auxiliaries (roman military)

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Auxiliaries (Roman military)

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Roman auxiliary infantry crossing a river, probably theDanube, on a pontoon bridge

during the emperorTrajan's Dacian Wars (101106 AD). They can be distinguished bythe oval shield (clipeus) they were equipped with, in contrast to the rectangularscutum

carried by legionaries. Panel from Trajan's Column, Rome

Auxiliaries (from Latin: auxilia = "help") formed the standing non-citizen corps of the

Roman armyof the Principate (30 BC284 AD), alongside the citizenlegions. By the 2ndcentury, the auxilia contained the same number of infantry as the legions and in addition

provided almost all of the Roman army'scavalry and more specialised troops (especially

light cavalryand archers). The auxilia thus represented three-fifths of Rome's regularland forces at that time. Like their legionary counterparts, auxiliary recruits were mostly

volunteers, not conscripts.

Auxiliary troops were mainly recruited from theperegrini, i.e. free provincial subjects of

the Roman Empire who did not hold Roman citizenship and constituted the vast majorityof the empire's population in the 1st and 2nd centuries (ca. 90% in the early 1st century).

Auxiliaries also included some Roman citizens and probablybarbarians (barbari, as the

Romans called peoples located outside the Empire's borders). This was in contrast to the

legions, which only admitted Roman citizens.

The auxilia developed from the varied contingents of non-Italian troops, especiallycavalry, that the Roman Republic used in increasing numbers to support its legions after

200 BC. The Julio-Claudianperiod (30 BC68 AD) saw the transformation of thesemotley temporary levies into a standing corps of regiments with standardised structure,

equipment and conditions of service. By the end of this period, there were no significant

differences between legionaries and most auxiliaries in terms of training, or thus combat

capability.
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Auxiliary regiments were often stationed in provinces other than the province in which

they were originally raised, both for reasons of imperial security and to foster the process

of Romanisation and integration of the provinces. The regimental names of manyauxiliary units persisted into the 4th century, but by then the units in question were

different in size, structure, and quality from their predecessors.

Contents

[hide]

1 Historical development

o 1.1 Background: Roman Republic (to 30 BC)

o 1.2 Foundation of the auxilia under Augustus (30 BC14 AD)

o 1.3 Illyrian revolt (69 AD)

o 1.4 Later Julio-Claudians (1468 AD)

o 1.5 Revolt of the Batavi (6970 AD)

o 1.6 Flavian era (6996 AD)

o 1.7 Later Principate (97284)

o 1.8 Fourth century

2 Unit types and structure

o 2.1 Regular unit types

2.1.1 Cohortes

2.1.2 Alae

2.1.3 Cohortes equitatae

2.1.4 Auxiliary specialised units 2.1.4.1 Heavily-armoured lancers

2.1.4.2 Light cavalry

2.1.4.3 Camel troops 2.1.4.4 Archers

2.1.4.5 Slingers

2.1.4.6 Scouts

3 Irregular allied forces

4 Recruitment, ranks and pay

o 4.1 Common soldiers (caligati)

o 4.2 Junior officers (principales)

o 4.3 Senior officers

o 4.4 Commanders

5 Names, titles and decorations

o

5.1 Regimental nameso 5.2 Titles

o 5.3 Decorations

6 Deployment in 2nd century

7 Notes

8 Citations

9 See also

10 References
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o 10.1 Ancient

o 10.2 Modern

11 External links

[edit] Historical development

[edit] Background: Roman Republic (to 30 BC)

The mainstay of the Roman republic's war machine was the manipularlegion, aheavyinfantry unit suitable for close-quarter engagements on more or less any terrain, which

was probably adopted sometime during the Samnite Wars (343290 BC).[1] Despite its

formidable strength, the legion had a number of deficiencies, especially a lack of cavalry.Around 200 BC, a legion of 4,200 infantry had a cavalry arm of only 300 horse (just 7%

of the total force).[2] This was because the class of citizens who could afford to pay for

their own horse and equipment the equestrian order, the second rank in Roman society,after the senatorial order was relatively small. In addition the legion lacked missile

forces such as slingers and archers.[3] Until 200 BC, the bulk of a Roman army's cavalry

was provided by Rome's regular Italian allies (socii), commonly known as the "Latin"

allies, which made up the Roman military confederation. This was Rome's defencesystem until the Social Warof 9188 BC. The Italian forces were organised into alae

(literally: "wings", because they were generally posted on the flanks of the Roman line of

battle). An allied ala, commanded by 3 Romanpraefecti sociorum, was similar or slightlylarger in infantry size (45,000 men) to a legion, but contained a more substantial cavalry

contingent: 900 horse, three times the legionary contingent. Since a pre-Social War

consulararmy always contained an equal number of legions and alae, 75% of its cavalrywas provided by the Latin allies. The overall cavalry element, ca. 12% of the total force

