i Hc M TP. H Ch Minh Khoa Cng Ngh Sinh Hc

Cng ngh ch bin thc phm

TI

QUY TRNH SN XUT BIA

Ging vin: Nh Xun Thin Chn

Nhm thc hin: Nguyn B Qunh: 0953010573 Mai Hong Phng: 0953010531 H i Hi: 0953012165

Nguyn nh Huy: 0953012265 Trng Anh Phi: 0953012511

MC LC4. Men bia.......................................................................................................................................17

I.1. Lch s pht trin

Gii thiu chung

Bia l mt trong cc ung lu i nht m loi ngi to ra, c nin i t nht l t thin nin k 5 TCN v c ghi chp li trong cc th tch c ca Ai Cp c i v Lng H (Mesopotamia).Ging nh phn ln cc cht cha ng khc c th b ln men mt cch t nhin, rt c th l cc ung tng t nh bia c pht minh mt cch c lp gia cc nn vn minh trn ton th gii. Vic kim nh ha hc cc bnh gm c pht hin ra rng bia (tng t nh ru vang) c sn xut khong 7.000 nm trc khu vc ngy nay l Iran v l mt trong s cc cng ngh sinh hc bit, trong cc quy trnh sinh hc ca s ln men c p dng. Ti Lng H, chng c lu i nht v bia c cho l bc v 6.000 nm tui ca ngi Sumeria miu t nhng ngi ang ung mt th ung bng cc cn ht bng sy t thng cng cng. Bia cng c cp ti trong Thin s thi Gilgamesh, mt bn trng ca 3.900

nm tui ca ngi Sumeria t lng tn knh n thn Ninkasi, v thn bo tr cho bia, n cha cng thc lm bia c nht cn st li v miu t vic sn xut bia t la mch thng qua bnh m. Bia tr thnh thit yu i vi tt c cc nn vn minh trng ng cc th gii phng Ty c xa, c bit l Ai Cp v Lng H. Bia tng l quan trng i vi ngi La M trong thi k u, nhng trong thi k Cng ha La M th ru vang thay th bia nh l mt ung cha cn c a chung hn. Bia tr thnh ung c coi l thch hp cho nhng ngi man r; Tacitus vit mt cch y ch bai v bia c cc ging ngi c sn xut trong thi i ca ng. Ngi Thracia cng c bit l s dng bia sn xut t la mch en, thm ch t th k 5 TCN, nh Hellanicos vit trong v cc opra. Tn gi cho bia ca h l brutos hay brytos. S b sung hoa bia vo bia to v ng, bo qun v hng v cho bia l mt pht kin tng i mi: trong thi Trung c nhiu hn hp khc ca cc loi tho mc thng thng c cho vo bia ch khng phi hoa bia. Cc hn hp ny thng thng c gi l gruit. Hoa bia c trng ti Php sm nht l vo khong th k 9; vn bn c nht cn st li c ghi chp v vic s dng hoa bia trong bia c nin i vo nm 1067 bi n tu vin trng kim nh vn Hildegard: "Nu ngi ta nh lm bia t yn mch, n c chun b cng hoa bia." Ti chu u, trong thi Trung c, bia ch yu c sn xut trong gia nh. Vo th k 14 v 15, vic sn xut bia dn dn chuyn t hot ng gia nh sang hot ng th cng, vi cc qun bia v tu vin sn xut bia ca mnh hng lot tiu th. Trong th k 15, Anh th loi bia khng c hoa bia c bit n nh l ale, cn vic s dng hoa bia th ung gi l bia. Bia c cha hoa bia c nhp khu vo Anh t H Lan sm nht l t nm 1400 Winchester, v hoa bia c trng trn quc o ny t nm 1428. Tnh ph bin ca hoa bia ban u l hn hp Cng ty bia ru London i xa ti mc ra thng bo "khng hoa bia, khng tho mc hoc nhng g khc tng t c cho vo bt k ale hay ru (mi) no s c sn xut m ch c liquor (nc), mch nha, v men bia". Tuy nhin, vo th k 16, ale c dng ch cc loi bia mnh (nng cn cao) bt k, v tt c ale v bia u s dng hoa bia.

Sn xut bia th k 16: Nm 1516, William IV, Cng tc x Bavaria, thng qua Reinheitsgebot (Lut tinh khit), c l l quy nh v thc phm c nht cn p dng n nay.[8] Gebot quy nh rng thnh phn ca bia ch c bao gm nc, la mch hoa bia, vi men bia c b sung sau pht kin ca Louis Pasteur vo nm 1857. Lut ca ngi Bavaria c p dng trong c nc c nh l mt phn ca nc c thng nht nm 1871 thnh ch c di thi Otto von Bismarck, v k t c cp nht phn nh xu hng hin i trong sn xut bia ru. Cho n nay, Gebot vn c coi l tiu chun ca tinh khit cho bia, mc d iu ny c th gy tranh ci.

