Art Reflecting Reform and Art Reflecting Reform and SocietySociety

Changing Roles of Men, Changing Roles of Men, Women, and Art in an Women, and Art in an

Industrial SocietyIndustrial Society

EmigrationEmigration EmigrationEmigration: movement : movement

of people away from of people away from their native landstheir native lands

Reasons:Reasons: Population growth due to due to

more food, better healthmore food, better health People moved toPeople moved to

industrialized areasindustrialized areas where where there was a greater there was a greater demand for factory labor demand for factory labor and wages were higherand wages were higher

Travel was made safer was made safer and easier with trains and and easier with trains and steamshipssteamships

Growth of CitiesGrowth of Cities No running waterNo running water No sewers until No sewers until

the late 1800sthe late 1800s Dumped garbage Dumped garbage

in streetsin streets Foul smelling and Foul smelling and

unhealthyunhealthy No paved streets No paved streets

and street lights and street lights

Out Of These Changes Out Of These Changes AriseArise

New Ways Of ThinkingNew Ways Of Thinking

ReformersReformers EducationEducation ScienceScience ArtArt

Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur

• studied disease

• created method to pasteurize milk

• created first vaccine for rabies

• created germ theory

• co-founded the study of microbiology

•Result: population growth

Sir William JennerSir William Jenner• discovered difference between typhoid and typhus

• helped discover a vaccine for smallpox

• deadly disease of crowded cities is now under a little more control

• result: population growth

Changing role of women

ReformersReformers Jane Addams

New drive for women to New drive for women to ““helphelp”” or or change society. change society.

They themselves are more educated and They themselves are more educated and can assist morecan assist more

Middle class women now have the luxury of Middle class women now have the luxury of more time to assistmore time to assist

Helped open Hull House in ChicagoHelped open Hull House in Chicago Provided education and job training to the Provided education and job training to the

poorpoor Community service center became modelCommunity service center became model

Worked for world peaceWorked for world peace

Won the Nobel Peace PrizeWon the Nobel Peace Prize

EducationEducation Middle class education increased

Needed workers who could read and writeNeeded workers who could read and write Needed skilled engineers, scientists, etc.Needed skilled engineers, scientists, etc. Wanted to produce patriotic citizens; educated soldiersWanted to produce patriotic citizens; educated soldiers Better life for childrenBetter life for children

Not as common for the working classNot as common for the working class Compulsory education was for everyone for a certain Compulsory education was for everyone for a certain

amount of timeamount of time Only middle class went on because lower classes needed to Only middle class went on because lower classes needed to

work for their familieswork for their families

WomenWomen Some argued that certain subjects werenSome argued that certain subjects weren’’t appropriate for t appropriate for

womenwomen People thought they didnPeople thought they didn’’t need educationt need education Few colleges admitted women, anywayFew colleges admitted women, anyway

The BIGGEST new concept The BIGGEST new concept of Societyof Society

DarwinismDarwinism

DarwinismDarwinism Charles Darwin - Charles Darwin - studied nature and began studied nature and began

to see the world differently. The average to see the world differently. The average man just wanted to see the pretty birds –man just wanted to see the pretty birds –the average man wasnthe average man wasn’’t noticing the birds t noticing the birds constantly destroying lifeconstantly destroying life

His work finally dislodged people from the His work finally dislodged people from the traditional notion that they possessed an traditional notion that they possessed an exalted position as special creations in exalted position as special creations in GodGod’’s image.s image.

Man was just another animal.Man was just another animal.

Darwinism - Darwinism - still controversial todaystill controversial today

Charles DarwinCharles Darwin

Science, in essence, became a new religion

Note/know the title of his work

What aboutThe subtitle? Do you think it is prejudiced?

Darwinism Darwinism Science, in essence, became a new religion

Drew connection to the Industrial Revolution and

• theories such as ____________ dealt with the physical evolution of the masses

• some early twentieth century giants such as _______would buy into this idea and perpetuate the concept of racial superiority

• other theories of the masses such as ______________ dealt with the political evolution of the masses

Hitler

Evolution

Communism

Darwinism Darwinism

- Nietzsche (nee-chee) “God is dead.” He wrote Thus Spake Zarathustra. Idea of new God – a man who is a Superman. Eternal recurrence can occur now.

- Neitzsche believed violence, danger, and war were just as good as kindness because out of that chaos rose Superman

From this you get new philosophers such as

(Jim Morrison was an avid follower of Nietzsche – he read him when he was a teenager and often quoted Nietzsche.)

Where do you usually see Where do you usually see these changes in mankindthese changes in mankind’’s s ideas of what society is and ideas of what society is and what society ought to do?what society ought to do?

The arts. Music, literature, philosophy, politics, etc.

Christo and his wife Jean Claude- this is art. He created large exhibits to make people think. This was in NY Central Park around 2004.

