn li to thnh CO2 v cc sn phm khc. ng thi trong lc ny lng diaxetyl to thnh giai on ln men chnh c chnh nm men kh v chuyn thnh axeton, cc cht hu c tc dng vi ru to thnh cc este, tc l y xy ra cc qu trnh nhm n nh thnh phm v tnh cht cm quan ca sn phm. Qa trnh ln men ph l qu trnh quan trng n nh thnh phn cht lng ca bia (to hng v, to bt v gi bt cho bia) l qu trnh kh ru bc cao, diaxetyl v andehit n mc cho php lm cho bia thm hn ng thi nhit v p sut thp, bt bia c to ra dng lin kt bn vng, lu tan v mn. Khi ng gim xung cn 2,8 30S th chuyn sang ln men ph bng cch ng van nh, m 1/3 van gia, van y, ng van thu hi CO 2 v h nhit tank ln men xung cn 50 (iu chnh nhit t in). Sau 48h h nhit tank ln men xung 20 v duy tr nhit ny t 5 7 ngy. p sut tank ln men t 0,5 0,7 atm. Hng ngy kim tra nhit , trong ca bia, p sut (thi gian ln men ph 10 15 ngy, nhit 0 40 C, kt thc thi gian ln men


13 Xun Ngc

ph chun b i lc th h nhit tank ln men xung 0,50 C. Mt s lng ln nm men ging sau khi s dng cn tha li, nu khng c x l c th dn ti s thi ra v gy nhim mi trng, thng t 10.000 hl bia mt nm c th to ra 15 18 tn b men cn c x l. Gii php tt nht l tn dng lm ngun dinh dng giu vitamin v protein lm thc n gia sc, b men phi c sy kh nhanh chng bo qun ng thi gim tc ng ca chng i vi h vi sinh v h thng tiu ha ca gia sc. Mt hng khc c th c quan tm l s dng nm men trong ngnh dc phm, phn nm men tt c ti s dng li cho nhng ln ln men k tip nhm tit kim chi ph v ging. Nm men d c hm lng hu c cao, cn c thu hi cng trit cng tt trnh COD cao trong nc thi, COD ca nm men bia l 180.000 220.000 mg/l. Nm men c thu hi trit khng cho x vo dng thi gp phn lm gim 360 880 g COD/ hl bia. Bia trong qu trnh ln men ph c mu vng ng. * S ln men: Dch nha thng lng xoy H lnh Dch nha lnh Oxy nm men Bn ln men

Ln men chnh Ln men phKhng t

H lnh

Thu hi ment yu cu

Thi bTi s dng

Bia cha lc


14 Xun Ngc

2.2.4. Lc bia v bo ha CO2 * Lc bia Sau khi ln men bia c lc t c trong theo yu cu. Lc bia c tin hnh bng thit b lc ng. Vic lc bia lun thc hin vi s duy tr nhit lnh cho bia trc v sau khi lc khong 1 n -10 C. Tc nhn quan trng lc bia l cc loi bt tr lc (iatimit). Cng sut lc bng bt tr lc, trung bnh trong 1 gi c 500 lt bia qua 1 m2 b mt lc. Tiu hao bt tr lc / 1m2 b mt lc khong 550 1000 g/1000 lt bia thnh phm. + S lc: Bia cha lc Bt tr lc My lc ng CO2 * Bo ha CO2: Bn bia trong Cc cht n nh bia

Kh CO2 trong bia l nh qu trnh ln men ru. Nm men chuyn ha ng thnh ru etylic v CO2 ha tan trong bia, tuy nhin do cc cng on sau ln men (nht l khu lc bia) CO2 b tht thot kh nhiu. V vy phi tin hnh np CO2 cn thit cho bia, vic np c tin hnh bng cch sc CO2 t di ln nhm tng lng CO2 ha tan trong bia m bo cht lng ca bia thnh phm trc khi ng chai, bom. 3. NHU CU NGUYN LIU CHO MT M NU CA CNG TY 3.1. Nhm nguyn liu chnh 3.1.1. Malt


15 Xun Ngc

Malt: l nguyn liu chnh sn xut bia (chim 70%), thng c s dng 700 kg malt/l m nu v 50 kg malt lt. Malt ch yu c nhp t B hoc Anh. Mi t nhp t 1 2 container khong 15 30 tn. + Thnh phn ha hc ca malt i mc: - Tinh bt: 55 65% tng hm lng cht kh.

