atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer - current and future tropospheric applications

Tropospheric Profiling Meeting 2003AERI

ATMOSPHERIC EMITTED RADIANCE ATMOSPHERIC EMITTED RADIANCE INTERFEROMETER - CURRENT AND FUTURE INTERFEROMETER - CURRENT AND FUTURE

TROPOSPHERIC APPLICATIONSTROPOSPHERIC APPLICATIONSW. F. Feltz, #D. Turner, H. B. Howell, R. Dedecker, *W. L. Smith and H. Woolf

6th ISTP Leipzig, Germany 14-20 September 2003

University of Wisconsin CIMSS/SSEC

*NASA LaRC, # Pacific Northwest National Laboratory


OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

• Instrument Overview

• Some current AERI Applications

• Advancements in Temperature and Moisture Retrieval (IHOP and CRYSTAL-FACE)

• Conclusions


INSTRUMENT OVERVIEWINSTRUMENT OVERVIEW

IR DetectorDewar withCooler Cold Finger

BomemInterferometer

Stirling CoolerCompressor

ABB

HBB


AERI SPECIFICATIONS

• Spectral Resolution better than 1 cm-1 wavenumber from 520-3000 cm-1 (3 - 20 um)

• Calibrated to 1% ambient radiance (better than 1 K ambient temperature)

• Automated and environmentally hardened• Time resolution: 6 - 10 minutes (adjustable)• Ground-based and portable• Surface viewing mode and uplooking mode


Experiment Location Date Instrument IDGAPEX Denver,CO October 1988 HISCRSPE Madison, WI Nov-Dec 1989 HIS, GB-HISWISP Platteville, CO March 1991 GB-HISPT SUR 1991 Monterey, CA May 1991 GB-HISSPECTRE Coffeyville, KS Nov-Dec 1991 GB-HIS, AERI

PrototypeSTORMFEST Seneca, KS Feb-Mar 1992 AERI PrototypePT SUR 1992 Monterey, CA May 1992 AERI PrototypeARM SGP Lamont, OK Mar 1993-Jun 1995 AERI PrototypeVOCAR Pt Mugu, CA Aug-Sep 1993 AERI-01 (LN2)CAMEX Wallops Island, VA Sep-Oct 1993 AERI-01 (LN2)OTIS Gulf of Mexico Jan 1995 AERI-01 (LN2)CAMEX II Wallops Island, VA Aug-Sep 1995 AERI PrototypeCSP R/V DISCOVERER Mar-Apr 1996 AERI PrototypeWVIOP96 Lamont, OK Sep 1996 AERI PrototypeWINCE Madison, WI Jan-Feb 1997 AERI PrototypeWVIOP97 Lamont, OK Sep-Oct 1997 AERI PrototypeSHEBA Arctic Ice Pack Sep 1997-Aug 1998 AERI-00UWALLOPS98 Wallops Island, VA Jul 1998 AERI PrototypeCAMEX3 Andros Island Aug-Sep 1998 AERI PrototypeWINTEX Madison, WI Mar-Apr 1999 AERI PrototypeWALLOPS99 Wallops Island, VA Aug 1999 AERI PrototypeWISC-T2000 Madison, WI Feb-Mar 2000 AERI PrototypeWVIOP2000 Lamont, OK Sep-Oct 2000 AERI PrototypeAFWEX Lamont, OK Nov-Dec 2000 AERI PrototypeTX-2001 Lamont, OK Mar-Apr 2001 AERI PrototypeCLAMS Wallops Island, VA Jun-Jul 2001 AERI PrototypeIHOP OK Panhandle May-Jun 2002 AERI-03CRYSTAL-FACE Everglades, Florida Jul-Aug 2002 AERI-03TX-2002 Lamont, OK Nov-Dec 2002 AERI-03


UW AERI - 2 (AERIBAGO, SSEC)

DOE AERI - 8 (Kansas/Oklahoma, Alaska, S. Pacific)

U-Miami M-AERI - 3 (Florida)

Bomem AERI -8 (Italy, California, Maryland, Canada)

U Idaho P-AERI - 1 (Antarctica)


AERI APPLICATIONSAERI APPLICATIONS


Real-time Thermodynamic RetrievalsReal-time Thermodynamic RetrievalsSix AERI systems (including Madison, WI) are currently processing PBL retrievals in near real-time, allowing “on the fly” validation:


AERI Cloud Phase Detection: Sample ResultsAERI Cloud Phase Detection: Sample Results

