auxcom chapter 1
DESCRIPTION
USCG Auxiliary Specialty CourseTRANSCRIPT
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
Flotilla Maui Specialty Course140-03-26
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
Chapter One
Basic Marine Radiotelephone
Systems. Nomenclature
and Theory
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
• Cycle = a single complete reversal of an alternating current (One wave)
• Frequency = the number of cycles per second
• Hertz (Hz) = one Hz equals one cycle per second
These units of frequency measurement honor Henrich Hertz, an early pioneer in radio.
Terms of Art
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
Radio Waves
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
Frequency Conversions
1 Hz = 1 Cycle per Second
1,000 Hz = 1 kHz (Kilo Hertz)
1,000 kHz = 1 MHz (Mega Hertz)
1,000 MHz = 1 GHz (Giga Hertz)
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
.2182 GHz
2.1820 MHz
2,182.000 kHz
2,182,000.000 Hz
Frequency Numbering
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
3-30 kHz Very Low Freq. VLF
30-300 kHz Low Freq. LF
300-3,000 kHz Medium Freq. MF
3-30 MHz High Frequency HF
30-300 MHz Very High Freq. VHF
300-3,000 MHz Ultra High Freq. UHF
3-30 GHz Super High Freq. SHF
Frequency Spectrum
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
Ionosphere
Sky Waves Penetrating Ionosphere
Sky Waves Reflected
from Ionosphere
Sky Waves & the Ionosphere
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
Skip Distance
Ionosphere
Sky Wave Transmissions
Radio Skip
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
Ionosphere (Night)
Ionosphere (Day)
MF Wave
VHF Wave
Sky Wave (D
ay)
Sky Wave (Night)
Ground Wave
A
B C
D
Propagation CharacteristicsHF vs. VHF
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
Emission Designations
First 3 Characters – Bandwidth
Last 3 Characters – Emission Type
Example:
2K8J3E 16KF3E
Bandwidth Emission Type Bandwidth Emission Type
J3E – Single Sideband, Suppressed Carrier, Voice
F3E – Frequency Modulated, Voice
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
Station
1
Station
1
Station
2
Station
2
Simplex
156.8 MHz
Send & Receive
(CH 16)
DuplexSend Receive
Receive Send
161.8 MHz
157.2 MHz
(CH 24)
Types of Circuits
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
Three Functions ofMarine Radiotelephone
•SAFETY
•OPERATIONS
•BUSINESS
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
2 – 30 MHz SSBRadio System
Ground Wave vs. Sky Wave
More Power – More Range
FCC Limit of 150 Watts
AM vs SSB
2182 kHz – International Distress & Calling
2670 kHz – Coast Guard – Public Freq.
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
Power Distribution (Watts)
Lower Sideband
Frequencies (LSB)
Upper Sideband
Frequencies (USB)
Carrier Frequency
(No Intelligence)
1/6 2/3 1/6
Am
plit
ude
Frequency
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
Double SidebandSuppressed Carrier
Am
plit
ude LSB Frequency USB Frequency
Carrier
Frequency
Frequency
For Single Sideband, only LSB or USB is Transmitted
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
AM Transmissions Wave
FM Transmissions Wave
Examples of Waves
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
2 – 30 MHz Ground Wave & Sky Wave
Transmissions
(1,000s of Miles Possible)
156 – 158 MHz Line of Sight Transmissions
(25 Miles Typical)
HF vs VHF
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
Line of Sight
Mostly Free of Static
For Vessels – 25 Watts Max (with 1 Watt Switch)
•Channel 16 156.8 MHz (National Distress, Safety and Calling)
•Channel 6 Internship Safety
•Channel 13 Navigational (Bridge to Bridge)
•Channel 70 Digital Selective Calling (DSC)
VHF-FM Marine Bands(156-162MHz)
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
• NO – Radio Watch Required
• NO – Protections from Interference
• NO – Foreign Vessels Can Not Use
• NO – Weather / Marine Info Available
• Limited to 5 Watts
Citizens Band (CB) Radio
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
Radio Repeater
INReceive
Freq. ARCVR
XMTR OUTTransmit
Freq. B
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
Antenna Types
2 – 30 MHz 156 – 158 MHz
Land stations Directional Directional
Vertical Vertical
Horizontal Wire
Shipboard Vertical Vertical
Directional
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
Antenna Radiation Patterns
Horizontal Plane PatternAntenna Axis
SOLID PATTERN
Vertical Plane Pattern
Antenna Axis
180
225
135
270 90
315 45
0
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
Antenna Axis
3 db 3 db6 db 6 db
9 db 9 db
ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERNS vs GAIN
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
Roll and pitch causes signal loss with narrow-beam high-gain antennas
High-Gain Antenna
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
Lower gain antennas are less affected by roll and pitch in normal coverage areas.
Lower-Gain Antenna
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Auxiliary Communications Specialty Course
• USE A GOOD GROUND
• PROVIDE LIGHTNING PROTECTION
• USE CAUTION NEAR OVERHEAD POWER AND TELEPHONE LINES
• DISCONNECT ANTENNA DURING SEVERE THUNDER STORMS
Antenna SafetyCautions