Hnh 3.1: Malt bia cha nghin - Protein: 8 12% tng hm lng cht kh. - Cht bo: 2,5 3% tng hm lng cht kh. - Cht khong: 2,5 3% tng hm lng cht kh. - Pentozan: 8 9% tng hm lng cht kh. - Xenluloza: 4 5% tng hm lng cht kh. + Ch tiu nh gi cht lng malt: gm ch tiu c hc, l hc v ha hc.

Hnh 3.2: Malt bia c nghin - Mu: c mu vng ng nh rm . - Mi: c mi thm c trng ca malt. - V: ngt nh.


16 Xun Ngc

- Hnh dng: to trn, u ht. - Trng thi: malt phi xp v kh. - Tp cht: c di 0,1%. - Ht gy: 0,5% . - Khi lng: > 560 g/lt. - Khi lng ht: 28 38 g/1000 ht. - Ht c bt xp: > 98%. - Thi gian ng ha: < 15 pht. - pH: 5,5 6,5. - Polyphenol t 5 8 %. - Cht m ton phn theo % cht kh: 11,5%. - m < 5%. - ha tan tnh theo cht kh 76 81, 7%. - mu ca nc nha 0,18 0,3 ml (0,1 N dung dch iot trong 100 ml nc). 3.1.2. Go Dng thay th mt phn lng malt (chim 30%), gim gi thnh sn phm m cht lng khng thua km so vi s dng malt i mch. Mc tiu th thng l 300 kg go/ 1 m nu. Nhp ti ca hng Lng thc - TN.

Hnh 3.3: Go + Thnh phn ha hc ca go. - Tinh bt: 70 75% cht kh. - Protit: 7 8% cht kh. - Cht bo: 1 1,5% cht kh.


17 Xun Ngc

- Cht khong: 1 1,2% cht kh. - Xenlulose: 0,5 0,8% cht kh. + Ch tiu nh gi cht lng go: - Hnh thi: trng, nhn bng, u ht, khng ln si , tru, khng mi mt, khng vn cc. - Tp cht: ti a 0,03%. - Thc: ti a khong 15 ht/ 1kg go. - Tp cht v c: < 0,01%, cm < 0,01%. - Mc tm: < 30%. - Mc trng: 65%. - Go n hoc gy i: 2 3%. - Tm mu: lt qua l sng 1,5 mm < 1%. - ha tan: 75%. - Cht c khi lng ha tan ban u > 86%. - m < 13%. - Khng vn chuyn go vi cc loi ha cht khc. 3.1.3. Hoa houblon L nguyn liu c bn th hai sau malt i mch, dng to hng v cho bia, lm bia c v ng, v thm, hng thm rt c trng, lm tng kh nng to v gi bt, lm tng bn keo v n nh thnh phn sinh hc ca sn phm. c s dng di dng hoa t nhin, hoa vin hoc cao. Mc tiu th cho mt m nu i vi hoa vin l 2 kg v i vi cao hoa l 0,5 kg. Hoa c nhp t c hoc Tip, mi t t 1 2 t.


18 Xun Ngc

Hnh 3.4: Hoa houblon + Thnh phn ha hc ca hoa houblon tnh theo % cht kh: - m: 11 12%. - Xenlulose: 12 14%. - Cc cht ng bao gm humulon v lupulon: 18 21%. - Cc cht cha Nit: 10 21%. - Este: 0,4%. - Tanin: 3%. - Nhng cht trch ly khng c nit: 26 29%. - Tro: 5 8%. + Ch tiu nh gi cht lng hoa: gm ch tiu cm quan v ha hc. - Mu vng ng nh. - Mi thm c bit, d bay hi, d nhn mi. - Dnh cnh hoa to u. - Phn hoa vng phn b u trong cnh hoa. - Tp cht: < 1,5% cnh, l. - Resines: > 13%. - Gesines: 2,9%. - ng: 15 21%. - Tanin: 2,5 6%. - m ton phn: > 0,5%. - m: 10 12%. - Tro: 5 18%. - Xenlulose: 12 14%. - Tng nha: 40%. 3.1.4. Nc L nguyn liu c bn nht khng th thay th c trong cng ngh sn xut bia. Trong thnh phn hm lng nc chim 80 90%. Do nh my nc TN cung cp, c s dng trong qu trnh nu, lm lnh, ra chai,


19 Xun Ngc

thanh trng, lm ngui, trng v v sinh thit b, nu v ra b, v sinh nh xng Thnh phn ha hc cht lng ca nc nh hng trc tip ti cc qu trnh cng ngh v cht lng ca bia thnh phm. Vi mt lng nc c s dng rng ri nh vy th vic x l nc c thnh phn v tnh cht thch hp vi tng mc ch s dng trong sn xut bia l iu ht sc cn thit.