Credits: Dr. David Turner Pacific Northwest National Laboratories


INTERCOMPARISON OF TWO MARINE INTERCOMPARISON OF TWO MARINE AERIS MEASURING SSTAERIS MEASURING SST

Hawaii

New Zealand Largest Daily Mean Difference: 0.020 KTen Day Mean Difference: 0.005 K

16 Day Cruise

Track of the R/V Roger Revelle28 Sept. - 14 Oct. 1997 Credits: Dr. Peter Minnett U of Miami RSMAS


Marine-AERI Cruises Conducted by U of Marine-AERI Cruises Conducted by U of Miami Since 1996 to Obtain Ocean Surface Miami Since 1996 to Obtain Ocean Surface

Skin Temperature and EmissivitySkin Temperature and Emissivity


AERI THERMODYNAMIC RETRIEVAL AERI THERMODYNAMIC RETRIEVAL SPECTRAL REGIONSSPECTRAL REGIONS


AERI Thermodynamic Retrieval AERI Thermodynamic Retrieval Flow ChartFlow Chart

Hybrid First Guess

Radiosonde Climatology Regression

Data BaseT,Q Surface to 3 Km

Surface Moisture

NWP Model/SatelliteT,Q Profile 2 Km -

Tropopause

AERI Radiance

Physical Retrieval

Cloud Base Height(if present)

Temperature/Moisture Profile


• Two step retrieval, construct optimal first guess than conduct physical retrieval– Statistical retrieval is a combined regression and NWP profile– Physical retrieval used is iterative onion peel technique

• Temperature and water vapor mixing ratio profiles retrieved from high resolution AERI spectra up to 3 km

• Temporal resolution ~ ten minutes (increasing to < 1 minute)

• Vertical resolution improved in lowest kilometer from 100 m to 50 m

• Fast model update based on LBLRTM with HITRAN 2000 trans. coeffs

• Constraints: AERI retrieval only possible in clear sky or below cloud base to 3 kilometers

AERIplus Retrieval Description


AERIplus, RUC, GOE-8 Profile Statistics


Examples of the updated AERIplus temperature retrieval improvement during the IHOP field experiment. The red profile was calculated with old algorithm while the green profile uses the new LBLRTM based fast model with improved vertical resolution and spectroscopy as compared to radiosonde (thick black line)

Double inversion resolved with new algorithm


IHOP AERIplus Retrieval RMS StatisticsIHOP AERIplus Retrieval RMS Statistics


AERI THERMODYNAMIC RETRIEVALSAERI THERMODYNAMIC RETRIEVALS


IHOP AERIplus Retrieval RMS StatisticsIHOP AERIplus Retrieval RMS Statistics


Vici Lamont

Hillsboro

Purcell

Morris

3 June 0230 UTC


West – East AERI water vapor cross sections

during IHOP

AERI


To

tal

Pre

cip

itab

le W

ate

r


AERIPLUS COUPLED WITH NOAA WIND PROFILER AERIPLUS COUPLED WITH NOAA WIND PROFILER MOISTURE DIVERGENCE/ADVECTIONMOISTURE DIVERGENCE/ADVECTION

Credits: Robin Tanamachi U of Oklahoma

Storm Reports from 30 April 2003

Moisture Divergence Calculation


Example: Crystal Rapid-sampling AERI dataExample: Crystal Rapid-sampling AERI data


Applications of High Temporal Resolution AERI Applications of High Temporal Resolution AERI Data: Data: Boundary Layer Roll Detection during Boundary Layer Roll Detection during

CRYSTALCRYSTAL

315 m

20 g/kg

15

10

5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

40-s Profiles: 17-21 UTC

Time (UTC) 2117

Alt

itu

de

(km

) Mixin

g R

atio (g

/kg)

5 min. Running Mean

AERI WV (g/kg) Perturbations: 315 m

40 s Perturbation

0

-5

5

2117 Time (UTC)


Boundary Layer Rolls

AERI

GOES-8 1 km Visible: 1925 UTC, 7/29/02

Boundary Layer Depth: 700 meters

Roll Wavelength: ~ 5 km, Updraft Width: ~1.5 km

Roll Orientation: 120°, Motion: 135°

GOES Derived Roll Periodicity: 23 minutes

AERI Derived Roll Periodicity: 17-25 mins

Perturbation Power Spectrum

17-25 min period at 99 % significance

Mecikalski J.M., K. M. Bedka, D. D. Turner, and W.F. Feltz: Evidence for the Presence of Roll Structures in the Convective Boundary Layer using Thermodynamic Profiling Instruments. J. Geo. Res., In Preparation