(2,400 out of a normal consular army of ca. 20,000 total effectives), was greater than in

most peninsular Italian forces, but well below the overall 21% cavalry component that

was typical of the Principate army (80,000 cavalry out of 380,000 total effectives in earlythe 2nd century).[4][5]

The Roman/Latin cavalry was sufficient while Rome was in conflict with other states in

the mountainous Italian peninsula, which also disposed of limited cavalry resources. Butas Rome was confronted by external enemies that deployed far more powerful cavalry

elements, such as the Gaulsand the Carthaginians, the Roman deficiency in cavalry

numbers could be a serious liability, which in the Second Punic War(218202 BC)

resulted in crushing defeats.Hannibal's major victories at the Trebia and at Cannae, wereowed to his Spanish and Gallic heavy cavalry, which far outnumbered the Roman and

Latin levies, and to hisNumidians, light, fast cavalry which the Romans wholly lacked. [6]

The decisive Roman victory at Zama in 202 BC, which ended the war, owed much to theNumidian cavalryprovided by king Massinissa, which outnumbered the Roman/Latin

cavalry fielded by 2 to 1.[7] From then, Roman armies were always accompanied by large

numbers of non-Italian cavalry: Numidian light cavalry and, later, Gallic heavy cavalry.For example, Caesar relied heavily on Gallic and German cavalry for his Conquest of

Gaul (5851 BC).[8]
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As the role of native cavalry grew, that of Roman/Latin cavalry diminished. In the early

1st century BC, Roman cavalry was phased out altogether. After the Social War, the socii

were all granted Roman citizenship, the Latin alae abolished, and thesocii recruited intothe legions.[9] Furthermore, Roman equestrians were no longer required to perform

cavalry service after this time.[10] The late Republican legion was thus probably bereft of

cavalry (a tiny cavalry force of 120 men was probably added back to the legion underAugustus).[11]

By the outbreak of the Second Punic War, the Romans were remedying the legion's other

deficiencies by using non-Italian specialised troops. Livy reportsHiero ofSyracuse

offering to supply Rome with archers and slingers in 217 BC.[12]From 200 BC onwards,specialist troops were hired asmercenaries on a regular basis:sagittarii(archers) from

Crete, andfunditores (slingers) from the Balearic Islesalmost always accompanied

Roman legions in campaigns all over the Mediterranean. [13]

The main other sources of non-Italian troops in the late Republic were subject

provincials, allied cities and Rome's amici (satellite kings). During the late Republic,non-Italian units were led by their own native chiefs, and their internal organisation was

left to their own commanders. The units varied widely in dress, equipment, and weapons.They were normally raised for specific campaigns and often disbanded soon afterwards,

in a similar manner to the earliersocii militia legions.[14]

[edit] Foundation of the auxilia under Augustus (30 BC14 AD)

It appears that not all indigenous units were disbanded at the end of the civil war period

(31 BC). Some of the more experienced units were kept in being to complement thelegions, and became the core of the standing auxiliary forces that developed in the Julio-

Claudian period.[15]

During the early rule of Augustus (27 BC onwards), the corps ofregular auxilia was created. It was clearly inspired by the Latin forces of the pre-Social

War Republic, as a corps of non-citizen troops parallel to the legions. But there werefundamental differences, the same as between Republican and Augustan legions. The

Latin forces of the Republic were made up of part-time conscripts in units that would be

raised and disbanded for and after particular campaigns. The Augustan auxilia weremainly volunteer professionals serving in permanent units.[8]

The unit structure of the auxilia also differed from the Latin alae, which were like legions

with a larger cavalry arm. Augustus however organised the auxilia into regiments the size

ofcohorts (a tenth the size of legions), due to the much greater flexibility of the smaller

unit size. Further, the regiments were of three types:ala (cavalry), cohors (peditata)(infantry) and cohors equitata(mixed cavalry/infantry).[16]

The evidence for the size of the Augustus' new units is not clearcut, with our most precise

evidence dating to the 2nd century, by which time the unit strengths may have changed.Cohortes were likely modelled on legionary cohorts i.e. six centuriae of about 80 men

each (total about 480 men).[17]Alae were divided into turmae(squadrons) of 30 (or 32)

men, each under a decurio (literally: "leader of ten").[18] This title which derives from the
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old Roman cavalry of the pre-Social War republic, in which each turma was under the

command of three decuriones).[19]Cohortes equitatae were simply infantry cohortes with

a cavalry contingent of fourturmae added.[20]

Auxiliary regiments were now led by onepraefectus (prefect), who could be either a

native nobleman, who would probably be granted Roman citizenship for the purpose(e.g. the famous German war leaderArminius gained Roman citizenship probably by

serving as an auxiliary prefect before turning against Rome); or a Roman, either ofequestrianrank, or a seniorcenturion.[21]

At the start of Augustus' sole rule (30 BC), the original core auxiliary units in the West

were composed of warlike tribesmen from the Gallic provinces (especially GalliaBelgica, which then included the regions later separated to form the provinces Germania