Hnh 3.5: Nc + Ch tiu nc dng trong sn xut bia. - Mu sc: trong. - Mi: khng mi, khng v l, khng cha cc cht gy mi kh chu nh H2S, Cl2, NH3. - Nc dng trong sn xut bia phi c cng tm thi < 7 mg ng lng/ lt. - pH: 6,5 7. - cng vnh cu: 0,4 0,7 mg ng lng/ lt. - Hm lng mui Ca: < 100 mg/l. - Hm lng mui Mg: < 80 mg. - Hm lng CaSO4: 150 200 mg/l. - Hm lng mui Cl < 75 150 mg/l. - Cc kim loi nng: khng c.


20 Xun Ngc

- Vi sinh vt: < 100 t bo/ ml. - Vi sinh vt gy bnh: khng c. 3.1.5. Nm men c ly t Vin cng ngh thc phm. S dng trong qu trnh ln men bia, thng s dng loi nm men chm Saccharomyces carlsbergensis.

Hnh 3.6: Nm men + Yu cu k thut i vi ging nm men sn xut bia: - Nm men bia phi c nhn ging t chng thun khit v mt i men ging c th s dng c 6 10 chu k ln men - Ging nm men phi thch ng c vi nhng iu kin nh: nhit , pH, thnh phn mi trng - S lng men ging t nht phi t t 8 10.106 t bo/ 1 cm3 khi cho vo ln men dch ng. 3.2. Nhm cc cht ph gia Bt tr lc: Lng bt tr lc (Diatomit) dng trong lc bia cn ph thuc vo loi nm men, loi bia, thi gian v nhit ln men. NaOH: Dng v sinh thit b v ra chai. Mc dng 5 10 kg xt 30%/ 1000 lt bia. Mc tiu th xt cao chng t vic thu hi xt t qu trnh v sinh km hoc qu trnh ra chai c vn . Nu nc thi khng c trung ha th khi mc dng xt cao dn n Ph ca nc thi rt cao. Axit, H2O2: Mc tiu th ph thuc vo h thng CIP. CO2: s dng cho qu trnh bo ha v chit chai / keg. Trong qu trnh ln men ng c nm men chuyn ha thnh etanol v CO 2. C


21 Xun Ngc

th thu hi c 3 4 kg t ln men 100 lt dch ng, ph thuc vo nng dch ng. Lng CO2 do ni hi pht thi do t nhin liu c th thu hi v s dng. Enzyme amilaza: tc nhn cho qu trnh nu cho, khi lng s dng l 0,2 kg/ 1 m. Cc ha cht CaCl2, CaSO4: c dng l tc nhn trong qu trnh nu. Khi lng s dng l 1,5 kg/ 1 m nu Bt tr lng whifloc: dng lm tc nhn cho qu trnh lng. C 0,1 kg bt tr lng cho 7000 lt bia Nhit: phc v cho qu trnh nu, ng ha, nu hoa, h thng v sinh v tit trng, h thng ra chai, thanh trng bia. Trong tiu th nhit nhiu nht l ni nu hoa, chim n 30 40% tng lng hi dng trong nh my. in: Do in lc TN cung cp, s dng cho cc khu vc chit chai, my lnh, kh nn, thu hi CO2, x l nc thi, iu ha khng kh, cc khu vc khc nh bm, qut, in chiu sng. Than: dng cp nhit cho ni hi c s dng t 4 5 t/ 1 ngy t Khnh Ha TN Nguyn liu ng gi: Chai, nt, np, nhn 3.3. Nhm nguyn liu thay th 3.3.1. Ng Cng c dng lm nguyn liu thay th 1 phn malt i mch. Ng c cc loi nh ng , ng bt, ng ng, ng npCc loi ng c thnh phn ha hc rt khc nhau.


22 Xun Ngc Hnh 3.7: Ng

+ Thnh phn ha hc c bn ca ng gm: - Tinh bt: 65%. - Protit: 7 11%. - Cht bo: 4,5 5%. - Penrozan: 6 7%. - X: 2 3%. - Cht khong: 1,5 2%. - ng (ch yu l ng Saccaroza): 1,5%. c im c bn ca ng l phi rt ln 9 12% khi lng ht, trong phi hm lng cht bo li qu cao 23 45%. V hm lng cht bo trong bia kh ln d b oxy ha gy mi v xu do lm gim cht lng ca bia thnh phm. Cho nn khi dng ng lm nguyn liu thay th c hiu qu phi tch b phi v v trc lc a vo ch bin dch ng. 3.3.2. Tiu mch V hnh dng bn ngoi v cu trc th gn ging ht i mch, c im khc d nhn thy l tiu mch khng c lp v tru. Mt khc lp v ht trong cng lin kt vi ni nh cht hn so vi i mch. + Thnh phn ha hc ht tiu mch. - Tinh bt: 60 65%. - Saccharoza: 2,5 3%. - Glucoza v Maltoza: 2%. - Protein: 12 13%. - Cht bo: 1,5 2%. - Xenluloza: 2,5 3%. - Cht khong: 1,5 2%. Tuy nhin tiu mch t c s dng sn xut bia do khi bt tiu mch tip xc vi nc th protein ca chng d dng tham gia qu trnh hydrat ha to thnh phc cht keo t. Phc cht ny c c im l rt dai