Applications of High Temporal Resolution AERI Applications of High Temporal Resolution AERI Data: Data: Boundary Layer Roll Detection during Boundary Layer Roll Detection during

CRYSTALCRYSTAL


• Updated AERIplus retrieval algorithm implemented at for DOE ARM at PNNL, all AERI data from SGP with be reprocess with RUC analysis at first guess

• High temporal resolution (< 1 minute) AERI radiance measurements were collected at Crystal and Texas 2002 to test improvement in gathering cloud and thermodynamic information, all DOE ARM AERI systems will be in rapid sample mode in near future

• Experimenting with SHEBA and NSA data using ECMWF analysis as first guess (no RUC available) for PBL LES (Dr J. Pinto and Dr J. Curry)

• Test new physical retrieval methodology will be tested to allow error bars and error covariance matrixes to be calculated for mesoscale model assimilation (working with Dr. D. Turner PNNL)

Future Research PlansFuture Research Plans


• A five year period of a five AERI system network with collocated with exist for study of moisture temporal and spatial gradients (students working in this direction)

• New research in determination of cloud properties (starting with cloud phase) using emissivity observations derived from AERI data (Dr. D. Turner presentation)

• Working with several groups outside the DOE ARM science team on PBL and atmospheric stability research using the AERI thermodynamic data

• Coupled with the Raman Lidar and wind profilers at the central SGP facility near Lamont, Oklahoma there is a long-term “treasure chest” of temperature, moisture, wind, and aerosol tropospheric profile information which is underutilized for tropospheric research (See Dr. R. Ferrare presention)

Future Research PlansFuture Research Plans


AERI Information:AERI Information:• References:

– Feltz, W. F., J. R. Mecikalski, 2002: Monitoring High Temporal Resolution Convective Stability Indices Using the Ground-based Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) During the 3 May 1999 Oklahoma/Kansas Tornado Outbreak. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 445-455.

– Feltz, W. F., H. B. Howell, R. O. Knuteson, H. M. Woolf, and H E. Revercomb, 2003: Near Continuous Profiling of Temperature, Moisture, and Atmospheric Stability using the Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI). J. Appl. Meteor., 42, 584-597.

– Minnett, P. J., R. O. Knuteson, F. A. Best, B. J. Osborne, J. A. Hanafin, O. B. Brown, 2001: The Marine-Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer: A High-Accuracy, Seagoing Infrared Spectroradiometer. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol, 18, 994-1013.

– Tobin, D.C., and coauthors, Downwelling spectral radiance observations at the SHEBA ice station: water vapor continuum measurements from 17 to 26 um. JGR, 104, 2081-2092.

– Turner, D. D., W. F. Feltz, R. Ferrare, 2000: Continuous Water Vapor Profiles from Operational Ground-based Active and Passive Sensors. Bull. Amer. Soc., 81, 1301-1317.

– Turner D. D., S. A. Ackerman, B. A. Baum, H. E. Revercomb, and P. Yang, 2003: Cloud phase determination using ground-based AERI observations at SHEBA. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 42, 701-715.

• AERI HOMEPAGE: http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/aeri/

• EMAIL: [email protected]


Statistical Retrieval DescriptionStatistical Retrieval Description

• Synthetic EOF Regression• ~1100 clear radiosondes from DOE ARM central

facility near Lamont, Oklahoma for 1994-1996• Forward calculations using 60-level fast model

based on AER LBLRTM• EOF regression conducted relating each

radiosonde – spectrum (562 channels) pair• Regression data set is very robust since a wide

variety of weather is experiences in northern Oklahoma throughout the year


Hybrid First GuessHybrid First Guess• Statistical retrieval achieved during clear sky

conditions (no update until a clear scene is present)

• Statistical retrieval errors grow rapidly with altitude above one kilometer

• Satellite profiles and NWP can be used to constrain the first guess through a simple linear interpolation between 1-2 km

• This improved first guess constrains the physical retrieval and improves PBL retrieval profile

• Currently combination of hourly RUC analysis/AERI statistical retrieval used over United States used to optimize the retrievals


Physical Retrieval DescriptionPhysical Retrieval Description• “Onion peel” retrieval methodology• Physical iterative recursive retrieval solution of

the infrared radiative transfer equation• During each iteration the temperature and water

vapor mixing ratio profile adjustments are made to minimize the difference between observed and calculated spectra

• To correctly account for forward model spectroscopy and regression errors a static bias is used for water vapor (not needed for temperature retrieval spectral regions), currently bias is static but dynamic bias ties to water vapor is being considered with goal to be bias free

atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer - current and future tropospheric applications

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