Inferiorand Germania Superior), and from the Illyrian provinces (Dalmatia and

Illyricum). By 19 BC, the Cantabrian and Asturian Wars were concluded, leading to the

annexation of northern Hispania and Lusitania. Judging by the names of attested auxiliary

regiments, these parts of the Iberian peninsula soon became a major source of recruits.Then the Danubian regions were annexed: Raetia (annexed 15 BC),Noricum(16 BC),

Pannonia (9 BC) and Moesia(6 AD), becoming, with Illyricum, the Principate's mostimportant source of auxiliary recruits for its entire duration. In the East, where the

Syrians already provided the bulk of the Roman army's archers, Augustus annexed

Galatia (25 BC) and Judaea: the former, a region in central Anatolia with a Celtic-speaking people, became an important source of recruits. In N. Africa, Egypt,Cyrene,

andNumidia (25 BC) were added to the empire. Numidia (modern day Eastern Algeria)

was home to the Mauri, the ancestors of today'sBerber people. Their light cavalry

(equites Maurorum) was highly prized and had alternately fought and assisted theRomans for well over two centuries: they now started to be recruited into the regular

auxilia. Even more Mauri units were formed after the annexation ofMauretania (NWAlgeria, Morocco), the rest of the Berber homeland, in 44 AD by emperorClaudius(ruled 4154).[22]

Recruitment was thus heavy throughout the Augustan period, with a steady increase in

the number of units formed. By 23 AD, the Roman historian Tacitusrecords that there

were roughly the same numbers of auxiliaries in service as there were legionaries.[23]Since at this time there were 25 legions ofca. 5,000 men each, the auxilia thus amounted

to ca. 125,000 men, implying ca. 250 auxiliary regiments.[24]

[edit] Illyrian revolt (69 AD)

During the early Julio-Claudian period, many auxiliary regiments raised in frontier

provinces were stationed in or near their home provinces, except during periods of majorcrises such as the Cantabrian Wars, when they were deployed temporarily in theatre. This

carried the obvious risk if their own tribe or ethnic group rebelled against Rome (or

attacked the Roman frontier from outside the Empire), auxiliary troops could be temptedto make common cause with them. The Romans would then be faced by an enemy that
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_(Roman)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_(Roman)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centurionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_Inferiorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_Inferiorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_Inferiorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_Superiorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabrian_Warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raetiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noricumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noricumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noricumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudaea_(Roman_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrene,_Libyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrene,_Libyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrene,_Libyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auxiliaries_(Roman_military)&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabrian_Warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_(Roman)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centurionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_Inferiorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_Inferiorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_Superiorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabrian_Warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raetiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noricumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudaea_(Roman_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrene,_Libyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auxiliaries_(Roman_military)&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars


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included units fully equipped and trained by themselves, thus losing their usual tactical

advantages over tribal foes.[25]

Arminius is the classic example at an individual level: after several years of serving inRome's forces as prefect of an auxiliary unit, he used the military training and experience

he had gained to lead a confederacy of German tribes against Rome, culminating in thedestruction of three Roman legions in theTeutoberg Forest in 9 AD, and the

abandonment of Augustus' strategy of annexing Germany as far as the Elbe river. (Thisstrategy was never revived by later emperors).[26]

At a collective level, the risk was even greater, as the hugely dangerous Illyrian revolt

proved. The central Illyrian tribes were tough and spartan shepherds of the Bosnianmountains and excellent soldier-material. Their territory formed part of the strategic

province of Illyricum, recently expanded to include the territory of thePannonii, an

Illyrian tribe based on the west bank of the Danube who were subjugated by Rome in 12

9 BC. By the start of the Common Era, they were an important recruitment base for the

auxilia.

[27]

But discontent was festering among the Illyrian tribes due to what they saw asthe rapacity of Roman tax officials.[28] In 6 AD, several regiments ofDalmatae, a warlike

Illyrian tribe, were ordered to gather in one place to prepare to join Augustus' stepson andsenior military commanderTiberius in a war against the Germans. Instead they mutinied

at the assembly point, and defeated a Roman force sent against them. [29]The Dalmatae

were soon joined by the Breuci, another Illyrian tribe that supplied several auxiliaryregiments. They gave battle to a second Roman force from Moesia. They lost, but

inflicted heavy casualties.[30] The rebels were now joined by a large number of other

Illyrian tribes. The Dalmatae attackedSalonaand overran the Adriatic coast, defeating a

Roman force and exposing the Roman heartland of Italy to the fear of a rebel invasion.[31]

Augustus ordered Tiberius to break off operations in Germany and move his main armyto Illyricum.[32] When it became clear that even Tiberius' forces were insufficient,