23 Xun Ngc

v do c th ko thnh si mt cch d dng, chng thng c dng sn xut m si, bnh m, bnh qui 3.3.3. ng ma v ng c ci L loi nguyn liu cht lng cao, dng thay th mt phn malt i mch. Thng thng th 2 loi ng ny c a vo s dng dng ht sau khi tinh ch, vi hm lng ng tinh khit khng di 98%. Lng saccharoza a vo thay th khng nn vt qu 20% so vi cht lng kh c trch ly t malt vo dch ng. 3.3.4. ng thy phn Nhn c bng cch thy phn tinh bt khoai ty hoc tinh bt ng bng axit, sau trung ha, lc v c chn khng n 77 84% cht kh. Ngoi glucoza (63 75%) cn c dextrin bc thp (3 16%), tro v mt s thnh phn khc. Lng ng thy phn dng thay th malt i mch thng thng l 10 15% th khng gy nh hng xu n qu trnh ln men bia. 3.3.5. ng invertaza (hn hp Glucoza v Fructoza) Nhn c bng cch thy phn dung dch 80% ng c ci bng axit, sau trung ha, lc. Hn hp thu c l 30 40% ng nghch o, 20 30% nc, 30 35% sacchroza, 3 5% cht tro v mt s thnh phn khc. Loi ng ny ch c s dng trong sn xut bia en vi mc ch tng cng mu ca bia sn phm. 3.3.6. Xiro tinh bt Nhn c bng cch thy phn tinh bt khoai ty hoc tinh bt ng bng axit, sau trung ha, lc. Qa trnh thy phn khng cho tip din ti cng s cho mt hn hp gm 35 45% dextrin, 32 40% glucoza, 15 20% nc, 1 1,5% tro v mt s thnh phn khc. T l xiro tinh bt thay th malt l 10 15% s khng gy nh hng xu n tin trnh ln men v cht lng bia sn phm. 4. CCH THC X L CHT THI CA CNG TY C PHN CBTP * Nc thi: Dng thi vo gi cao im c th cao hn 2,5 3,5 ln so vi dng trung bnh, thi gian cao im thng ngn. Dng cao im thng khu vc nh nu v bia thnh phm khi ng thi v sinh thit b v


24 Xun Ngc

nh xng. Nng cc cht hu c ph thuc vo t l gia nc v bia, nng cc cht hu c trong nc thi c o bng BOD hoc COD. Cc cht hu c trong nc thi nh my bia thng d phn hy, t l COD/BOD khong 1,5 1,7. Cc cht rn l lng trong nc thi nh my bia khong 0,2 0,4 kg SS/ hl bia, nng cc cht cha nit trong nc thi khong 30 100 gN/m3. Vi cng sut l 10 triu lt/nm th lng nc thi sn xut bia khong 280 m3/ngy, lng nc thi sinh hot v nh hng khong 20 m3/ngy nh vy tng lng nc thi ca cng ty khong 300 m3/ngy. Bng 4.1: Thng k hm lng cht hu c BOD5, COD, SS TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ch tiu pH BOD5 COD TSS Fe Tng N Tng P Coliform n v mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MNP/100ml Kt qu 7,9 1200 1700 1500 3000 33,2 2,284 19,58 8,08 340.000 TCVN loi B 5,5 9 50 80 100 5 30 6 5.000

(Ngun ly t nh my bia HI TN) Vi c tnh thnh phn nc thi nh vy, cng ty xy dng h thng x l nc thi m nh mc bng cch xy dng h ga tch rc, ct, du m, b iu ha tch cn, b ym kh, b aeroten, b lng v b kh trng. * Cht thi rn: Cc cht thi rn bao gm b hem, b men, nhn hng t khu vc ng gi, bt tr lc t khu vc lc, x than, du thi. B hm v b men l cht hu c gy mi cho khu vc sn xut, cn c thu gom kp thi. Hin ti b hm c nh bn lm thc n chn nui. + B malt v hoa houblon: C 100 kg malt nghin nh c th to ra 110 130 kg b malt i mch c m 70 80% hay khong 20 kg/hl bia thnh phm. V vy c th c lng hng nm c khong 200 tn b malt thnh phm tng ng vi lng bia thnh phm 10000 hl. B malt vi nhiu


