aria da capo anna willis. a new musical form combining music, theater, and poetry developed in the...
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Aria da CapoAnna Willis
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A new musical form combining music, theater, and poetry developed in the late 16th century without a name; it was given the Italian name for “work” – opera.
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Important Opera Developments
• The first opera house opened in 1637 in Venice, Italy.
• Northern Italy was the hot spot for vocal music and performance through the rest of the 17th century.
• Other important opera cities were Naples, Florence, and Rome.
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The development of Arias
• In very early opera, the distinction between aria and recitative was not very clear.
• However, as opera progressed, the aria and recitative took on distinctive traits, and the aria took on specific forms.
• Arias increased to about 60 per opera (!) in the mid- Baroque and served to showcase talented singers.
• In about 1680, the aria da capo, or da capo aria, was born!
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Aria da Capo • Merriam-Webster:– an aria in 3-part musical form comprising a theme, a
secondary contrasting part, and a repetition of the first part– “air from the beginning”
• The aria opens in tonic, and the second section is in a related key (usually the Dominant or parallel Major or minor)
• The da capo aria frequently employs ritornello, an interlude that usually falls at the return of the A section.
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Purpose of Aria da Capo
• In the Baroque period, singers ornamented heavily; they were not necessarily expected to perform what was written.
• The Aria da capo gave performers the chance to present material, and later repeat it with elaborate ornamentation.
• The da capo aria was basically just a way for baroque singers to show off.
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Changes in the da Capo Aria
• These arias were usually accompanied by continuo until about 1720.
• The middle section became shorter and more contrasting.
• The original ‘da capo’ was replaced with a ‘da segno’, which directed the performer to return, not to the beginning, but a point within the “A” section
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“Sento nel core”- A. Scarlatti
• Most likely from a cantata (Scarlatti composed over 600 cantatas, but not all are complete).
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tkNlDGfvjZg
• Text:– “I feel in my heart a pain which disturbs my
peace.” (A section)– “A torch flames within my soul. If it is not love, it
will be.” (B section)– See how the texts contrast?
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“The Trumpet Shall Sound”- Handel
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlhgLQSN4Bs
• From The Messiah, an oratorio.• Text:– “The trumpet shall sound and the dead shall be
raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed.”– “For this corruptible must put on incorruption,
and this mortal must put on immortality.”• 3:50, B section 5:25, return of A
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“Bel Piacere”- Handel
• From Aggripina, an opera.• Text:– “It is much pleasure to enjoy a faithful love. It
brings contentment to the heart.”– “Beauty is not measured by splendor if it does not
come from a faithful heart.”http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DfXC6lCx34c
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“Dalla sua pace”- Mozart
• 0:50 begins, 1:50, B; 3:00, return of A• From Don Giovanni, an opera• Very late example, ending greatly varies from the A
section, but it is close enough.• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnLGxB7YgO0• Text:
– “On her peace of mind depends mine too, what pleases her gives life to me, what grieves her wounds me to the heart.”
– “If she sighs, I sigh with her; her anger and her sorrow are mine, and joy I cannot know unless she share it.”
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Sources
• http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aria%20da%20capo
• http://www.seattleopera.org/discover/opera_101/early.aspx
• http://www.lcsproductions.net/MusicHistory/MusHistRev/MusicalForms/Aria.html
• http://www2.lawrence.edu/fast/KOOPMAJO/standard.html
• http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ritornello