Augustus was obliged to raise a second task force under Tiberius' nephew Germanicus,resorting to the compulsory purchase and emancipation of thousands of slaves to find

enough troops, for the first time since the aftermath of the Battle of Cannae two centuries

earlier.[33]The Romans had now deployed no less than 15 legions and an equivalent

number of auxilia.[34] This amounts to a total ofca. 150,000 men, including at least 50auxiliary cohorts composed, exceptionally, of Roman citizens. These were men whose

status or background was regarded by Augustus as unsuitable for recruitment into the

legions: either natural-born citizens of the lowest category including vagrants andconvicted criminals, or the freed slaves (Roman law accorded citizenship to the freed

slaves of Roman citizens). These special units were accorded the title civium Romanorum

("of Roman citizens"), orc.R. for short. After the Illyrian revolt, these cohorts remainedin being and recruited non-citizens like other auxiliary units, but retained their prestigious

c.R. title.[16][35] In addition, the regular forces were assisted by a large number of allied

troops from neighbouring Thrace deployed by their king Rhoemetalces I, a Roman

amicus (puppet king).[36]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-Keppie_1996_396-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Illyrian_Revolthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_(region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_(region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Illyrian_tribes#Pannonianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Illyrian_tribes#Pannonianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Illyrian_tribes#Pannonianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmataehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Illyrian_tribes#Breucihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-Suetonius_III.16-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-Goldsworthy_2000_127-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odrysian_kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhoemetalces_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhoemetalces_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-Keppie_1996_396-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Illyrian_Revolthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_(region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Illyrian_tribes#Pannonianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmataehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Illyrian_tribes#Breucihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-Suetonius_III.16-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-Goldsworthy_2000_127-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odrysian_kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhoemetalces_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-35


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The Romans faced further reverses on the battlefield and a savage guerrilla war in the

Bosnian mountains.[37] It took them three years of hard fighting to quell the revolt, which

was described by the Roman historian Suetoniusas the most difficult conflict faced byRome since the Punic Wars two centuries earlier.[34]Tiberius finally succeeded in

quelling the revolt in 9 AD. This was just in time: that same year Arminius destroyed

Varus' three legions in Germany. The Roman high command had no doubt that Arminiuswould have formed a grand alliance with the Illyrians.[38]

Despite the gravity of this rebellion, the Illyrians went on to become the backbone of the

Roman army. By the 2nd century, with roughly half the Roman army deployed on the

Danube frontier, the auxilia and legions alike were dominated by Illyrian recruits. In the3rd century, Illyrians largely replaced Italians in the senior officer echelons ofpraefecti

of auxiliary regiments and tribuni militum of legions. Finally, from 268 to 379 AD,

virtually all emperors, including Diocletian and Constantine the Great were RomanisedIllyrians from the provinces ofDalmatia, Moesia Superiorand Pannonia. These were

members of a military aristocracy, outstanding soldiers who saved the empire from

collapse in the turbulent late 3rd century.

[39]

[edit] Later Julio-Claudians (1468 AD)

Significant development of the auxilia appears to have taken place during the rule of theemperorClaudius (4154 AD).

A minimum term of service of 25 years was established, at the end of which the retiring

auxiliary soldier, and all his children, were awarded Roman citizenship.[40]This is

deduced from the fact that the first knownRoman military diplomasdate from the time ofClaudius. This was a folding bronze tablet engraved with the details of the soldier's

service record, which he could use to prove his citizenship.[41]

Claudius also decreed thatprefects of auxiliary regiments must all be of equestrian rank, thus excluding centurions

from such commands.[40] The fact that auxiliary commanders were now all of the samesocial rank as most tribuni militum, (military tribunes, a legion's senior staff officers, all

of whom only one, the tribunus laticlavius, was of the higher senatorial rank), probably

indicates that auxilia now enjoyed greater prestige. Indigenous chiefs continued tocommand some auxiliary regiments, and were probably granted equestrian rank for the

purpose. It is also likely that auxiliary pay was standardised at this time, but we only have

estimates for the Julio-Claudian period.[40]

Auxiliary uniform, armour, weapons and equipment were probably standardised by the

end of the Julio-Claudian period. Auxiliary equipment was broadly similar to that of thelegions (see Section 2.1 belowfor possible differences in armour). By 68 AD, there was

little difference between most auxiliary infantry and their legionary counterparts inequipment, training and fighting capability. The main difference was that auxilia

contained combat cavalry, both heavy and light, and other specialized units that legions

lacked.[42]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suetoniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suetoniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_Warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-Suetonius_III.16-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-Suetonius_III.16-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Quinctilius_Varushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Quinctilius_Varushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia_Superiorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia_Superiorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auxiliaries_(Roman_military)&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-Keppie_1996_391-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-Keppie_1996_391-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_military_diplomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_military_diplomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_military_diplomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-Keppie_1996_391-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-Keppie_1996_391-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-Keppie_1996_391-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#Quality_and_combat_capabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#Quality_and_combat_capabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suetoniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_Warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-Suetonius_III.16-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Quinctilius_Varushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia_Superiorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auxiliaries_(Roman_military)&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-Keppie_1996_391-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_military_diplomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-Keppie_1996_391-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-Keppie_1996_391-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#Quality_and_combat_capabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-41