EnlightenmentEnlightenment’’s faith in s faith in ReasonReason

Which Leads To

The The RomanticRomantic mov mov’’tt ’’s s rejection of Reason and its rejection of Reason and its emphasis on nature and emphasis on nature and primitive manprimitive man

Which Leads To

The stark The stark Realism Realism and a and a deep pessimismdeep pessimism

EnlightenmentEnlightenment’’s faith in s faith in ReasonReason

Which Leads ToThe The RomanticRomantic movmov’’tt ’’s rejection of s rejection of Reason and its Reason and its emphasis on nature emphasis on nature and primitive manand primitive man

RomanticismRomanticism

Artistic movement Artistic movement reacting against the age reacting against the age of reason and scienceof reason and science

Intuition rather than reason as the Intuition rather than reason as the path to truthpath to truth

““noble savagenoble savage”” = celebrate the = celebrate the person who denounces the person who denounces the poisonous influence of the Industrial poisonous influence of the Industrial Revolution (much like the political Revolution (much like the political philosopher______________)philosopher______________)

Value emotion above Value emotion above reasonreason

Art for artArt for art’’s sakes sakeSee - lots of blue! It is called Cerulean blue- expensive color in paints

Rousseau

Romantic Authors and Romantic Authors and MusiciansMusiciansWilliam Wordsworth: : poet who had works filled with a love poet who had works filled with a love

for beauty and naturefor beauty and nature THE DAFFODILS; OR, I WANDERED LONELY AS A CLOUD by: William Wordsworth (1770-1850) WANDERED lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of the bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. The waves beside them danced; but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company I gazed -- and gazed -- but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought:

For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude;And then my heart with pleasure fills,And dances with the daffodils.

Romantic MusiciansRomantic Musicians MusicMusic

BeethovenBeethoven: expressed love of nature in : expressed love of nature in Pastoral SymphonyPastoral Symphony; works known for ; works known for passion and powerful emotionspassion and powerful emotions

TchaikovskyTchaikovsky: music built around stories : music built around stories like like The Sleeping Beauty The Sleeping Beauty and and Romeo Romeo and Julietand Juliet

Romantic ArtRomantic Art

Francisco Goya:

Saturn Eating Cronus

See, rejecting reason and emphasizingthe primitive nature of man

The The RomanticRomantic mov mov’’tt ’’s rejection of Reason s rejection of Reason and its emphasis on nature and primitive and its emphasis on nature and primitive manman

Which Leads To

The stark The stark Realism Realism and a deep and a deep pessimismpessimism

Realism 1848Realism 1848 In reaction to Romanticism REALISM was born.In reaction to Romanticism REALISM was born. Reflection of the Scientific Age - not painting Reflection of the Scientific Age - not painting

to illustrate human truths but painting only to illustrate human truths but painting only what you can see.what you can see.

CanCan’’t see an angel? Then dont see an angel? Then don’’t paint an angel!t paint an angel! In a rationalistic, scientific age there are no In a rationalistic, scientific age there are no

laws exterior to man himself.laws exterior to man himself. Almost a pessimistic viewAlmost a pessimistic view

RealismRealism Artistic movement dealing with Artistic movement dealing with

everyday life and social settingseveryday life and social settings Dealt with social and economic Dealt with social and economic

themesthemesRosa Bonheur: The Horse Fair

Early PhotographyEarly Photography Started with the Started with the

daguerreotypedaguerreotype in in 1839. Daquerreotype 1839. Daquerreotype is a type of old is a type of old photography.photography.

Depicted life as it Depicted life as it really is; giving rise to really is; giving rise to realism movementrealism movement

Realism contrasted with the Realism contrasted with the idealism of romantic artistsidealism of romantic artists

1848 daguerreotype of Edgar Allen Poe

Realist AuthorsRealist Authors

DickensDickens: wrote realistically about the : wrote realistically about the lives of poor people in Londonlives of poor people in London Oliver TwistOliver Twist

Emila ZolaEmila Zola: as a naturalist, he : as a naturalist, he showed the unpleasant aspects of showed the unpleasant aspects of everyday life by exposing social everyday life by exposing social problems of the time periodproblems of the time period

Which Leads To

The stark The stark Realism Realism and a deep pessimismand a deep pessimism

Impressionism- a softer, emotional view of man

Impressionism ImpressionismImpressionism: : painting that evolved from the realist style that painting that evolved from the realist style that

uses light and color to create vivid impressions of people and places; uses light and color to create vivid impressions of people and places; often depicts light at different times of the day often depicts light at different times of the day

MonetMonet and and Renoir Renoir were leading painters were leading painters

Impressionism Monet:

Impression, Sunrise

More Reactions to RealismMore Reactions to Realism

PostimpressionismPostimpressionism: : group of painters who group of painters who moved away from realism; uses color and form to moved away from realism; uses color and form to depict emotion and movementdepict emotion and movement

CezanneCezanne: explored forms and shapes : explored forms and shapes and moved away from realistic scenesand moved away from realistic scenes

MatisseMatisse and and Van GoghVan Gogh: emphasized : emphasized color design over realismcolor design over realism

Reactions to RealismReactions to RealismVan Gogh: Starry Night

Romanticism, Realism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, or Impressionism, or

Post-Impressionism?Post-Impressionism?

IMPRESSIONISM!

Romanticism, Realism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, or Impressionism, or

Post-Impressionism?Post-Impressionism?

POST-IMPRESSIONISM!

Romanticism, Realism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, or Impressionism, or

Post-Impressionism?Post-Impressionism?

ROMANTICISM!

Romanticism, Realism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, or Impressionism, or

Post-Impressionism?Post-Impressionism?

IMPRESSIONISM!

Romanticism, Realism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, or Impressionism, or

Post-Impressionism?Post-Impressionism?

REALISM!

Romanticism, Realism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, or Impressionism, or

Post-Impressionism?Post-Impressionism?

IMPRESSIONISM!

Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, or or

Post-Impressionism?Post-Impressionism?

POST-IMPRESSIONISM!