Phn ln cc loi bia cho n thi gian gn y thc cht l th m ngy nay gi l ale. Bia lager c pht hin ra mt cch tnh c vo th k 16 sau khi bia c lu tr trong cc hm lnh mt thi gian di; k t n c sn xut nhiu hn ale. Vi s pht minh ra ng c hi nc nm 1765, cng nghip ha sn xut bia tr thnh s tht. Cc ci tin mi trong cng ngh sn xut bia xut hin cng vi s ra i ca nhit k v t trng k vo th k 19, cho php cc nh sn xut bia tng tnh hiu qu v kim sot nng cn. Cho n cui th k 18, mch nha ch yu c lm kh bng la do t g, than ci, tru, v sau nm 1600 l t than cc. Ni chung, khng c loi mch nha no trong s ny c che chn tt khi khi sinh ra trong cc l sy, v do cc loi bia thi k c thnh phn hi khi trong hng v ca chng; cc chng c ch ra rng cc nh sn xut mch nha v bia thng xuyn phi c gng gim thiu s m khi ca bia thnh phm. S pht minh ra l nng hnh trng nm 1817 ca Daniel Wheeler cho php to ra mch nha nng chn k v to tin cho sn xut cc loi bia en (porter v stout). S pht minh ra vai tr ca men bia trong qu trnh ln men vo nm 1857 bi Louis Pasteur gip cho cc nh sn xut bia phng php ngn chn v chua ca bia bi cc loi vi sinh vt khng mong mun. Nm 1953, Morton W Coutts, mt ngi New Zealand pht trin k thut ln men lin tc. Morton ly bng sng ch cng ngh ca ng v n l mt cuc cch mng trong cng nghip bia do n lm gim thi gian v sn xut bia trc y l 4 thng xung cn cha y 24 gi. Cng ngh ca ng vn c s dng bi nhiu nh sn xut bia ln nht th gii ngy nay, bao gm c Guinness. Ngy nay, cng nghip bia l cng vic kinh doanh khng l ton cu, bao gm ch yu l cc t hp c ra i t cc nh sn xut nh hn. Trong khi bia ch yu l ung cha cn th mt s bin thi ca n cng tn ti, xut pht t th gii phng Ty, l cc loi bia i qua cng on x l loi b bt cn, sn xut ra ci gi l bia khng cn.2.

Cc hng sn xut bia ln trn th gii (2003)- Anheuser busch (USA) - SAB-Miller (USA) - Heineken (Netherlands) - Interbrew ( Belgium) - Carlsberg (Denmark) - AMBev ( Brazil) - Modelo (Mexico) - Coors (USA) - Tsingtao (China) - Scottish & Newcastle (Great Britain)

3. Mt s hng bia c mt Vit Nam- SAB-Miller

- Heineken - Tiger - Carlsberg - ..

II. Nguyn liu sn xut bia1.

Nc

chim n 95% thnh phn ca bia nn nhng c tnh ha hc ca nc nh cng, mm v cc khong cht bn trong ng vai tr quan trng qui nh c tnh v phong cch ring bit ca tng loi bia. Thng thng nc c cng cao c dng sn xut cc loi bia sm mu nh bia en Amber Stout, trong khi nc c cng thp ph hp sn xut cc loi bia sng mu nh Heineken, Tiger, Larue.

2. Malt v th liua. Malt

Malt l sn phm c ch bin t cc loi ht ha tho nh i mch, tiu mch, thc, ng v.v. sau khi cho ny mm iu kin nhn to v sy n m nht nh vi iu kin bt buc. Malt l mt loi bn thnh phm v giu cht dinh dng: 16 18% cht thp phn t d ha tan h enzym c bit phong ph, ch yu l amylaza vproteaza. Trong s cc loi mch nha th mch nha t la i mch (Hordeum vulgare) c s dng rng ri nht do n cha nhiu amylaza, l mt loi enzym tiu ha gip cho vic ph v tinh bt chuyn n thnh ng. Tuy nhin, ph thuc vo loi cy trng trong tng khu vc m cc loi ng cc c/khng c mch nha ha khc cng c th s dng, bao gm la m, la go, yn mch (Avena sativa) v la mch en (Secale cereale), cng nh t ph bin hn l ng v la min (cao lng, Sorghum chinensis). Mch nha c to ra t ht ng cc bng cch ngm chng vo trong nc, cho php chng ny mm v sau lm kh ht ny mm trong cc l sy. Ht ng cc mch nha ha to ra cc enzym chng chuyn ha tinh bt trong ht thnh ng c th ln men.Thi gian v nhit sy khc nhau c p dng to ra cc mu mch nha khc nhau t cng mt loi ng cc. Cc loi mch nha sm mu hn s sn xut ra bia sm mu hn. Ngy nay, trong phn ln cc trng hp, hai hoc nhiu loi mch nha c phi hp sn xut bia.

Vai tr Malt cung cp ton b lng glucid (ch yu di dng tinh bt) chuyn ha thnh ng, v t ng chuyn ha thnh cn v cc cht khc. gim gi thnh, ngi ta c th s dng ng cc lm th liu, v lng ti a l 50% ch khng th thay th hon ton malt. Malt cha y enzym amilaza thy phn tinh bt. Nu s dng th liu nhiu th lng enzym ny cung cp khng y v ta buc phi b sung enzym t bn ngoi vo, ch yu l enzym t vi sinh vt. Malt cung cp kh lng protein v c cha h enzym proteaza thy phn chng. Trong giai on m mm, h enzym ny c hot ha mnh m. Khi chuyn sang giai on nu, chng thy phn protein to thnh cc phc cht c kh nng gi CO2 tt, to v bia c trng. STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ch tiu kim tra Ngoi quan m ha tan trn cht kh xay nhuyn Protein tng Hot lc C ht >2,5 mm C ht =85% >=1,5%