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Claudius annexed to the empire three regions that became important sources of auxiliary

recruits: Britannia (43 AD), and the former client kingdoms ofMauretania (44) and

Thracia (46). The latter became as important as Illyria as a source of auxiliary recruits,especially cavalry and archers. Britain in mid-2nd century contained the largest number

of auxiliary regiments in any single province: about 60 out of about 400 (15%).[4] By the

rule ofNero (5468), auxiliary numbers may have reached, by one estimate, about200,000 men, implying about 400 regiments.[40]

[edit] Revolt of the Batavi (6970 AD)

Main article: Revolt of the Batavi

Rhine frontier of the Roman empire, 70 AD, showing the location of the Batavi in the

Rhine delta region. Roman territory is shaded dark. Their homeland was called theInsulaBatavorum by the Romans and corresponded roughly with modern Gelderland province,

Neth. Their chief town wasNoviomagus (Nijmegen, Neth.), a strategic prominence in an

otherwise flat and waterlogged land that became the site of a Roman legionary fortress(housing the legion X Gemina) after the Batavi revolt ended in 70 AD. The name is of

Celtic origin, meaning "new market", suggesting that the Germanic Batavi either

displaced or subjugated an indigenous Gallic tribe

The Batavi, a Germanic tribe, inhabited the region today known as Gelderland(Netherlands), in the Rhine riverdelta, then known as theInsula Batavorum ("Island of

the Batavi", because surrounded by branches of the Rhine), part of the Roman province

ofGermania Inferior.[43] They were a warlike people, skilled horsemen, boatmen andswimmers. In return for the unusual privilege of exemption from tributum (direct taxes on

land and heads normally exacted fromperegrini), they supplied a disproportionate

number of recruits to the Julio-Claudian auxilia: one ala and eight cohortes.[44]They alsoprovided most of Augustus' elite personal bodyguard unit (the Germani corpore

custodes), which continued in service until 68 AD. The Batavi auxilia amounted to about

5,000 men, implying that during the entire Julio-Claudian period, over 50% of all Batavi

males reaching military age (16 years) may have enlisted in the auxilia.[45] Thus theBatavi, although just 0.05% of the total population of the empire ofca. 70 million in

23 AD,[46] supplied about 4% of the total auxilia i.e. 80 times their proportionate share.
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They were regarded by the Romans as the very best (fortissimi, validissimi) of their

auxiliary, and indeed all, their forces.[47] In Roman service, both their cavalry and infantry

had perfected a technique for swimming across rivers wearing full armour and weapons.[48][49]

Julius Civilis (literally: "Julius the Citizen", clearly a Latin name adopted on gainingRoman citizenship, not his native one) was a hereditary prince of the Batavi and the

prefect of a Batavi cohort. A veteran of 25 years' service, he had distinguished himself byservice in Britain, where he and the eight Batavi cohorts had played a crucial role in both

the Roman invasion in 43 AD and the subsequent subjugation of southern Britain.[50]

By 69, however, Civilis, the Batavi regiments and the Batavi people had become utterlydisaffected with Rome. After the Batavi regiments were withdrawn from Britain to Italy

in 66, Civilis and his brother (also a prefect) were arrested by the governor of Germania

Inferior on a fabricated accusation of sedition. The governor ordered his brother's

execution, while Civilis, who as a Roman citizen had the right to appeal to the emperor,

was sent to Rome in chains for judgement by Nero.

[51]

He was released by Nero'soverthrower and successor, Galba, but the latter also disbanded the imperial bodyguard

unit for their loyalty to Nero. This alienated several hundred crack Batavi troops, andindeed the whole Batavi nation who regarded it as a grave insult.[52] At the same time,

relations collapsed between the Batavi cohorts and the legion to which they had been

attached since the invasion of Britain 25 years earlier (XIV Gemina). Their mutual hatrederupted in open fighting on at least two occasions. [53]

At this juncture, the Roman empire was convulsed by its first major civil war since the

Battle of Actium exactly a century earlier: the Year of the Four Emperors (69-70 AD).

The governor of Germania Inferior, ordered to raise more troops, outraged the Batavi by

attempting to conscript more Batavi than the maximum stipulated in their treaty. Thebrutality and corruption of the Roman recruiting-centurions (including incidents of sexual

assault on Batavi young men) brought already deep discontent in the Batavi homeland tothe boil.[54]

Civilis now led his people in open revolt. Initially, he claimed he was supporting the bid

for power ofVespasian, the general in command of the legions inSyria, whom Civilis

had probably befriended when both were involved in the Roman invasion 25 years before(Vespasian was then commander of the legionII Augusta).[55] But the uprising soon

became a bid for independence.[56] Civilis exploited the fact that some legions were

absent from the Rhine area due to the civil war, and the rest under-strength. In addition,

the Roman commanders and their rank-and-file soldiers were divided by loyalty to rivalemperors.[57]Civilis quickly won the support of the Batavi's neighbours and kinsmen, the