25 Xun Ngc

thnh phn dinh dng trong thng c s dng lm thc n chn nui. Khc vi b malt, b hoa houblon sau qu trnh un hoa thng b loi b, him khi ngi ta thu hi b hoa ti s dng v bt k mt mc ch no. V th trong cc nh my bia ngi ta thng nghin nh hoa hoc dng cc ch phm cao hoa hoc hoa vin, sau un hoa b hoa c tch ra trong cc thit b lng xoy. Bao b cha cc ch phm hoa nh cc lon thic hoc cc giy thic c tp trung x l. + Cn nng: hnh thnh c tch ra thit b lng xoy, i khi c tch ra t cc thit b phn tch c bit hoc cc thng lng xoy, nhng trong cn nng vn c cha mt phn dch ng cn c thu hi li. V th ngi ta s dng dch cha cn ny lm nc ra b nhm tn dng lng cht chit trong dch ng ny, ng thi lm giu protein trong b malt. Tuy nhin cng on ny c th lm nh hng ti cht lng ca dch ng v hn ch nh hng ti cht lng ca bia, ngi ta thng khng tn dng lng dch ng cn li trong b. Cn lng nng cha dch ng, hoa houblon, cc cht keo t ca protein v tanin, cn chim th tch 1 3% th tch dch ng, c COD khong 150.000 mg/l hm lng cht ha tan khong 15 20%. C th dng my ly tm hoc thit b gn cn tch mt phn dch nha ra khi cn, dch nha a vo ni nu hoa, cn a vo cng b hm lm thc gia sc. + B cht tr lc: Bt tr lc thi ra trong qu trnh lc c lng li, nh k c no vt v chuyn v ni quy nh. C th gim tiu hao bt b tr lc trong qu trnh lc bng cch gim mt nm men v trong ca bia trc khi lc hoc c th to mi trng ph hp vi chng nm men, tuyn chn chng ging nm men, ti u ha qu trnh ln men nm men c th lng t nhin. + Nhn mc: c th ha tan hoc phn hy hon ton nhn mc trong h thng ra th cn c nng kim cao hn bi nhn mc c cha vt liu nhm. Vi nng kim nh vy c th gy ra hin tng n trong qu trnh ra chai do hn hp H2 v O2 hnh thnh ln. Nhn thng c nh


26 Xun Ngc

thnh ng bi vic loi b nhn thng tn tht nng lng, bt giy nho kh thu hi v ti s dng. * Kh thi: + Bi: pht ra t khu xay, nghin nguyn liu c thu hi bng thit b lc bi tn dng nu bia, tinh bt v bi ri vi c tn dng lm thc n chn nui. + Kh CO2 thi ra t qu trnh ln men chnh v ph u l kh sch, v vy chng c thu hi bng than hot tnh sau nn ha lng np vo chai dng np cho bia cha bo ha CO2. + Kh t my lnh: NH3, CFC trong trng hp r r thng khng thu hi c s pht tn vo mi trng gy nguy him n sc khe cng nhn v gy nhim mi trng, hy hoi tng zon. Cng ty thng kim tra chng tht thot dung mi c hi i vi mi trng cng nh cung cp cc trang thit b bo h cho cng nhn lm vic ti cng ty. + Kh l do t than cha CO2, SO2 c hi vi mi trng, cng ty lp t thit b thu hi CO2 dng cho bo ha CO2. Ngoi ra ti khu vc t than, mi than gy nh hng trc tip n sc khe cng nhn lm vic ti l t, nn cng ty cng cung cp cc thit b cn thit bo h cho cng nhn.

Bo Co Thc Tp Sn Xut Bia 4. KT LUN

27 Xun Ngc

Sau t thc tp sn xut ti Cng ty c phn ch bin thc phm TN ti tch ly c thm nhiu hiu bit v nhng phn sau - Tm hiu v nm c cc quy trnh cng ngh ca cng ty - Nm c cu to, nguyn tc hot ng v phn no vn hnh c cc thit b k thut trong nh my. Trong t thc tp va qua phn no gip ti hiu bit v nh hng cng vic tng lai ca mnh. D rt c gng nhng do iu kin v thi gian cng vi kin thc c hn do khng th trnh khi nhng sai st. Rt mong c s ch dn ca thy, c.

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