Cananefates, who in turn won over the Frisii. First the rebel allies captured two Roman

forts in their territory, and a cohort ofTungri defected to Civilis.[58]Then two legions sentagainst Civilis were defeated when their companion Batavi ala defected to his side.[43]

The Classis Germanica(Rhine flotilla), largely manned by Batavi, was seized by Civilis.[59] Most importantly, the eight Batavi cohorts stationed at Mainz withXIV Geminamutinied and joined him, defeating at Bonn a Roman force that attempted to block their
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return to their homeland.[60] By now, Civilis commanded at least 12 regiments (6,000

men) of Roman-trained and equipped auxiliary troops, as well as a much larger number

of tribal levies. A number of German tribes from beyond the Rhine joined his cause.[61]Several other German and Gallic units sent against him deserted, as the revolt spread to

the rest ofGallia Belgica, including the Tungri,LingonesandTreviri tribes.[62]He was

able to destroy the two remaining legions in Germania Inferior, (V AlaudaeandXVPrimigenia).[63]

By this stage Rome's entire position on the Rhine and even in Gaul was imperiled. Their

civil war over, the Romans mustered a huge task force of eight legions (five dispatched

from Italy, two from Spain and one from Britain) to deal with Civilis.[64] Its commanderPetillius Cerialis had to fight two difficult battles, atTrierand Xanten, before he could

overrun the Batavi's homeland.[65] Tacitus' surviving narrative breaks off as he describes a

meeting on an island in the Rhine delta between Civilis and Cerialis to discuss peaceterms.[66]We do not know the outcome of this meeting or Civilis' ultimate fate. But in

view of his former friendship with Vespasian, who had already offered him a pardon, and

the fact that the Romans still needed the Batavi levies, it is likely that the terms werelenient by Roman standards.[67]

Petilius Cerialis took a number of reconstituted Batavi units with him to Britain, and the

Batavi regiments continued to serve with special distinction in Britain and elsewhere for

the rest of the 1st century and beyond.[68] Even as late as 395, units with the Batavi name,although long since composed of recruits from all over the empire, were still classified as

elitepalatini, e.g. the equites Batavi seniores (cavalry) and auxilium Batavi seniores

(infantry).[69]

[edit] Flavian era (6996 AD)
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Tombstone of the Flavian-era eques alaris (ala cavalryman) Titus Flavius Bassus, son

of Mucala. ADansala, (i.e. member of the ThracianDentheletae tribe), he belonged to

the Ala Noricorum(originally raised from theTaurisci tribe ofNoricum). He died at age46 after 26 years' service, not having advanced beyond the lowest rank. Bassus' adopted

Roman names, Titus Flavius, indicate that he had gained Roman citizenship, doubtless by

serving the required 25 years in the auxilia. The names adopted would normally be thoseof the emperor ruling at the time of the citizenship award. In this case, they could refer to

any of the 3 emperors of the Flavian dynasty (ruled 69-96), Vespasian and his two sons,

Titus and Domitian, all of whom carried the same names. The arrangement of the scene, a

rider spearing a man (the motifof the Thracian Hero), indicates that Bassus was aThracian. Date: Late 1st century. Rmisch-Germanisches Museum, Cologne, Germany

The revolt of the Batavi appears to have led to a significant change in the Roman

government's policy on auxiliary deployment. The revolt proved that in times of civil

strife, when legions were far from their bases campaigning for rival claimants to theimperial throne, it was dangerous to leave provinces exclusively in the hands of auxiliary

regiments recruited from the indigenous nation. During the Julio-Claudian period,auxiliary regiments had often been deployed away from their original home province. [8]But in the Flavian period (6996), this appears to have become standard policy.[25] Thus

in 70 AD five reconstituted Batavi regiments (one ala and fourcohortes) were transferred

to Britain under Petillius Cerialis, who had suppressed the Civilis revolt and thenembarked on the governorship of the island.[70]The great majority of regiments probably

founded in the first century were stationed away from their province of origin in the

second e.g. of 13 British regiments recorded in mid 2nd century, none were stationed in
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Britain.[71] Furthermore, it appears that in the Flavian era native nobles were no longer

permitted to command auxiliary units from their own nation.[72]

After a prolonged period in a foreign province a regiment would become assimilated,since the majority of its new recruits would be drawn from the province in which it was

stationed, or neighbouring provinces.[25]

Those same "British" units, mostly based on theDanube frontier, would by ca. 150, after almost a century away from their home island,

be largely composed of Illyrian, Thracian and Dacian recruits. However, there isevidence that a few regiments at least continued to draw some recruits from their original

home provinces in the 2nd century e.g. Batavi units stationed in Britain.[73]

The Flavian period also saw the first formation of large, double-size units, both infantryand cavalry, of a nominal strength of 1,000 men (cohors/ala milliaria), though they were

actually mostly smaller (720 for an ala milliaria and 800 for a cohors milliaria).[40] These

were the mirror image of the double-strength first cohorts of legions also introduced at

this time. Such units remained a minority of the auxilia: in mid-2nd century, they

constituted 13% of units, containing 20% of total manpower.

[74]

[edit] Later Principate (97284)

Roman cavalryspatha, a longer sword (median blade length: 780 mm [30.7 in]),

designed to give the rider a longer reach than thegladius[75]

In 106 AD, emperor Trajan finally defeated the Daciankingdom ofDecebalus andannexed it as the Roman province ofDacia Traiana. By mid 2nd century, there were 44

auxiliary regiments stationed there, about 10% of the total auxilia. In Britain there were

60. Together these two provinces contained about a quarter of the total auxiliaryregiments.[4]
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There is some discrepancy about the precise size of the auxilia during the rule of Trajan's

successor, Hadrian (117-138) between the two most up-to-date global analyses of the

Roman auxilia, by Spaul (2000) and Holder (2003)

ESTIMATES OF ROMAN AUXILIA NUMBERS (mid 2nd century)

Author No.Alae

No.Cohortes

Total no.units

Totalcavalry

Totalinfantry

Totaleffectives

J. Spaul (2000)[76] 80 247 327 56,160 124,640 180,800

P. A. Holder

(2003)[77]88 279 367 74,624 143,200 217,624

NOTE: Manpower figures exclude officers (centurions and decurions), which would have numbered ca.

3,500 men overall.

In addition, Holder believes that a further 14 cohortes, which are attested under Trajan,

immediately before Hadrian's rule, but not during or after it, were probably in existence

at this time, giving a total of 381 units and 225,000 effectives. The discrepancy betweenthe two scholars is due to: (i) Interpretation of units with the same name and number, but

attested in different provinces in the same period. Spaul tends to take a more cautious

approach and to assume such are the same unit moving base frequently, while Holder

tends to regard them as separate units which acquired the same number due to double (ortriple) seriation. (ii) Assumptions about how many cohortes were equitatae. Spaul

accepts only those cohortes specifically attested as equitatae i.e. ca. 40% of recorded

units. Holder estimates that at least 70% ofcohortes contained cavalry contingents by theearly 2nd century[78]

Even according to the more conservative estimate, the auxilia were by this time

significantly larger than the legions, which contained ca. 155,000 effectives (28 legionsof 5,500 men each) at this time, of which just 3,360 were cavalry. (For a detailedbreakdown, see section 4: Auxilia deployment in the 2nd century, below).

During the second half of the 2nd century, the Roman army underwent considerable

further expansion, with the addition of 5 new legions (27,500 men) to a peak of 33.[79] An

equivalent number of auxilia (i.e. 5060 new regiments) were probably added, perhapsreaching a peak ofca. 440 regiments and over 250,000 effectives by the end ofSeptimius

Severus's rule (211 AD).[5]

The likely growth of the Roman auxilia may be summarised as follows:

ROMAN ARMY NUMBERS 24305 AD

Army corpsTiberius

24 AD

Hadrian

ca. 130 AD

S. Severus

211 AD

3rd c. crisis

ca. 270 AD

Diocletian

284305

LEGIONS 125,000[80] 155,000[81] 182,000[82]

AUXILIA 125,000[83] 218,000[84] 250,000[85]

PRAETORIAN GUARD ~~5,000[86] ~10,000[87] ~10,000

Total Roman Army 255,000[88] 383,000[89] 442,000[90] 290,000?[91] 390,000[92]
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NOTE: Figures are based on official (not actual) unit strengths and excludeRoman Navy

effectives and barbarianfoederati.

During the 2nd century some units with the new names numerus ("group") and vexillatio("detachment") appear in the diploma record.[93] Their size is uncertain, but was likely

smaller than the regularalae and cohortes, as originally they were probably detachmentsfrom the latter, acquiring independent status after long-term separation. As these units are

mentioned in diplomas, they were presumably part of the regular auxiliary organisation.[94] But numeri was also a generic term used for barbarian units outside the regular

auxilia. (see section 2.4 Irregular units, below).

In 212, the constitutio Antoniniana (Antonine decree) of emperorCaracalla grantedRoman citizenship to all the free inhabitants of the Empire theperegrini thus

abolishing their second-class status.[95] But there is no evidence that the citizens-only rule

for legions was also abolished at this time. The legions simply gained a much wider

recruitment base, as they were now able to recruit any male free resident of the empire.

Auxiliary units were now recruited mainly from Roman citizens, but probably continuedto recruit non-citizen barbari from outside the Empire's borders.[96] However, the citizens-

only rule for legions appears to have been dropped some time during the 3rd century, asby the 4th century Romans and barbarians are found serving together in all units.[97]

In the mid to late 3rd century, the army was afflicted by a combination of military

disasters and of pestilence, the so-calledCrisis of the Third Century. In 251271 Gaul,

the Alpine regions and Italy, the Balkans and the East were simultaneously overrun byAlamanni, Sarmatians, Goths and Persians respectively.[98]At the same time, the Roman

army was struggling with the effects of a devastating pandemic, probably ofsmallpox:

the Plague of Cyprian which began in 251 and was still raging in 270, when it claimed

the life of emperorClaudius II Gothicus. The evidence for an earlier pandemic, theAntonine Plague(also smallpox) indicates a mortality of 1530% in the empire as a

whole.[99] The armies would likely have suffered deaths at the top end of the range, due totheir close concentration of individuals and frequent movements across the empire. [100]

This probably led to a steep decline in military numbers, which only recovered at the end

of the century underDiocletian (r. 284305).[101]

The recruitment shortfall caused by the crisis seems to have led to recruitment ofbarbarians to the auxilia on a much greater scale than previously. By the 4th century, it

has been estimated that some 25% of regular army recruits were barbarian-born. In the

elitepalatini regiments anywhere between a third and a half of recruits may have been

barbarian.[97] This is likely a much greater proportion of foreigners than joined the auxiliain the 1st-2nd centuries.[102] In the 3rd century, a small number of regular auxiliary units

appear in the record that, for the first time, bear the names of barbarian tribes from

outside the empire e.g. the ala I Sarmatarum attested in 3rd-century Britain.[103] This wasprobably an offshoot of the 5,500 surrendered Sarmatian horsemen posted on Hadrian's

Wallby emperorMarcus Aurelius in ca. 175.[104] This unit may be an early example of a

novel process whereby irregular units ofbarbari (foederati) were transformed intoregular auxilia. This process intensified in the 4th century: theNotitia Dignitatum, a key
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-92http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-93http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#Irregular_unitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#Irregular_unitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutio_Antoninianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracallahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracallahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-94http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-Goldsworthy_2003_74-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-Elton_1996_148.E2.80.9352-96http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-Elton_1996_148.E2.80.9352-96http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Gothicushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Plaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Plaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-98http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-MacMullen_1979_455-100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-Elton_1996_148.E2.80.9352-96http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-101http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-102http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian's_Wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian's_Wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian's_Wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aureliushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-103http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-92http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-93http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#Irregular_unitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutio_Antoninianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracallahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-94http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-Goldsworthy_2003_74-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-Elton_1996_148.E2.80.9352-96http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Gothicushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Plaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-98http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-MacMullen_1979_455-100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-Elton_1996_148.E2.80.9352-96http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-101http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-102http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian's_Wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian's_Wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aureliushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries#cite_note-103http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum


15/28

document on the late Roman army, lists a large number of regular units with barbarian

names.[105]

[edit] Fourth century

In the fourth century, the Roman army underwent a radical restructuring. In the rule ofDiocletian (284305), the traditional Principate formations oflegiones, alae and cohortesappear to have been broken up into smaller units, many of which bore a variety of new

names.[106] UnderConstantine I (r. 312337) it appears that military units were classified

into three grades based on strategic role and to some extent quality:palatini, elite unitsnormally part of the exercitus praesentales (imperial escort armies);comitatenses,

higher-grade interception forces based in frontier provinces; and limitanei, lower-grade

border troops.[107] (See Late Roman army).

The old Principate auxilia regiments provided the basis for units at all three grades. TheNotitia Dignitatum lists about 70 alae and cohortes that retained their 2nd century names,

mostly limitanei.[108]

But traces of other auxilia regiments can be found in thepraesentales and comitatenses armies. For example, many of the new-style auxiliapalatina infantry regiments, considered among the best units in the army, were probably

formed from old-style auxiliary cohortes, which they appear to closely resemble.[109]

The late 4th century writer on military affairsVegetiuscomplains of contemporary young

men joining the "auxilia" in preference to the "legions" to avoid the latter's toughertraining and duties.[110] But it is unclear what types of units he was referring to. It is

possible that those older terms were still popularly used (misleadingly) to mean limitanei

and comitatenses respectively. In any event, his quote in no way describes accurately thePrincipate auxilia, many of which were of very high quality.[16]

[edit] Unit types and structure

[edit] Regular unit types

The following table sets out the official, or establishment, strength of auxiliary units in

the 2nd century. The real strength of a unit would fluctuate continually, but would likely

have been somewhat less than the establishment most of the time.

ROMAN AUXILIARY REGIMENTS: TYPE, STRUCTURE AND STRENGTH [111]

Unit type ServiceUnit

commander

Sub-unit

commander

No of

sub-units

Sub-unit

strength

Unit

strength

Alaquingenaria

cavalry praefectus decurio 16 turmae 30 (32) 480 (512)

Ala milliaria cavalry praefectus decurio 24 turmae 30 (32) 720 (768)

Cohors

quingenariainfantry praefectus* centurio

6

centuriae80 480

Cohors infantry tribunus centurio 10 80 800
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auxiliaries (roman military)

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